DOI: 10.3189/002214390793701372. Flow Laws For Glacier Ice: Comparison Of Numerical Predictions And Field Measurements

Flow Laws For Glacier Ice: Comparison Of Numerical Predictions And Field Measurements

10.3189/002214390793701372

Crossref journal-article

International Glaciological Society

Journal of Glaciology (1782)

Abstract

AbstractIce flow along the 20 km long strain network up-stream of the Dye 3 bore hole in Greenland is studied in detail. By solving the force-balance equations and using selected flow laws, stresses and strain-rates are calculated throughout the section of the ice sheet. The validity of the results is evaluated by comparison with the velocity profile derived from bore-hole-tilting measurements, and with observed surface strain-rates. A number of constitutive relations are tried and most predict a velocity profile at the bore-hole site that is in good agreement with that observed, if appropriate enhancement factors are used. However, there are major discrepancies between modelled and measured surface strain-rates. Use of Nye’s generalization of Glen’s flow law, or an anisotropic constitutive relation, requires unrealistically large along-flow variations in the enhancement factor. Inclusion of normal stress effects can lead to much better agreement, but it is possible that other processes, such as dynamic recrystallization or primary creep, should be included in the constitutive relation of polar ice.

Bibliography

Van Der Veen, C. J., & Whillans, I. M. (1990). Flow Laws For Glacier Ice: Comparison Of Numerical Predictions And Field Measurements. Journal of Glaciology, 36(124), 324â339.

Authors 2

C.J. Van Der Veen (first)
I.M. Whillans (additional)

References 65 Referenced 40

10.1029/GM033p0049
10.1017/S0260305500002639
10.1029/GM033p0023
10.1017/S0022143000033724
10.1017/S0305004100037531
{'key': 'S0022143000004354_R13', 'first-page': '171', 'article-title': 'The flow law of ice. A discussion of the assumptions made in glacier theory, their experimental foundations and consequences', 'author': 'Glen', 'year': '1958', 'journal-title': 'International Association of Scientific Hydrology Publication 47 (Symposium at Chamonix 1958 — Physics of the Movement of the Ice)'} / International Association of Scientific Hydrology Publication 47 (Symposium at Chamonix 1958 — Physics of the Movement of the Ice) / The flow law of ice. A discussion of the assumptions made in glacier theory, their experimental foundations and consequences by Glen (1958)
10.1017/S0022143000015379
10.1130/0016-7606(1976)87<1665:RIOTIS>2.0.CO;2
10.1017/S0022143000034304 / J. Glaciol. / Layer echoes in polar ice sheets by Gudmandsen (1975)
10.1017/S0260305500010168 / Ann. Glaciol. / Formation processes of ice fabric pattern in ice sheets by Higashi (1985)
10.1029/GM033p0039
{'key': 'S0022143000004354_R34', 'first-page': '1309', 'article-title': 'Extension de la loi de Norton–Hoff à un matériau orthotrope de révolution', 'volume': '294', 'author': 'Lliboutry', 'year': '1982', 'journal-title': 'C.R. Hebd. Séances Acad. Sei.'} / C.R. Hebd. Séances Acad. Sei. / Extension de la loi de Norton–Hoff à un matériau orthotrope de révolution by Lliboutry (1982)
10.1016/0022-5096(77)90007-2
{'key': 'S0022143000004354_R56', 'author': 'Truesdell', 'year': '1965', 'journal-title': 'The non–linear field theories of mechanics'} / The non–linear field theories of mechanics by Truesdell (1965)
10.1017/S0260305500003645
10.1017/S0022143000010443
10.1016/0165-232X(86)90039-X
10.1029/GM033p0090
10.1098/rspa.1953.0161
10.1017/S0022143000026800
10.1017/S0022143000006353
10.1017/S026030550000433X
{'key': 'S0022143000004354_R65', 'volume-title': 'Glaciologie transect in southern Greenland: 1980 and 1981 GISP–1 data', 'author': 'Whillans', 'year': '1987'} / Glaciologie transect in southern Greenland: 1980 and 1981 GISP–1 data by Whillans (1987)
10.1017/S0022143000023911
10.1007/BF00893696
10.1017/S002214300002270X
10.1017/S0022143000005165
10.1029/JZ064i011p01891
10.3189/002214389793701581
10.1029/GM033p0105
10.1017/S0022143000033621
10.1017/S0260305500006996
{'key': 'S0022143000004354_R11', 'first-page': '281', 'article-title': 'Large elastic deformations of homogeneous anisotropic materials', 'volume': '3', 'author': 'Ericksen', 'year': '1954', 'journal-title': 'J. Ration. Mech. Anal.'} / J. Ration. Mech. Anal. / Large elastic deformations of homogeneous anisotropic materials by Ericksen (1954)
{'key': 'S0022143000004354_R5', 'first-page': '7', 'article-title': 'Is the creep of ice really independent of the third deviatoric stress invariant?', 'author': 'Baker', 'year': '1987', 'journal-title': 'International Association of Hydrological Sciences Publication 170 (Symposium at Vancouver 1987 — The Physical Basis of Ice Sheet Modelling)'} / International Association of Hydrological Sciences Publication 170 (Symposium at Vancouver 1987 — The Physical Basis of Ice Sheet Modelling) / Is the creep of ice really independent of the third deviatoric stress invariant? by Baker (1987)
10.1029/JB094iB03p02874
10.1017/S0260305500003724
10.1139/e69-100
{'key': 'S0022143000004354_R49', 'volume-title': 'Mechanics of non–Newtonian fluids', 'author': 'Schowalter', 'year': '1978'} / Mechanics of non–Newtonian fluids by Schowalter (1978)
10.1098/rspa.1957.0026
10.2307/2371950
10.1126/science.240.4851.493
10.1017/S0022143000022681
10.1038/314255a0
10.1016/0165-232X(79)90003-X
{'key': 'S0022143000004354_R54', 'volume-title': 'Numerical solution of partial differential equations: finite difference methods. Third edition', 'author': 'Smith', 'year': '1985'} / Numerical solution of partial differential equations: finite difference methods. Third edition by Smith (1985)
10.1051/jphyscol:1987134
{'key': 'S0022143000004354_R9', 'first-page': '31', 'article-title': 'Constitutive properties of ice at Dye 3, Greenland', 'author': 'Jensen', 'year': '1987', 'journal-title': 'International Association of Hydrological Sciences Publication 170 (Symposium at Vancouver 1987 — The Physical Basis of Ice Sheet Modelling)'} / International Association of Hydrological Sciences Publication 170 (Symposium at Vancouver 1987 — The Physical Basis of Ice Sheet Modelling) / Constitutive properties of ice at Dye 3, Greenland by Jensen (1987)
10.3189/002214389793701455
10.1016/0165-232X(89)90014-1
{'key': 'S0022143000004354_R25', 'volume-title': 'Theoretical glaciology; material science of ice and the mechanics of glaciers and ice sheets', 'author': 'Hutter', 'year': '1983'} / Theoretical glaciology; material science of ice and the mechanics of glaciers and ice sheets by Hutter (1983)
10.1029/JB092iB01p00485
{'key': 'S0022143000004354_R57', 'first-page': '226', 'article-title': 'The classical field theories', 'volume': 'III', 'author': 'Truesdell', 'year': '1960', 'journal-title': 'In Flügge S.'} / In Flügge S. / The classical field theories by Truesdell (1960)
{'key': 'S0022143000004354_R44', 'first-page': '57', 'article-title': 'Mechanical behaviour of anisotropic polar ice', 'author': 'Pimienta', 'year': '1987', 'journal-title': 'International Association of Hydrological Sciences Publication 170 (Symposium at Vancouver 1987 — The Physical Basis of Ice Sheet Modelling)'} / International Association of Hydrological Sciences Publication 170 (Symposium at Vancouver 1987 — The Physical Basis of Ice Sheet Modelling) / Mechanical behaviour of anisotropic polar ice by Pimienta (1987)
10.1038/159310a0
{'key': 'S0022143000004354_R8', 'first-page': '355', 'article-title': 'Steady thermomechanical flow along two–dimensional flow lines in large grounded ice sheets', 'volume': '94', 'author': 'Jensen', 'year': '1989', 'journal-title': 'J. Geophys. Res.'} / J. Geophys. Res. / Steady thermomechanical flow along two–dimensional flow lines in large grounded ice sheets by Jensen (1989)
10.1098/rspa.1964.0115
10.1016/0165-232X(82)90006-4
10.1017/S0022143000008832
{'key': 'S0022143000004354_R42', 'volume-title': 'The physics of glaciers. Second edition', 'author': 'Paterson', 'year': '1981'} / The physics of glaciers. Second edition by Paterson (1981)
10.1126/science.211.4486.1043
10.1126/science.227.4692.1335
10.1029/RG019i004p00664
10.1017/S0022143000006109
10.1017/S0022143000023716
10.1017/S0022143000006316

Dates

Type	When
Created	14 years, 8 months ago (Dec. 10, 2010, 4:37 a.m.)
Deposited	6 years, 3 months ago (May 18, 2019, 6:33 p.m.)
Indexed	1 month ago (July 30, 2025, 8:28 p.m.)
Issued	35 years, 8 months ago (Jan. 1, 1990)
Published	35 years, 8 months ago (Jan. 1, 1990)
Published Online	8 years, 7 months ago (Jan. 20, 2017)
Published Print	35 years, 8 months ago (Jan. 1, 1990)

Funders 0

None

BibTeX

@article{Van_Der_Veen_1990, title={Flow Laws For Glacier Ice: Comparison Of Numerical Predictions And Field Measurements}, volume={36}, ISSN={1727-5652}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/002214390793701372}, DOI={10.3189/002214390793701372}, number={124}, journal={Journal of Glaciology}, publisher={International Glaciological Society}, author={Van Der Veen, C.J. and Whillans, I.M.}, year={1990}, pages={324–339} }

JSON

{
  "indexed": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2025,
        7,
        31
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2025-07-31T00:28:42Z",
    "timestamp": 1753921722849
  },
  "reference-count": 65,
  "publisher": "International Glaciological Society",
  "issue": "124",
  "license": [
    {
      "start": {
        "date-parts": [
          [
            2017,
            1,
            20
          ]
        ],
        "date-time": "2017-01-20T00:00:00Z",
        "timestamp": 1484870400000
      },
      "content-version": "unspecified",
      "delay-in-days": 9881,
      "URL": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms"
    }
  ],
  "content-domain": {
    "domain": [],
    "crossmark-restriction": false
  },
  "published-print": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        1990
      ]
    ]
  },
  "abstract": "<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>Ice flow along the 20 km long strain network up-stream of the Dye 3 bore hole in Greenland is studied in detail. By solving the force-balance equations and using selected flow laws, stresses and strain-rates are calculated throughout the section of the ice sheet. The validity of the results is evaluated by comparison with the velocity profile derived from bore-hole-tilting measurements, and with observed surface strain-rates. A number of constitutive relations are tried and most predict a velocity profile at the bore-hole site that is in good agreement with that observed, if appropriate enhancement factors are used. However, there are major discrepancies between modelled and measured surface strain-rates. Use of Nye\u2019s generalization of Glen\u2019s flow law, or an anisotropic constitutive relation, requires unrealistically large along-flow variations in the enhancement factor. Inclusion of normal stress effects can lead to much better agreement, but it is possible that other processes, such as dynamic recrystallization or primary creep, should be included in the constitutive relation of polar ice.</jats:p>",
  "DOI": "10.3189/002214390793701372",
  "type": "journal-article",
  "created": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2010,
        12,
        10
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2010-12-10T09:37:26Z",
    "timestamp": 1291973846000
  },
  "page": "324-339",
  "source": "Crossref",
  "is-referenced-by-count": 40,
  "title": "Flow Laws For Glacier Ice: Comparison Of Numerical Predictions And Field Measurements",
  "prefix": "10.3189",
  "volume": "36",
  "author": [
    {
      "given": "C.J.",
      "family": "Van Der Veen",
      "sequence": "first",
      "affiliation": []
    },
    {
      "given": "I.M.",
      "family": "Whillans",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": []
    }
  ],
  "member": "1782",
  "published-online": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2017,
        1,
        20
      ]
    ]
  },
  "reference": [
    {
      "key": "S0022143000004354_R41",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1029/GM033p0049"
    },
    {
      "key": "S0022143000004354_R20",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1017/S0260305500002639"
    },
    {
      "key": "S0022143000004354_R21",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1029/GM033p0023"
    },
    {
      "key": "S0022143000004354_R37",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1017/S0022143000033724"
    },
    {
      "key": "S0022143000004354_R15",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1017/S0305004100037531"
    },
    {
      "key": "S0022143000004354_R13",
      "first-page": "171",
      "article-title": "The flow law of ice. A discussion of the assumptions made in glacier theory, their experimental foundations and consequences",
      "author": "Glen",
      "year": "1958",
      "journal-title": "International Association of Scientific Hydrology Publication 47 (Symposium at Chamonix 1958 \u2014 Physics of the Movement of the Ice)"
    },
    {
      "key": "S0022143000004354_R26",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1017/S0022143000015379"
    },
    {
      "key": "S0022143000004354_R14",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1130/0016-7606(1976)87<1665:RIOTIS>2.0.CO;2"
    },
    {
      "key": "S0022143000004354_R17",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "95",
      "DOI": "10.1017/S0022143000034304",
      "article-title": "Layer echoes in polar ice sheets",
      "volume": "15",
      "author": "Gudmandsen",
      "year": "1975",
      "journal-title": "J. Glaciol."
    },
    {
      "key": "S0022143000004354_R2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "130",
      "DOI": "10.1017/S0260305500010168",
      "article-title": "Formation processes of ice fabric pattern in ice sheets",
      "volume": "6",
      "author": "Higashi",
      "year": "1985",
      "journal-title": "Ann. Glaciol."
    },
    {
      "key": "S0022143000004354_R51",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1029/GM033p0039"
    },
    {
      "key": "S0022143000004354_R34",
      "first-page": "1309",
      "article-title": "Extension de la loi de Norton\u2013Hoff \u00e0 un mat\u00e9riau orthotrope de r\u00e9volution",
      "volume": "294",
      "author": "Lliboutry",
      "year": "1982",
      "journal-title": "C.R. Hebd. S\u00e9ances Acad. Sei."
    },
    {
      "key": "S0022143000004354_R30",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0022-5096(77)90007-2"
    },
    {
      "key": "S0022143000004354_R56",
      "author": "Truesdell",
      "year": "1965",
      "journal-title": "The non\u2013linear field theories of mechanics"
    },
    {
      "key": "S0022143000004354_R50",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1017/S0260305500003645"
    },
    {
      "key": "S0022143000004354_R24",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1017/S0022143000010443"
    },
    {
      "key": "S0022143000004354_R23",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0165-232X(86)90039-X"
    },
    {
      "key": "S0022143000004354_R19",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1029/GM033p0090"
    },
    {
      "key": "S0022143000004354_R39",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1098/rspa.1953.0161"
    },
    {
      "key": "S0022143000004354_R53",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1017/S0022143000026800"
    },
    {
      "key": "S0022143000004354_R35",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1017/S0022143000006353"
    },
    {
      "key": "S0022143000004354_R52",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1017/S026030550000433X"
    },
    {
      "key": "S0022143000004354_R65",
      "volume-title": "Glaciologie transect in southern Greenland: 1980 and 1981 GISP\u20131 data",
      "author": "Whillans",
      "year": "1987"
    },
    {
      "key": "S0022143000004354_R47",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1017/S0022143000023911"
    },
    {
      "key": "S0022143000004354_R58",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1007/BF00893696"
    },
    {
      "key": "S0022143000004354_R55",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1017/S002214300002270X"
    },
    {
      "key": "S0022143000004354_R63",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1017/S0022143000005165"
    },
    {
      "key": "S0022143000004354_R32",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1029/JZ064i011p01891"
    },
    {
      "key": "S0022143000004354_R59",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.3189/002214389793701581"
    },
    {
      "key": "S0022143000004354_R28",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1029/GM033p0105"
    },
    {
      "key": "S0022143000004354_R33",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1017/S0022143000033621"
    },
    {
      "key": "S0022143000004354_R27",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1017/S0260305500006996"
    },
    {
      "key": "S0022143000004354_R11",
      "first-page": "281",
      "article-title": "Large elastic deformations of homogeneous anisotropic materials",
      "volume": "3",
      "author": "Ericksen",
      "year": "1954",
      "journal-title": "J. Ration. Mech. Anal."
    },
    {
      "key": "S0022143000004354_R5",
      "first-page": "7",
      "article-title": "Is the creep of ice really independent of the third deviatoric stress invariant?",
      "author": "Baker",
      "year": "1987",
      "journal-title": "International Association of Hydrological Sciences Publication 170 (Symposium at Vancouver 1987 \u2014 The Physical Basis of Ice Sheet Modelling)"
    },
    {
      "key": "S0022143000004354_R12",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1029/JB094iB03p02874"
    },
    {
      "key": "S0022143000004354_R64",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1017/S0260305500003724"
    },
    {
      "key": "S0022143000004354_R31",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1139/e69-100"
    },
    {
      "key": "S0022143000004354_R49",
      "volume-title": "Mechanics of non\u2013Newtonian fluids",
      "author": "Schowalter",
      "year": "1978"
    },
    {
      "key": "S0022143000004354_R40",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1098/rspa.1957.0026"
    },
    {
      "key": "S0022143000004354_R46",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.2307/2371950"
    },
    {
      "key": "S0022143000004354_R1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1126/science.240.4851.493"
    },
    {
      "key": "S0022143000004354_R45",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1017/S0022143000022681"
    },
    {
      "key": "S0022143000004354_R10",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1038/314255a0"
    },
    {
      "key": "S0022143000004354_R38",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0165-232X(79)90003-X"
    },
    {
      "key": "S0022143000004354_R54",
      "volume-title": "Numerical solution of partial differential equations: finite difference methods. Third edition",
      "author": "Smith",
      "year": "1985"
    },
    {
      "key": "S0022143000004354_R43",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1051/jphyscol:1987134"
    },
    {
      "key": "S0022143000004354_R9",
      "first-page": "31",
      "article-title": "Constitutive properties of ice at Dye 3, Greenland",
      "author": "Jensen",
      "year": "1987",
      "journal-title": "International Association of Hydrological Sciences Publication 170 (Symposium at Vancouver 1987 \u2014 The Physical Basis of Ice Sheet Modelling)"
    },
    {
      "key": "S0022143000004354_R60",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.3189/002214389793701455"
    },
    {
      "key": "S0022143000004354_R6",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0165-232X(89)90014-1"
    },
    {
      "key": "S0022143000004354_R25",
      "volume-title": "Theoretical glaciology; material science of ice and the mechanics of glaciers and ice sheets",
      "author": "Hutter",
      "year": "1983"
    },
    {
      "key": "S0022143000004354_R62",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1029/JB092iB01p00485"
    },
    {
      "key": "S0022143000004354_R57",
      "first-page": "226",
      "article-title": "The classical field theories",
      "volume": "III",
      "author": "Truesdell",
      "year": "1960",
      "journal-title": "In Fl\u00fcgge S."
    },
    {
      "key": "S0022143000004354_R44",
      "first-page": "57",
      "article-title": "Mechanical behaviour of anisotropic polar ice",
      "author": "Pimienta",
      "year": "1987",
      "journal-title": "International Association of Hydrological Sciences Publication 170 (Symposium at Vancouver 1987 \u2014 The Physical Basis of Ice Sheet Modelling)"
    },
    {
      "key": "S0022143000004354_R61",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1038/159310a0"
    },
    {
      "key": "S0022143000004354_R8",
      "first-page": "355",
      "article-title": "Steady thermomechanical flow along two\u2013dimensional flow lines in large grounded ice sheets",
      "volume": "94",
      "author": "Jensen",
      "year": "1989",
      "journal-title": "J. Geophys. Res."
    },
    {
      "key": "S0022143000004354_R16",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1098/rspa.1964.0115"
    },
    {
      "key": "S0022143000004354_R4",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0165-232X(82)90006-4"
    },
    {
      "key": "S0022143000004354_R36",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1017/S0022143000008832"
    },
    {
      "key": "S0022143000004354_R42",
      "volume-title": "The physics of glaciers. Second edition",
      "author": "Paterson",
      "year": "1981"
    },
    {
      "key": "S0022143000004354_R3",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1126/science.211.4486.1043"
    },
    {
      "key": "S0022143000004354_R29",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1126/science.227.4692.1335"
    },
    {
      "key": "S0022143000004354_R22",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1029/RG019i004p00664"
    },
    {
      "key": "S0022143000004354_R18",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1017/S0022143000006109"
    },
    {
      "key": "S0022143000004354_R48",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1017/S0022143000023716"
    },
    {
      "key": "S0022143000004354_R7",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1017/S0022143000006316"
    }
  ],
  "container-title": "Journal of Glaciology",
  "original-title": [],
  "language": "en",
  "link": [
    {
      "URL": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/S0022143000004354",
      "content-type": "unspecified",
      "content-version": "vor",
      "intended-application": "similarity-checking"
    }
  ],
  "deposited": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2019,
        5,
        18
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2019-05-18T22:33:10Z",
    "timestamp": 1558218790000
  },
  "score": 1,
  "resource": {
    "primary": {
      "URL": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0022143000004354/type/journal_article"
    }
  },
  "subtitle": [],
  "short-title": [],
  "issued": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        1990
      ]
    ]
  },
  "references-count": 65,
  "journal-issue": {
    "issue": "124",
    "published-print": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          1990
        ]
      ]
    }
  },
  "alternative-id": [
    "S0022143000004354"
  ],
  "URL": "http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/002214390793701372",
  "relation": {},
  "ISSN": [
    "0022-1430",
    "1727-5652"
  ],
  "subject": [],
  "container-title-short": "J. Glaciol.",
  "published": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        1990
      ]
    ]
  }
}