DOI: 10.1897/03-420. Passive air sampling of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated naphthalenes across europe

Passive air sampling of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated naphthalenes across europe

10.1897/03-420

Crossref journal-article

Oxford University Press (OUP)

Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (286)

Abstract

Abstract This study presents concurrently sampled ambient air data for a range of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) at the continental scale. This was achieved with a passive air sampling system, by deploying polyurethane foam disks, which were prepared in one laboratory, sealed to prevent contamination, sent out by courier to volunteers participating in different countries, exposed for six weeks, collected, resealed, and returned to the laboratory for analysis. The study area was Europe, a region with a history of extensive persistent organic pollutants usage and emission, and with marked national differences in population density, the degree of urbanization and industrial and agricultural development. Samplers were deployed at remote, rural, and urban locations in 22 countries. Calculated air concentrations were broadly in line with those obtained by conventional active air sampling techniques, for both compound classes and for compounds existing predominantly in the gas and particle phases. The geographical compound distribution reflected suspected regional emission patterns and highlighted localized source areas. Both PAH and PCN levels varied by more than two orders of magnitude. The implications for sources are discussed.

Bibliography

Jaward, F. M., Farrar, N. J., Harner, T., Sweetman, A. J., & Jones, K. C. (2004). Passive air sampling of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated naphthalenes across europe. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 23(6), 1355â1364.

Authors 5

Foday M. Jaward (first)
Nick J. Farrar (additional)
Tom Harner (additional)
Andrew J. Sweetman (additional)
Kevin C. Jones (additional)

References 56 Referenced 160

{'year': '1998', 'author': 'United Nations Economic Commission for Europe', 'key': '2025010612201362800_bib1'} by United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (1998)
{'volume-title': 'Preparation of an internationally legally binding instrument for implementing international action on certain persistent organic pollutants', 'year': '1998', 'author': 'United Nations Economic Commission for Europe', 'key': '2025010612201362800_bib2'} / Preparation of an internationally legally binding instrument for implementing international action on certain persistent organic pollutants by United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (1998)
{'volume-title': 'Evaluation of Persistence and Long-Range Transport of Organic Chemicals in the Environment', 'year': '2000', 'author': 'Klecka', 'key': '2025010612201362800_bib3'} / Evaluation of Persistence and Long-Range Transport of Organic Chemicals in the Environment by Klecka (2000)
10.1021/es00052a014 / Environ Sci Technol / Chlorinated hydrocarbons in pine needles in Europe: Fingerprint for the past and recent use by Calamari (1994)
10.1021/es0002464 / Environ Sci Technol / The global distribution of PCBs and organochlorine pesticides in butter by Kalantzi (2001)
10.1021/es025620+ / Environ Sci Technol / Spatial and temporal trends of POPs in Norwegian and UK background air: Implications for global cycling by Meijer (2003)
10.1021/es9802145 / Environ Sci Technol / Toward an understanding of the global atmospheric distribution of persistent organic pollutants: The use of semipermeable membrane devices as time integrated passive samplers by Ockenden (1998)
10.1021/es960269b / Environ Sci Technol / Spatial distribution of PAHs in the UK atmosphere using pine needles by Tremolada (1996)
10.1016/S0045-6535(03)00256-X / Chemosphere / Conifer needles as passive biomonitors of the spatial and temporal distribution of DDT from a point source by Di Guardo (2003)
10.1021/es0201395 / Environ Sci Technol / Accumulation of airborne hexachlorocyclohexanes and DDT in pine needles by Kylin (2003)
10.1126/science.7569923 / Science / Global distribution of persistent organochlorine compounds by Simonich (1995)
10.1021/es9604020 / Environ Sci Technol / Relationships between socioeconomic indicators and concentrations of organochlorine pesticides in tree bark by Simonich (1997)
{'key': '2025010612201362800_bib13', 'first-page': '557', 'article-title': 'Atmospheric sampling of persistent organic pollutants: Needs, applications and advances in passive air sampling techniques', 'volume': '1', 'author': 'Ockenden', 'year': '2001', 'journal-title': 'Sci World'} / Sci World / Atmospheric sampling of persistent organic pollutants: Needs, applications and advances in passive air sampling techniques by Ockenden (2001)
10.1021/es020635t / Environ Sci Technol / Characterisation and comparison of three passive air samplers for persistent organic pollutants by Shoeib (2002)
10.1021/es0209215 / Environ Sci Technol / Characterisation of polymer-coated glass as a passive sampler for persistent organic pollutants by Harner (2003)
10.1021/es971020c / Environ Sci Technol / Passive air sampling of PCBs: Field calculation of atmospheric sampling rates by triolein-containing semipermeable membrane devices by Ockenden (1998)
10.1021/es0001862 / Environ Sci Technol / Further developments in the use of semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) as passive air samplers for persistent organic pollutants: Field application in a spatial survey of PCDD/Fs and PAHs by Lohmann (2001)
10.1021/es60166a007 / Environ Sci Technol / Field comparison of polyurethane foam and Tenax-GC resin for high-volume air sampling of chlorinated hydrocarbons by Billings (1980)
10.1016/0004-6981(83)90055-0 / Atmos Environ / High volume collection of chlorinated hydrocarbons in urban air using three solid adsorbents by Billings (1983)
10.1021/es026166c / Environ Sci Technol / Development and calibration of a resin-based passive sampling system for monitoring persistent organic pollutants in the atmosphere by Wania (2003)
10.1021/es032433i / Environ Sci Technol / Equilibrium sampling devices by Mayer (2003)
10.1029/91JD00010 / J Geophys Res Atmos / Polycyclic aromatic and organochlorine compounds in the atmosphere of northern Ellesmere-Island, Canada by Patton (1991)
{'key': '2025010612201362800_bib23', 'first-page': '33', 'article-title': 'Passive air sampling results for polybrominated diphenyl ethers along an urban–rural transect', 'volume': '57', 'author': 'Harner', 'year': '2002', 'journal-title': 'Organohalogen Compounds'} / Organohalogen Compounds / Passive air sampling results for polybrominated diphenyl ethers along an urban–rural transect by Harner (2002)
10.1007/BF02987379 / Environ Sci Pollut Res / BETR North America: A regionally segmented multimedia contaminant fate model for North America by MacLeod (2001)
10.1007/BF02987380 / Environ Sci Pollut Res / Development of continental scale multimedia contaminant fate models: Integrating GIS by Woodfine (2001)
10.1016/j.envpol.2003.08.041 / Environ Pollut / Modelling the fate of persistent organic pollutants in Europe: Parameterisation of a gridded distribution model by Prevedouros (2004)
10.1021/es9803106 / Environ Sci Technol / Polychlorinated naphthalenes and coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls in arctic air by Harner (1998)
{'year': '2001', 'author': 'European Commission', 'key': '2025010612201362800_bib28'} by European Commission (2001)
{'volume-title': 'Polychlorinated Naphthalenes', 'year': '2002', 'author': 'Van de Plassche', 'key': '2025010612201362800_bib29'} / Polychlorinated Naphthalenes by Van de Plassche (2002)
{'year': '1993', 'author': 'Crookes', 'key': '2025010612201362800_bib30'} by Crookes (1993)
10.1016/0045-6535(90)90238-O / Chemosphere / Swedish dioxin survey: Determination of 2,3,7,8-TCDD toxic equivalent factors for some polychlorinated biphenyls and naphthalenes using biological tests by Hanberg (1990)
10.1021/es991183w / Environ Sci Technol / Assessing the contribution of diffuse burning as a source of PCDD/Fs, PCBs, and PAHs to the UK. atmosphere by Lohmann (2000)
10.1016/0269-7491(95)91052-M / Environ Pollut / Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in the United Kingdom environment: A preliminary source inventory and budget by Wild (1995)
10.1021/es9905851 / Environ Sci Technol / Temporal trends in and influence of wind on PAH concentrations measured near the Great Lakes by Cortes (2000)
10.1016/0045-6535(87)90118-4 / Chemosphere / Formation and presence of polyhalogenated and polycyclic compounds in the emissions of small and large scale municipal waste incinerators by Oehme (1987)
10.1016/S0045-6535(98)00269-0 / Chemosphere / Formation of polychlorinated naphthalenes on fly ash by Schneider (1998)
10.1021/es001122u / Environ Sci Technol / Concentrations and profiles of polychlorinated naphthalene congeners in eighteen technical polychlorinated biphenyl preparations by Yamashita (2000)
10.1016/0045-6535(93)90363-A / Chemosphere / Organic and inorganic substances in the copper slag “Kieselrot.” by Theisen (1993)
10.1021/es020860a / Environ Sci Technol / Current combustion-related sources contribute to polychlorinated naphthalene and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyl levels and profiles in air in Toronto, Canada by Helm (2003)
10.1021/es000178l / Environ Sci Technol / Behaviour of sewage sludge-derived PAHs on pasture by Smith (2001)
10.1021/es000200a / Environ Sci Technol / Seasonal and species differences in the air-pasture transfer of PAHs by Smith (2001)
10.1016/S0045-6535(97)10211-9 / Chemosphere / Development and validation of methods for the trace determination of PCBs in biological matrices by Thomas (1998)
10.3402/tellusa.v26i4.9853 / Tellus / Residence time and variability of tropospheric trace gases by Junge (1974)
{'key': '2025010612201362800_bib44', 'first-page': '1', 'volume-title': 'Organic Contaminants in the Environment: Environmental Pathways and Effects', 'author': 'Stanley', 'year': '1991'} / Organic Contaminants in the Environment: Environmental Pathways and Effects by Stanley (1991)
10.1021/es000883u / Environ Sci Technol / Polychlorinated naphthalenes in the atmosphere of the United Kingdom by Harner (2000)
10.1021/es00062a024 / Environ Sci Technol / Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in UK urban air by Halsall (1994)
10.1021/es960953q / Environ Sci Technol / Observations on PAH, PCB, and PCDD/F trends in UK urban air, 1991–1995 by Coleman (1997)
{'volume-title': 'EMEP assessment report—Czech Republic', 'year': '2001', 'author': 'Vana', 'key': '2025010612201362800_bib48'} / EMEP assessment report—Czech Republic by Vana (2001)
10.1021/es9907414 / Environ Sci Technol / Short-term temperature-dependent air-surface exchange and atmospheric concentrations of polychlorinated naphthalenes and organochlorine pesticides by Lee (2000)
10.1021/es990663k / Environ Sci Technol / Sedimentary record of polychlorinated naphthalene concentrations and deposition fluxes in a dated lake core by Gevao (2000)
10.1021/es9913232 / Environ Sci Technol / A comparative study of the gas-phase partitioning of PCDD/Fs, PCBs and PAHs by Lohmann (2000)
10.1021/es00009a037 / Environ Sci Technol / PAHs in air adjacent to two inland water bodies by Gardner (1995)
10.1021/es000056t / Environ Sci Technol / A comparison of high volume and diffusion denuder samplers for semi-volatile organic contaminants in the atmosphere by Peters (2000)
10.1016/S1352-2310(98)00129-0 / Atmos Environ / Atmospheric particle size distribution of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their implications for wet and dry deposition by Kaupp (1999)
{'volume-title': 'POPCYCLING project: Technical report/the emission database/the POPCYCLING-Baltic model/the environmental database', 'year': '1999', 'author': 'Pacyna', 'key': '2025010612201362800_bib55'} / POPCYCLING project: Technical report/the emission database/the POPCYCLING-Baltic model/the environmental database by Pacyna (1999)
10.1021/es010071d / Environ Sci Technol / Polychlorinated naphthalenes in UK soils: Timetrends, markers of source, and equilibrium status by Meijer (2001)

Dates

Type	When
Created	20 years, 9 months ago (Nov. 18, 2004, 1 p.m.)
Deposited	7 months, 2 weeks ago (Jan. 6, 2025, 7:21 a.m.)
Indexed	1 month, 3 weeks ago (July 1, 2025, 2:27 p.m.)
Issued	21 years, 2 months ago (June 1, 2004)
Published	21 years, 2 months ago (June 1, 2004)
Published Online	21 years, 2 months ago (June 1, 2004)
Published Print	21 years, 2 months ago (June 1, 2004)

Funders 0

None

BibTeX

@article{Jaward_2004, title={Passive air sampling of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated naphthalenes across europe}, volume={23}, ISSN={1552-8618}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1897/03-420}, DOI={10.1897/03-420}, number={6}, journal={Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Jaward, Foday M. and Farrar, Nick J. and Harner, Tom and Sweetman, Andrew J. and Jones, Kevin C.}, year={2004}, month=jun, pages={1355–1364} }

JSON

{
  "indexed": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2025,
        7,
        1
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2025-07-01T18:27:37Z",
    "timestamp": 1751394457174,
    "version": "3.32.0"
  },
  "reference-count": 56,
  "publisher": "Oxford University Press (OUP)",
  "issue": "6",
  "license": [
    {
      "start": {
        "date-parts": [
          [
            2004,
            6,
            1
          ]
        ],
        "date-time": "2004-06-01T00:00:00Z",
        "timestamp": 1086048000000
      },
      "content-version": "vor",
      "delay-in-days": 0,
      "URL": "https://academic.oup.com/pages/standard-publication-reuse-rights"
    },
    {
      "start": {
        "date-parts": [
          [
            2009,
            11,
            5
          ]
        ],
        "date-time": "2009-11-05T00:00:00Z",
        "timestamp": 1257379200000
      },
      "content-version": "vor",
      "delay-in-days": 1983,
      "URL": "http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor"
    }
  ],
  "content-domain": {
    "domain": [
      "setac.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"
    ],
    "crossmark-restriction": true
  },
  "published-print": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2004,
        6,
        1
      ]
    ]
  },
  "abstract": "<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title>\n               <jats:p>This study presents concurrently sampled ambient air data for a range of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) at the continental scale. This was achieved with a passive air sampling system, by deploying polyurethane foam disks, which were prepared in one laboratory, sealed to prevent contamination, sent out by courier to volunteers participating in different countries, exposed for six weeks, collected, resealed, and returned to the laboratory for analysis. The study area was Europe, a region with a history of extensive persistent organic pollutants usage and emission, and with marked national differences in population density, the degree of urbanization and industrial and agricultural development. Samplers were deployed at remote, rural, and urban locations in 22 countries. Calculated air concentrations were broadly in line with those obtained by conventional active air sampling techniques, for both compound classes and for compounds existing predominantly in the gas and particle phases. The geographical compound distribution reflected suspected regional emission patterns and highlighted localized source areas. Both PAH and PCN levels varied by more than two orders of magnitude. The implications for sources are discussed.</jats:p>",
  "DOI": "10.1897/03-420",
  "type": "journal-article",
  "created": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2004,
        11,
        18
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2004-11-18T18:00:56Z",
    "timestamp": 1100800856000
  },
  "page": "1355-1364",
  "update-policy": "https://doi.org/10.1002/crossmark_policy",
  "source": "Crossref",
  "is-referenced-by-count": 160,
  "title": "Passive air sampling of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated naphthalenes across europe",
  "prefix": "10.1093",
  "volume": "23",
  "author": [
    {
      "given": "Foday M.",
      "family": "Jaward",
      "sequence": "first",
      "affiliation": [
        {
          "name": "Department of Environmental Science, Institute of Environmental and Natural Sciences, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "given": "Nick J.",
      "family": "Farrar",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": [
        {
          "name": "Department of Environmental Science, Institute of Environmental and Natural Sciences, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "given": "Tom",
      "family": "Harner",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": [
        {
          "name": "Meteorological Service of Canada, Environment Canada, 4905 Dufferin Street, Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T4"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "given": "Andrew J.",
      "family": "Sweetman",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": [
        {
          "name": "Department of Environmental Science, Institute of Environmental and Natural Sciences, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "given": "Kevin C.",
      "family": "Jones",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": [
        {
          "name": "Department of Environmental Science, Institute of Environmental and Natural Sciences, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "member": "286",
  "published-online": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2004,
        6,
        1
      ]
    ]
  },
  "reference": [
    {
      "year": "1998",
      "author": "United Nations Economic Commission for Europe",
      "key": "2025010612201362800_bib1"
    },
    {
      "volume-title": "Preparation of an internationally legally binding instrument for implementing international action on certain persistent organic pollutants",
      "year": "1998",
      "author": "United Nations Economic Commission for Europe",
      "key": "2025010612201362800_bib2"
    },
    {
      "volume-title": "Evaluation of Persistence and Long-Range Transport of Organic Chemicals in the Environment",
      "year": "2000",
      "author": "Klecka",
      "key": "2025010612201362800_bib3"
    },
    {
      "key": "2025010612201362800_bib4",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "429",
      "DOI": "10.1021/es00052a014",
      "article-title": "Chlorinated hydrocarbons in pine needles in Europe: Fingerprint for the past and recent use",
      "volume": "28",
      "author": "Calamari",
      "year": "1994",
      "journal-title": "Environ Sci Technol"
    },
    {
      "key": "2025010612201362800_bib5",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1013",
      "DOI": "10.1021/es0002464",
      "article-title": "The global distribution of PCBs and organochlorine pesticides in butter",
      "volume": "35",
      "author": "Kalantzi",
      "year": "2001",
      "journal-title": "Environ Sci Technol"
    },
    {
      "key": "2025010612201362800_bib6",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "454",
      "DOI": "10.1021/es025620+",
      "article-title": "Spatial and temporal trends of POPs in Norwegian and UK background air: Implications for global cycling",
      "volume": "37",
      "author": "Meijer",
      "year": "2003",
      "journal-title": "Environ Sci Technol"
    },
    {
      "key": "2025010612201362800_bib7",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "2795",
      "DOI": "10.1021/es9802145",
      "article-title": "Toward an understanding of the global atmospheric distribution of persistent organic pollutants: The use of semipermeable membrane devices as time integrated passive samplers",
      "volume": "32",
      "author": "Ockenden",
      "year": "1998",
      "journal-title": "Environ Sci Technol"
    },
    {
      "key": "2025010612201362800_bib8",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "3570",
      "DOI": "10.1021/es960269b",
      "article-title": "Spatial distribution of PAHs in the UK atmosphere using pine needles",
      "volume": "30",
      "author": "Tremolada",
      "year": "1996",
      "journal-title": "Environ Sci Technol"
    },
    {
      "key": "2025010612201362800_bib9",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "789",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0045-6535(03)00256-X",
      "article-title": "Conifer needles as passive biomonitors of the spatial and temporal distribution of DDT from a point source",
      "volume": "52",
      "author": "Di Guardo",
      "year": "2003",
      "journal-title": "Chemosphere"
    },
    {
      "key": "2025010612201362800_bib10",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "2350",
      "DOI": "10.1021/es0201395",
      "article-title": "Accumulation of airborne hexachlorocyclohexanes and DDT in pine needles",
      "volume": "37",
      "author": "Kylin",
      "year": "2003",
      "journal-title": "Environ Sci Technol"
    },
    {
      "key": "2025010612201362800_bib11",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1851",
      "DOI": "10.1126/science.7569923",
      "article-title": "Global distribution of persistent organochlorine compounds",
      "volume": "269",
      "author": "Simonich",
      "year": "1995",
      "journal-title": "Science"
    },
    {
      "key": "2025010612201362800_bib12",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "999",
      "DOI": "10.1021/es9604020",
      "article-title": "Relationships between socioeconomic indicators and concentrations of organochlorine pesticides in tree bark",
      "volume": "31",
      "author": "Simonich",
      "year": "1997",
      "journal-title": "Environ Sci Technol"
    },
    {
      "key": "2025010612201362800_bib13",
      "first-page": "557",
      "article-title": "Atmospheric sampling of persistent organic pollutants: Needs, applications and advances in passive air sampling techniques",
      "volume": "1",
      "author": "Ockenden",
      "year": "2001",
      "journal-title": "Sci World"
    },
    {
      "key": "2025010612201362800_bib14",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "4142",
      "DOI": "10.1021/es020635t",
      "article-title": "Characterisation and comparison of three passive air samplers for persistent organic pollutants",
      "volume": "36",
      "author": "Shoeib",
      "year": "2002",
      "journal-title": "Environ Sci Technol"
    },
    {
      "key": "2025010612201362800_bib15",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "2486",
      "DOI": "10.1021/es0209215",
      "article-title": "Characterisation of polymer-coated glass as a passive sampler for persistent organic pollutants",
      "volume": "37",
      "author": "Harner",
      "year": "2003",
      "journal-title": "Environ Sci Technol"
    },
    {
      "key": "2025010612201362800_bib16",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1538",
      "DOI": "10.1021/es971020c",
      "article-title": "Passive air sampling of PCBs: Field calculation of atmospheric sampling rates by triolein-containing semipermeable membrane devices",
      "volume": "32",
      "author": "Ockenden",
      "year": "1998",
      "journal-title": "Environ Sci Technol"
    },
    {
      "key": "2025010612201362800_bib17",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "2576",
      "DOI": "10.1021/es0001862",
      "article-title": "Further developments in the use of semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) as passive air samplers for persistent organic pollutants: Field application in a spatial survey of PCDD/Fs and PAHs",
      "volume": "35",
      "author": "Lohmann",
      "year": "2001",
      "journal-title": "Environ Sci Technol"
    },
    {
      "key": "2025010612201362800_bib18",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "679",
      "DOI": "10.1021/es60166a007",
      "article-title": "Field comparison of polyurethane foam and Tenax-GC resin for high-volume air sampling of chlorinated hydrocarbons",
      "volume": "14",
      "author": "Billings",
      "year": "1980",
      "journal-title": "Environ Sci Technol"
    },
    {
      "key": "2025010612201362800_bib19",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "383",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0004-6981(83)90055-0",
      "article-title": "High volume collection of chlorinated hydrocarbons in urban air using three solid adsorbents",
      "volume": "17",
      "author": "Billings",
      "year": "1983",
      "journal-title": "Atmos Environ"
    },
    {
      "key": "2025010612201362800_bib20",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1352",
      "DOI": "10.1021/es026166c",
      "article-title": "Development and calibration of a resin-based passive sampling system for monitoring persistent organic pollutants in the atmosphere",
      "volume": "37",
      "author": "Wania",
      "year": "2003",
      "journal-title": "Environ Sci Technol"
    },
    {
      "key": "2025010612201362800_bib21",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "184A",
      "DOI": "10.1021/es032433i",
      "article-title": "Equilibrium sampling devices",
      "volume": "37",
      "author": "Mayer",
      "year": "2003",
      "journal-title": "Environ Sci Technol"
    },
    {
      "key": "2025010612201362800_bib22",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "10867",
      "DOI": "10.1029/91JD00010",
      "article-title": "Polycyclic aromatic and organochlorine compounds in the atmosphere of northern Ellesmere-Island, Canada",
      "volume": "96",
      "author": "Patton",
      "year": "1991",
      "journal-title": "J Geophys Res Atmos"
    },
    {
      "key": "2025010612201362800_bib23",
      "first-page": "33",
      "article-title": "Passive air sampling results for polybrominated diphenyl ethers along an urban\u2013rural transect",
      "volume": "57",
      "author": "Harner",
      "year": "2002",
      "journal-title": "Organohalogen Compounds"
    },
    {
      "key": "2025010612201362800_bib24",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "156",
      "DOI": "10.1007/BF02987379",
      "article-title": "BETR North America: A regionally segmented multimedia contaminant fate model for North America",
      "volume": "8",
      "author": "MacLeod",
      "year": "2001",
      "journal-title": "Environ Sci Pollut Res"
    },
    {
      "key": "2025010612201362800_bib25",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "164",
      "DOI": "10.1007/BF02987380",
      "article-title": "Development of continental scale multimedia contaminant fate models: Integrating GIS",
      "volume": "8",
      "author": "Woodfine",
      "year": "2001",
      "journal-title": "Environ Sci Pollut Res"
    },
    {
      "key": "2025010612201362800_bib26",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "251",
      "DOI": "10.1016/j.envpol.2003.08.041",
      "article-title": "Modelling the fate of persistent organic pollutants in Europe: Parameterisation of a gridded distribution model",
      "volume": "128",
      "author": "Prevedouros",
      "year": "2004",
      "journal-title": "Environ Pollut"
    },
    {
      "key": "2025010612201362800_bib27",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "3257",
      "DOI": "10.1021/es9803106",
      "article-title": "Polychlorinated naphthalenes and coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls in arctic air",
      "volume": "32",
      "author": "Harner",
      "year": "1998",
      "journal-title": "Environ Sci Technol"
    },
    {
      "year": "2001",
      "author": "European Commission",
      "key": "2025010612201362800_bib28"
    },
    {
      "volume-title": "Polychlorinated Naphthalenes",
      "year": "2002",
      "author": "Van de Plassche",
      "key": "2025010612201362800_bib29"
    },
    {
      "year": "1993",
      "author": "Crookes",
      "key": "2025010612201362800_bib30"
    },
    {
      "key": "2025010612201362800_bib31",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1161",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0045-6535(90)90238-O",
      "article-title": "Swedish dioxin survey: Determination of 2,3,7,8-TCDD toxic equivalent factors for some polychlorinated biphenyls and naphthalenes using biological tests",
      "volume": "20",
      "author": "Hanberg",
      "year": "1990",
      "journal-title": "Chemosphere"
    },
    {
      "key": "2025010612201362800_bib32",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "2892",
      "DOI": "10.1021/es991183w",
      "article-title": "Assessing the contribution of diffuse burning as a source of PCDD/Fs, PCBs, and PAHs to the UK. atmosphere",
      "volume": "34",
      "author": "Lohmann",
      "year": "2000",
      "journal-title": "Environ Sci Technol"
    },
    {
      "key": "2025010612201362800_bib33",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "91",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0269-7491(95)91052-M",
      "article-title": "Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in the United Kingdom environment: A preliminary source inventory and budget",
      "volume": "88",
      "author": "Wild",
      "year": "1995",
      "journal-title": "Environ Pollut"
    },
    {
      "key": "2025010612201362800_bib34",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "356",
      "DOI": "10.1021/es9905851",
      "article-title": "Temporal trends in and influence of wind on PAH concentrations measured near the Great Lakes",
      "volume": "34",
      "author": "Cortes",
      "year": "2000",
      "journal-title": "Environ Sci Technol"
    },
    {
      "key": "2025010612201362800_bib35",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "143",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0045-6535(87)90118-4",
      "article-title": "Formation and presence of polyhalogenated and polycyclic compounds in the emissions of small and large scale municipal waste incinerators",
      "volume": "16",
      "author": "Oehme",
      "year": "1987",
      "journal-title": "Chemosphere"
    },
    {
      "key": "2025010612201362800_bib36",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "2055",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0045-6535(98)00269-0",
      "article-title": "Formation of polychlorinated naphthalenes on fly ash",
      "volume": "37",
      "author": "Schneider",
      "year": "1998",
      "journal-title": "Chemosphere"
    },
    {
      "key": "2025010612201362800_bib37",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "4236",
      "DOI": "10.1021/es001122u",
      "article-title": "Concentrations and profiles of polychlorinated naphthalene congeners in eighteen technical polychlorinated biphenyl preparations",
      "volume": "34",
      "author": "Yamashita",
      "year": "2000",
      "journal-title": "Environ Sci Technol"
    },
    {
      "key": "2025010612201362800_bib38",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "881",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0045-6535(93)90363-A",
      "article-title": "Organic and inorganic substances in the copper slag \u201cKieselrot.\u201d",
      "volume": "26",
      "author": "Theisen",
      "year": "1993",
      "journal-title": "Chemosphere"
    },
    {
      "key": "2025010612201362800_bib39",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1075",
      "DOI": "10.1021/es020860a",
      "article-title": "Current combustion-related sources contribute to polychlorinated naphthalene and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyl levels and profiles in air in Toronto, Canada",
      "volume": "37",
      "author": "Helm",
      "year": "2003",
      "journal-title": "Environ Sci Technol"
    },
    {
      "key": "2025010612201362800_bib40",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "2141",
      "DOI": "10.1021/es000178l",
      "article-title": "Behaviour of sewage sludge-derived PAHs on pasture",
      "volume": "35",
      "author": "Smith",
      "year": "2001",
      "journal-title": "Environ Sci Technol"
    },
    {
      "key": "2025010612201362800_bib41",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "2156",
      "DOI": "10.1021/es000200a",
      "article-title": "Seasonal and species differences in the air-pasture transfer of PAHs",
      "volume": "35",
      "author": "Smith",
      "year": "2001",
      "journal-title": "Environ Sci Technol"
    },
    {
      "key": "2025010612201362800_bib42",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "2447",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0045-6535(97)10211-9",
      "article-title": "Development and validation of methods for the trace determination of PCBs in biological matrices",
      "volume": "36",
      "author": "Thomas",
      "year": "1998",
      "journal-title": "Chemosphere"
    },
    {
      "key": "2025010612201362800_bib43",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "477",
      "DOI": "10.3402/tellusa.v26i4.9853",
      "article-title": "Residence time and variability of tropospheric trace gases",
      "volume": "26",
      "author": "Junge",
      "year": "1974",
      "journal-title": "Tellus"
    },
    {
      "key": "2025010612201362800_bib44",
      "first-page": "1",
      "volume-title": "Organic Contaminants in the Environment: Environmental Pathways and Effects",
      "author": "Stanley",
      "year": "1991"
    },
    {
      "key": "2025010612201362800_bib45",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "3137",
      "DOI": "10.1021/es000883u",
      "article-title": "Polychlorinated naphthalenes in the atmosphere of the United Kingdom",
      "volume": "34",
      "author": "Harner",
      "year": "2000",
      "journal-title": "Environ Sci Technol"
    },
    {
      "key": "2025010612201362800_bib46",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "2380",
      "DOI": "10.1021/es00062a024",
      "article-title": "Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in UK urban air",
      "volume": "28",
      "author": "Halsall",
      "year": "1994",
      "journal-title": "Environ Sci Technol"
    },
    {
      "key": "2025010612201362800_bib47",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "2120",
      "DOI": "10.1021/es960953q",
      "article-title": "Observations on PAH, PCB, and PCDD/F trends in UK urban air, 1991\u20131995",
      "volume": "31",
      "author": "Coleman",
      "year": "1997",
      "journal-title": "Environ Sci Technol"
    },
    {
      "volume-title": "EMEP assessment report\u2014Czech Republic",
      "year": "2001",
      "author": "Vana",
      "key": "2025010612201362800_bib48"
    },
    {
      "key": "2025010612201362800_bib49",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "393",
      "DOI": "10.1021/es9907414",
      "article-title": "Short-term temperature-dependent air-surface exchange and atmospheric concentrations of polychlorinated naphthalenes and organochlorine pesticides",
      "volume": "34",
      "author": "Lee",
      "year": "2000",
      "journal-title": "Environ Sci Technol"
    },
    {
      "key": "2025010612201362800_bib50",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "33",
      "DOI": "10.1021/es990663k",
      "article-title": "Sedimentary record of polychlorinated naphthalene concentrations and deposition fluxes in a dated lake core",
      "volume": "34",
      "author": "Gevao",
      "year": "2000",
      "journal-title": "Environ Sci Technol"
    },
    {
      "key": "2025010612201362800_bib51",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "4943",
      "DOI": "10.1021/es9913232",
      "article-title": "A comparative study of the gas-phase partitioning of PCDD/Fs, PCBs and PAHs",
      "volume": "34",
      "author": "Lohmann",
      "year": "2000",
      "journal-title": "Environ Sci Technol"
    },
    {
      "key": "2025010612201362800_bib52",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "2405",
      "DOI": "10.1021/es00009a037",
      "article-title": "PAHs in air adjacent to two inland water bodies",
      "volume": "29",
      "author": "Gardner",
      "year": "1995",
      "journal-title": "Environ Sci Technol"
    },
    {
      "key": "2025010612201362800_bib53",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "5001",
      "DOI": "10.1021/es000056t",
      "article-title": "A comparison of high volume and diffusion denuder samplers for semi-volatile organic contaminants in the atmosphere",
      "volume": "34",
      "author": "Peters",
      "year": "2000",
      "journal-title": "Environ Sci Technol"
    },
    {
      "key": "2025010612201362800_bib54",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "85",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S1352-2310(98)00129-0",
      "article-title": "Atmospheric particle size distribution of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their implications for wet and dry deposition",
      "volume": "33",
      "author": "Kaupp",
      "year": "1999",
      "journal-title": "Atmos Environ"
    },
    {
      "volume-title": "POPCYCLING project: Technical report/the emission database/the POPCYCLING-Baltic model/the environmental database",
      "year": "1999",
      "author": "Pacyna",
      "key": "2025010612201362800_bib55"
    },
    {
      "key": "2025010612201362800_bib56",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "4205",
      "DOI": "10.1021/es010071d",
      "article-title": "Polychlorinated naphthalenes in UK soils: Timetrends, markers of source, and equilibrium status",
      "volume": "35",
      "author": "Meijer",
      "year": "2001",
      "journal-title": "Environ Sci Technol"
    }
  ],
  "container-title": "Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry",
  "original-title": [],
  "language": "en",
  "link": [
    {
      "URL": "https://api.wiley.com/onlinelibrary/tdm/v1/articles/10.1897%2F03-420",
      "content-type": "unspecified",
      "content-version": "vor",
      "intended-application": "text-mining"
    },
    {
      "URL": "https://academic.oup.com/etc/article-pdf/23/6/1355/59662647/5620230601.pdf",
      "content-type": "application/pdf",
      "content-version": "vor",
      "intended-application": "syndication"
    },
    {
      "URL": "https://academic.oup.com/etc/article-pdf/23/6/1355/59662647/5620230601.pdf",
      "content-type": "unspecified",
      "content-version": "vor",
      "intended-application": "similarity-checking"
    }
  ],
  "deposited": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2025,
        1,
        6
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2025-01-06T12:21:22Z",
    "timestamp": 1736166082000
  },
  "score": 1,
  "resource": {
    "primary": {
      "URL": "https://academic.oup.com/etc/article/23/6/1355/7775072"
    }
  },
  "subtitle": [],
  "short-title": [],
  "issued": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2004,
        6,
        1
      ]
    ]
  },
  "references-count": 56,
  "journal-issue": {
    "issue": "6",
    "published-online": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          2004,
          6,
          1
        ]
      ]
    },
    "published-print": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          2004,
          6,
          1
        ]
      ]
    }
  },
  "URL": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1897/03-420",
  "relation": {},
  "ISSN": [
    "0730-7268",
    "1552-8618"
  ],
  "subject": [],
  "published-other": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2004,
        6,
        1
      ]
    ]
  },
  "published": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2004,
        6,
        1
      ]
    ]
  },
  "assertion": [
    {
      "value": "2003-07-22",
      "order": 0,
      "name": "received",
      "label": "Received",
      "group": {
        "name": "publication_history",
        "label": "Publication History"
      }
    },
    {
      "value": "2003-10-13",
      "order": 1,
      "name": "accepted",
      "label": "Accepted",
      "group": {
        "name": "publication_history",
        "label": "Publication History"
      }
    },
    {
      "value": "2009-11-05",
      "order": 2,
      "name": "published",
      "label": "Published",
      "group": {
        "name": "publication_history",
        "label": "Publication History"
      }
    }
  ]
}