DOI: 10.5254/1.3538469. The Effects of Heating and Cooling Rates on the Structure of Carbon Black Particles

The Effects of Heating and Cooling Rates on the Structure of Carbon Black Particles

10.5254/1.3538469

Crossref journal-article

Rubber Division, ACS

Rubber Chemistry and Technology (3223)

Abstract

Abstract The effects of heating and cooling rates on the structure of N660 and N299 carbon black particles have been investigated using Raman spectroscopy, X-ray scattering, and the BET technique. Carbon blacks were kept at 2700 K for various lengths of time and next cooled down at different rates. The size of crystallites and the surface roughness of the particles have been determined for these different treatment schedules. The fractal dimension decreases from 2.2 for untreated samples to 2.0 for samples heat treated to 1300 K. Cooling rates do not affect the surface roughness. However, rapid cooling reduces crystallite sizes. We postulate that the surface of carbon particles is composed of crystallites and amorphous carbon. The amount of amorphous carbon depends on the thermal treatment. The role of amorphous carbon in determining reinforcing properties of carbon blacks in tires is discussed.

Bibliography

Zerda, T. W., Xu, W., Yang, H., & Gerspacher, M. (1998). The Effects of Heating and Cooling Rates on the Structure of Carbon Black Particles. Rubber Chemistry and Technology, 71(1), 26â37.

Authors 4

T. W. Zerda (first)
W. Xu (additional)
H. Yang (additional)
M. Gerspacher (additional)

References 0 Referenced 38

None

Dates

Type	When
Created	14 years, 6 months ago (Feb. 16, 2011, 6:21 p.m.)
Deposited	2 months ago (June 25, 2025, 8:50 p.m.)
Indexed	4 days, 7 hours ago (Aug. 28, 2025, 8:38 a.m.)
Issued	27 years, 6 months ago (March 1, 1998)
Published	27 years, 6 months ago (March 1, 1998)
Published Print	27 years, 6 months ago (March 1, 1998)

Funders 0

None

BibTeX

@article{Zerda_1998, title={The Effects of Heating and Cooling Rates on the Structure of Carbon Black Particles}, volume={71}, ISSN={0035-9475}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3538469}, DOI={10.5254/1.3538469}, number={1}, journal={Rubber Chemistry and Technology}, publisher={Rubber Division, ACS}, author={Zerda, T. W. and Xu, W. and Yang, H. and Gerspacher, M.}, year={1998}, month=mar, pages={26–37} }

JSON

{
  "indexed": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2025,
        8,
        28
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2025-08-28T12:38:27Z",
    "timestamp": 1756384707434,
    "version": "3.41.0"
  },
  "reference-count": 0,
  "publisher": "Rubber Division, ACS",
  "issue": "1",
  "content-domain": {
    "domain": [],
    "crossmark-restriction": false
  },
  "published-print": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        1998,
        3
      ]
    ]
  },
  "abstract": "<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title>\n        <jats:p>The effects of heating and cooling rates on the structure of N660 and N299 carbon black particles have been investigated using Raman spectroscopy, X-ray scattering, and the BET technique. Carbon blacks were kept at 2700 K for various lengths of time and next cooled down at different rates. The size of crystallites and the surface roughness of the particles have been determined for these different treatment schedules. The fractal dimension decreases from 2.2 for untreated samples to 2.0 for samples heat treated to 1300 K. Cooling rates do not affect the surface roughness. However, rapid cooling reduces crystallite sizes. We postulate that the surface of carbon particles is composed of crystallites and amorphous carbon. The amount of amorphous carbon depends on the thermal treatment. The role of amorphous carbon in determining reinforcing properties of carbon blacks in tires is discussed.</jats:p>",
  "DOI": "10.5254/1.3538469",
  "type": "journal-article",
  "created": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2011,
        2,
        16
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2011-02-16T23:21:06Z",
    "timestamp": 1297898466000
  },
  "page": "26-37",
  "source": "Crossref",
  "is-referenced-by-count": 38,
  "title": "The Effects of Heating and Cooling Rates on the Structure of Carbon Black Particles",
  "prefix": "10.5254",
  "volume": "71",
  "author": [
    {
      "given": "T. W.",
      "family": "Zerda",
      "sequence": "first",
      "affiliation": [
        {
          "name": "1TCU, Physics Department, P.O. Box 298840, Fort Worth, TX 76129"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "given": "W.",
      "family": "Xu",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": [
        {
          "name": "1TCU, Physics Department, P.O. Box 298840, Fort Worth, TX 76129"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "given": "H.",
      "family": "Yang",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": [
        {
          "name": "2Sid Richardson Carbon Co., 4825 N. Freeway, Fort Worth, TX 76106"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "given": "M.",
      "family": "Gerspacher",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": [
        {
          "name": "2Sid Richardson Carbon Co., 4825 N. Freeway, Fort Worth, TX 76106"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "member": "3223",
  "container-title": "Rubber Chemistry and Technology",
  "original-title": [],
  "link": [
    {
      "URL": "https://rct.kglmeridian.com/view/journals/rcat/71/1/article-p26.xml",
      "content-type": "text/html",
      "content-version": "vor",
      "intended-application": "text-mining"
    },
    {
      "URL": "http://meridian.allenpress.com/rct/article-pdf/71/1/26/1944959/1_3538469.pdf",
      "content-type": "application/pdf",
      "content-version": "vor",
      "intended-application": "syndication"
    },
    {
      "URL": "https://rct.kglmeridian.com/downloadpdf/journals/rcat/71/1/article-p26.xml",
      "content-type": "text/html",
      "content-version": "vor",
      "intended-application": "syndication"
    },
    {
      "URL": "https://rct.kglmeridian.com/downloadpdf/journals/rcat/71/1/article-p26.xml",
      "content-type": "unspecified",
      "content-version": "vor",
      "intended-application": "similarity-checking"
    }
  ],
  "deposited": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2025,
        6,
        26
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2025-06-26T00:50:36Z",
    "timestamp": 1750899036000
  },
  "score": 1,
  "resource": {
    "primary": {
      "URL": "https://rct.kglmeridian.com/view/journals/rcat/71/1/article-p26.xml"
    }
  },
  "subtitle": [],
  "short-title": [],
  "issued": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        1998,
        3
      ]
    ]
  },
  "references-count": 0,
  "journal-issue": {
    "issue": "1"
  },
  "URL": "http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3538469",
  "relation": {},
  "ISSN": [
    "1943-4804",
    "0035-9475"
  ],
  "subject": [],
  "published": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        1998,
        3
      ]
    ]
  }
}