DOI: 10.1159/000077866. Dual Flagellar Systems Enable Motility under Different Circumstances

Dual Flagellar Systems Enable Motility under Different Circumstances

10.1159/000077866

Crossref journal-article

S. Karger AG

Microbial Physiology (127)

Abstract

Flagella are extremely effective organelles of locomotion used by a variety of bacteria and archaea. Some bacteria, including Aeromonas, Azospirillum, Rhodospirillum, and Vibrio species, possess dual flagellar systems that are suited for movement under different circumstances. Swimming in liquid is promoted by a single polar flagellum. Swarming over surfaces or in viscous environments is enabled by the production of numerous peritrichous, or lateral, flagella. The polar flagellum is produced continuously, while the lateral flagella are produced under conditions that disable polar flagellar function. Thus at times, two types of flagellar organelles are assembled simultaneously. This review focuses on the polar and lateral flagellar systems of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Approximately 50 polar and 40 lateral flagellar genes have been identified encoding distinct structural, motor, export/assembly, and regulatory elements. The sodium motive force drives polar flagellar rotation, and the proton motive force powers lateral translocation. Polar genes are found exclusively on the large chromosome, and lateral genes reside entirely on the small chromosome of the organism. The timing of gene expression corresponds to the temporal demand for components during assembly of the organelle: RpoN and lateral- and polar-specific σ54-dependent transcription factors control early/intermediate gene transcription; lateral- and polar-specific σ28 factors direct late flagellar gene expression. Although a different gene set encodes each flagellar system, the constituents of a central navigation system (i.e., chemotaxis signal transduction) are shared.

Bibliography

McCarter, L. L. (2004). Dual Flagellar Systems Enable Motility under Different Circumstances. Microbial Physiology, 7(1â2), 18â29. Portico.

Authors 1

Linda L. McCarter (first)

References 64 Referenced 216

Dates

Type	When
Created	21 years, 3 months ago (May 28, 2004, 4:45 a.m.)
Deposited	4 months, 2 weeks ago (April 23, 2025, 11:08 p.m.)
Indexed	1 month ago (Aug. 6, 2025, 9:06 a.m.)
Issued	21 years, 8 months ago (Jan. 1, 2004)
Published	21 years, 8 months ago (Jan. 1, 2004)
Published Online	21 years, 3 months ago (June 3, 2004)
Published Print	21 years, 8 months ago (Jan. 1, 2004)

Funders 0

None

BibTeX

@article{McCarter_2004, title={Dual Flagellar Systems Enable Motility under Different Circumstances}, volume={7}, ISSN={2673-1673}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000077866}, DOI={10.1159/000077866}, number={1–2}, journal={Microbial Physiology}, publisher={S. Karger AG}, author={McCarter, Linda L.}, year={2004}, pages={18–29} }

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  "abstract": "<jats:p>Flagella are extremely effective organelles of locomotion used by a variety of bacteria and archaea. Some bacteria, including &lt;i&gt;Aeromonas&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;Azospirillum&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;Rhodospirillum&lt;/i&gt;, and &lt;i&gt;Vibrio&lt;/i&gt; species, possess dual flagellar systems that are suited for movement under different circumstances. Swimming in liquid is promoted by a single polar flagellum. Swarming over surfaces or in viscous environments is enabled by the production of numerous peritrichous, or lateral, flagella. The polar flagellum is produced continuously, while the lateral flagella are produced under conditions that disable polar flagellar function. Thus at times, two types of flagellar organelles are assembled simultaneously. This review focuses on the polar and lateral flagellar systems of &lt;i&gt;Vibrio parahaemolyticus&lt;/i&gt;. Approximately 50 polar and 40 lateral flagellar genes have been identified encoding distinct structural, motor, export/assembly, and regulatory elements. The sodium motive force drives polar flagellar rotation, and the proton motive force powers lateral translocation. Polar genes are found exclusively on the large chromosome, and lateral genes reside entirely on the small chromosome of the organism. The timing of gene expression corresponds to the temporal demand for components during assembly of the organelle: RpoN and lateral- and polar-specific \u03c3&lt;sup&gt;54&lt;/sup&gt;-dependent transcription factors control early/intermediate gene transcription; lateral- and polar-specific \u03c3&lt;sup&gt;28&lt;/sup&gt; factors direct late flagellar gene expression. Although a different gene set encodes each flagellar system, the constituents of a central navigation system (i.e., chemotaxis signal transduction) are shared.</jats:p>",
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