DOI: 10.1378/chest.106.1.221. Causes of Fever and Pulmonary Densities in Patients with Clinical Manifestations of Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia

Causes of Fever and Pulmonary Densities in Patients with Clinical Manifestations of Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia

10.1378/chest.106.1.221

Crossref journal-article

Elsevier BV

Chest (78)

Bibliography

Meduri, G. U., Mauldin, G. L., Wunderink, R. G., Leeper, K. V., Jones, C. B., Tolley, E., & Mayhall, G. (1994). Causes of Fever and Pulmonary Densities in Patients with Clinical Manifestations of Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia. Chest, 106(1), 221â235.

Authors 7

G. Umberto Meduri (first)
Gregory L. Mauldin (additional)
Richard G. Wunderink (additional)
Kenneth V. Leeper (additional)
Carol B. Jones (additional)
Elizabeth Tolley (additional)
Glen Mayhall (additional)

References 34 Referenced 266

10.1378/chest.103.2.547 / Chest / Evaluation of patients suspected of having nosocomial pneumonia: are invasive procedures necessary for accurate decision making? by Fagon (1993)
10.1016/S0891-5520(20)30524-9 / Infect Dis Clin North Am / Diagnosis of pneumonia of ventilator-associated pneumonia by Meduri (1993)
10.1378/chest.80.3.254 / Chest / Diagnosis of nosocomial bacterial pneumonia in acute, diffuse lung injury by Andrews (1981)
10.1164/ajrccm/139.4.877 / Am Rev Respir Dis / Nosocomial pneumonia in patients receiving continuous mechanical ventilation: prospective analysis of 52 episodes with use of a protected specimen brush and quantitative culture techniques by Fagon (1989)
10.1378/chest.101.2.500 / Chest Chesthest / Management of bacterial pneumonia in ventilated patients: protected bronchoalveolar lavage as a diagnostic tool by Meduri (1992)
10.1378/chest.101.2.458 / Chest / Radiologic diagnosis of autopsy-proven ventilator-associated pneumonia by Wunderink (1992)
10.7326/0003-4819-99-3-293 / Ann Intern Med Meded / Multiple organ system failure and infection in adult respiratory distress syndrome by Bell (1983)
10.1097/00003246-199102000-00010 / Crit Care Med / Reliability of the bronchoscopic protected catheter brush in the diagnosis of pneumonia in mechanically ventilated patients by De Castro (1991)
10.1148/radiology.188.2.8327701 / Radiology / Pneumonia and ARDS in the ventilated patient: diagnostic accuracy of the chest radiograph by Winer-Muram (1993)
10.1164/ajrccm/142.3.523 / Am Rev Respir Dis / Incidence, risk, and prognosis factors of nosocomial pneumonia in mechanically ventilated patients by Torres (1990)
{'key': '10.1378/chest.106.1.221_bib11', 'first-page': '12', 'article-title': 'Incidence, site, and outcome of infections in patients with the adult respiratory distress syndrome', 'volume': '134', 'author': 'Seidenfeld', 'year': '1986', 'journal-title': 'Am Rev Respir Dis'} / Am Rev Respir Dis / Incidence, site, and outcome of infections in patients with the adult respiratory distress syndrome by Seidenfeld (1986)
{'key': '10.1378/chest.106.1.221_bib12', 'first-page': '472', 'article-title': 'Adult respiratory distress syndrome: prognosis after onset', 'volume': '132', 'author': 'Fowler', 'year': '1985', 'journal-title': 'Am Rev Respir Dis'} / Am Rev Respir Dis / Adult respiratory distress syndrome: prognosis after onset by Fowler (1985)
{'key': '10.1378/chest.106.1.221_bib13', 'first-page': '145S', 'article-title': 'Sources of fever in the ventilated patient: diagnostic value of gallium-67 citrate scan [Abstract]', 'volume': '100', 'author': 'Belenchia', 'year': '1991', 'journal-title': 'Chest'} / Chest / Sources of fever in the ventilated patient: diagnostic value of gallium-67 citrate scan [Abstract] by Belenchia (1991)
10.1164/ajrccm/143.4_Pt_1.855 / Am Rev Respir Dis Disis / Protected bronchoalveolar lavage: a new bronchoscopic technique to retrieve uncontaminated distal airway secretions by Meduri (1991)
10.1378/chest.100.1.179 / Chest Chesthest / The role of bronchoalveolar lavage in diagnosing nonopportunistic bacterial pneumonia by Meduri (1991)
10.1378/chest.105.5.1516 / Chest / Corticosteroid rescue treatment of progressive fibroproliferation in late ARDS: patterns of response and predictors of outcome by Meduri (1994)
10.1164/ajrccm/138.1.110 / Am Rev Respir Dis / Detection of nosocomial lung infection in ventilated patients: use of a protected specimen brush and quantitative culture techniques in 147 patients by Fagon (1988)
{'key': '10.1378/chest.106.1.221_bib18', 'first-page': '497', 'article-title': 'The epidemiology of nosocomial pneumonia in medical intensive care unit (MICU) patients: a prospective study based on protected bronchoscopic sampling [Abstract]', 'volume': '21', 'author': 'George', 'year': '1992', 'journal-title': 'Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol'} / Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol / The epidemiology of nosocomial pneumonia in medical intensive care unit (MICU) patients: a prospective study based on protected bronchoscopic sampling [Abstract] by George (1992)
10.7326/0003-4819-116-7-540 / Ann Intern Med / Pulmonary aspiration of gastric contents in patients receiving mechanical ventilation: the effect of body position by Torres (1992)
{'key': '10.1378/chest.106.1.221_bib20', 'first-page': '157', 'article-title': "Nosocomial pneumonia in the 1990's: update of epidemiology and risk factors", 'volume': '5', 'author': 'Craven', 'year': '1990', 'journal-title': 'Sem Respir Infect Infectnfect'} / Sem Respir Infect Infectnfect / Nosocomial pneumonia in the 1990's: update of epidemiology and risk factors by Craven (1990)
10.7326/0003-4819-77-5-701 / Ann Intern Med / Nosocomial respiratory infections with Gram-negative bacilli by Johanson (1972)
10.1378/chest.102.5_Supplement_1.557S / Chest / The standardization of bronchoscopic techniques for ventilator-associated pneumonia by Meduri (1992)
{'key': '10.1378/chest.106.1.221_bib23', 'article-title': 'Roentgentologic signs in the diagnosis of chest disease', 'year': '1988', 'journal-title': 'In: Fraser RG, Paré JAP, Fraser RS, Genereux GP, eds. Diagnosis of Diseases of the Chest. Philadelphia: WB Saunders'} / In: Fraser RG, Paré JAP, Fraser RS, Genereux GP, eds. Diagnosis of Diseases of the Chest. Philadelphia: WB Saunders / Roentgentologic signs in the diagnosis of chest disease (1988)
10.1378/chest.91.2.233 / Chest Chesthest / Use of the protected specimen brush in patients with endotracheal or tracheostomy tubes by Baughman (1987)
10.1164/ajrccm/138.1.117 / Am Rev Respir Dis Disis / Diagnostic value of telescoping plugged catheters in mechanically ventilated patients with bacterial pneumonia using the Metras catheter by Torres (1988)
10.1001/archsurg.1973.01350150026007 / Arch Surg / Misdiagnosis of pneumonia in patients needing mechanical respiration by Bryant (1973)
{'key': '10.1378/chest.106.1.221_bib27', 'first-page': '4S', 'article-title': 'Diagnosis of pneumonia in critically ill patients [Abstract]', 'volume': '94', 'author': 'Joshi', 'year': '1988', 'journal-title': 'Chest'} / Chest / Diagnosis of pneumonia in critically ill patients [Abstract] by Joshi (1988)
10.1001/archsurg.1985.01390290012002 / Arch Surg / Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis in adult respiratory distress syndrome by Ashbaugh (1985)
{'key': '10.1378/chest.106.1.221_bib29', 'first-page': '12', 'article-title': 'Incidence, site, and outcome of infections in patients with the adult respiratory distress syndrome', 'volume': '134', 'author': 'Seidenfeld', 'year': '1986', 'journal-title': 'Am Rev Respir Dis'} / Am Rev Respir Dis / Incidence, site, and outcome of infections in patients with the adult respiratory distress syndrome by Seidenfeld (1986)
10.1097/00003246-199002000-00009 / Crit Care Med Meded / Use of bronchoalveolar lavage to diagnose bacterial pneumonia in mechanically ventilated patients by Guerra (1990)
{'key': '10.1378/chest.106.1.221_bib31', 'first-page': '865', 'article-title': 'Sepsis complicating the acute respiratory distress syndrome', 'volume': '135', 'author': 'Ashbaugh', 'year': '1972', 'journal-title': 'Surgery'} / Surgery / Sepsis complicating the acute respiratory distress syndrome by Ashbaugh (1972)
10.1378/chest.100.4.943 / Chest / Fibroproliferative phase of ARDS clinical findings and effects of corticosteroids by Meduri (1991)
{'key': '10.1378/chest.106.1.221_bib33', 'first-page': '69', 'article-title': 'Interpretation of diagnostic data', 'author': 'Sackett', 'year': '1991', 'journal-title': 'Sackett DL, et al, ed. Clinical epidemiology: a basic science for clinical medicine. 2nd ed. Boston: Little Brown & Co'} / Sackett DL, et al, ed. Clinical epidemiology: a basic science for clinical medicine. 2nd ed. Boston: Little Brown & Co / Interpretation of diagnostic data by Sackett (1991)
{'key': '10.1378/chest.106.1.221_bib34', 'first-page': '120', 'article-title': 'The application of decision analysis to critical care medicine', 'volume': '9', 'author': 'Chalfin', 'year': '1992', 'journal-title': 'Intensive Care World'} / Intensive Care World / The application of decision analysis to critical care medicine by Chalfin (1992)

Dates

Type	When
Created	17 years, 9 months ago (Nov. 7, 2007, 1:28 p.m.)
Deposited	4 years ago (Aug. 26, 2021, 9:55 p.m.)
Indexed	2 days, 23 hours ago (Sept. 3, 2025, 6:38 a.m.)
Issued	31 years, 2 months ago (July 1, 1994)
Published	31 years, 2 months ago (July 1, 1994)
Published Print	31 years, 2 months ago (July 1, 1994)

Funders 0

None

BibTeX

@article{Meduri_1994, title={Causes of Fever and Pulmonary Densities in Patients with Clinical Manifestations of Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia}, volume={106}, ISSN={0012-3692}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1378/chest.106.1.221}, DOI={10.1378/chest.106.1.221}, number={1}, journal={Chest}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Meduri, G. Umberto and Mauldin, Gregory L. and Wunderink, Richard G. and Leeper, Kenneth V. and Jones, Carol B. and Tolley, Elizabeth and Mayhall, Glen}, year={1994}, month=jul, pages={221–235} }

JSON

{
  "indexed": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2025,
        9,
        3
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2025-09-03T10:38:42Z",
    "timestamp": 1756895922653
  },
  "reference-count": 34,
  "publisher": "Elsevier BV",
  "issue": "1",
  "license": [
    {
      "start": {
        "date-parts": [
          [
            1994,
            7,
            1
          ]
        ],
        "date-time": "1994-07-01T00:00:00Z",
        "timestamp": 773020800000
      },
      "content-version": "tdm",
      "delay-in-days": 0,
      "URL": "https://www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/"
    }
  ],
  "content-domain": {
    "domain": [],
    "crossmark-restriction": false
  },
  "published-print": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        1994,
        7
      ]
    ]
  },
  "DOI": "10.1378/chest.106.1.221",
  "type": "journal-article",
  "created": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2007,
        11,
        7
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2007-11-07T18:28:23Z",
    "timestamp": 1194460103000
  },
  "page": "221-235",
  "source": "Crossref",
  "is-referenced-by-count": 266,
  "title": "Causes of Fever and Pulmonary Densities in Patients with Clinical Manifestations of Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia",
  "prefix": "10.1016",
  "volume": "106",
  "author": [
    {
      "given": "G. Umberto",
      "family": "Meduri",
      "sequence": "first",
      "affiliation": []
    },
    {
      "given": "Gregory L.",
      "family": "Mauldin",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": []
    },
    {
      "given": "Richard G.",
      "family": "Wunderink",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": []
    },
    {
      "suffix": "Jr.",
      "given": "Kenneth V.",
      "family": "Leeper",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": []
    },
    {
      "given": "Carol B.",
      "family": "Jones",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": []
    },
    {
      "given": "Elizabeth",
      "family": "Tolley",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": []
    },
    {
      "given": "Glen",
      "family": "Mayhall",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": []
    }
  ],
  "member": "78",
  "reference": [
    {
      "key": "10.1378/chest.106.1.221_bib1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "547",
      "DOI": "10.1378/chest.103.2.547",
      "article-title": "Evaluation of patients suspected of having nosocomial pneumonia: are invasive procedures necessary for accurate decision making?",
      "volume": "103",
      "author": "Fagon",
      "year": "1993",
      "journal-title": "Chest"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1378/chest.106.1.221_bib2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "295",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0891-5520(20)30524-9",
      "article-title": "Diagnosis of pneumonia of ventilator-associated pneumonia",
      "volume": "7",
      "author": "Meduri",
      "year": "1993",
      "journal-title": "Infect Dis Clin North Am"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1378/chest.106.1.221_bib3",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "254",
      "DOI": "10.1378/chest.80.3.254",
      "article-title": "Diagnosis of nosocomial bacterial pneumonia in acute, diffuse lung injury",
      "volume": "80",
      "author": "Andrews",
      "year": "1981",
      "journal-title": "Chest"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1378/chest.106.1.221_bib4",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "877",
      "DOI": "10.1164/ajrccm/139.4.877",
      "article-title": "Nosocomial pneumonia in patients receiving continuous mechanical ventilation: prospective analysis of 52 episodes with use of a protected specimen brush and quantitative culture techniques",
      "volume": "139",
      "author": "Fagon",
      "year": "1989",
      "journal-title": "Am Rev Respir Dis"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1378/chest.106.1.221_bib5",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "500",
      "DOI": "10.1378/chest.101.2.500",
      "article-title": "Management of bacterial pneumonia in ventilated patients: protected bronchoalveolar lavage as a diagnostic tool",
      "volume": "101",
      "author": "Meduri",
      "year": "1992",
      "journal-title": "Chest Chesthest"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1378/chest.106.1.221_bib6",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "458",
      "DOI": "10.1378/chest.101.2.458",
      "article-title": "Radiologic diagnosis of autopsy-proven ventilator-associated pneumonia",
      "volume": "101",
      "author": "Wunderink",
      "year": "1992",
      "journal-title": "Chest"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1378/chest.106.1.221_bib7",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "293",
      "DOI": "10.7326/0003-4819-99-3-293",
      "article-title": "Multiple organ system failure and infection in adult respiratory distress syndrome",
      "volume": "99",
      "author": "Bell",
      "year": "1983",
      "journal-title": "Ann Intern Med Meded"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1378/chest.106.1.221_bib8",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "171",
      "DOI": "10.1097/00003246-199102000-00010",
      "article-title": "Reliability of the bronchoscopic protected catheter brush in the diagnosis of pneumonia in mechanically ventilated patients",
      "volume": "19",
      "author": "De Castro",
      "year": "1991",
      "journal-title": "Crit Care Med"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1378/chest.106.1.221_bib9",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "479",
      "DOI": "10.1148/radiology.188.2.8327701",
      "article-title": "Pneumonia and ARDS in the ventilated patient: diagnostic accuracy of the chest radiograph",
      "volume": "188",
      "author": "Winer-Muram",
      "year": "1993",
      "journal-title": "Radiology"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1378/chest.106.1.221_bib10",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "523",
      "DOI": "10.1164/ajrccm/142.3.523",
      "article-title": "Incidence, risk, and prognosis factors of nosocomial pneumonia in mechanically ventilated patients",
      "volume": "142",
      "author": "Torres",
      "year": "1990",
      "journal-title": "Am Rev Respir Dis"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1378/chest.106.1.221_bib11",
      "first-page": "12",
      "article-title": "Incidence, site, and outcome of infections in patients with the adult respiratory distress syndrome",
      "volume": "134",
      "author": "Seidenfeld",
      "year": "1986",
      "journal-title": "Am Rev Respir Dis"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1378/chest.106.1.221_bib12",
      "first-page": "472",
      "article-title": "Adult respiratory distress syndrome: prognosis after onset",
      "volume": "132",
      "author": "Fowler",
      "year": "1985",
      "journal-title": "Am Rev Respir Dis"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1378/chest.106.1.221_bib13",
      "first-page": "145S",
      "article-title": "Sources of fever in the ventilated patient: diagnostic value of gallium-67 citrate scan [Abstract]",
      "volume": "100",
      "author": "Belenchia",
      "year": "1991",
      "journal-title": "Chest"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1378/chest.106.1.221_bib14",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "855",
      "DOI": "10.1164/ajrccm/143.4_Pt_1.855",
      "article-title": "Protected bronchoalveolar lavage: a new bronchoscopic technique to retrieve uncontaminated distal airway secretions",
      "volume": "143",
      "author": "Meduri",
      "year": "1991",
      "journal-title": "Am Rev Respir Dis Disis"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1378/chest.106.1.221_bib15",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "179",
      "DOI": "10.1378/chest.100.1.179",
      "article-title": "The role of bronchoalveolar lavage in diagnosing nonopportunistic bacterial pneumonia",
      "volume": "100",
      "author": "Meduri",
      "year": "1991",
      "journal-title": "Chest Chesthest"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1378/chest.106.1.221_bib16",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1516",
      "DOI": "10.1378/chest.105.5.1516",
      "article-title": "Corticosteroid rescue treatment of progressive fibroproliferation in late ARDS: patterns of response and predictors of outcome",
      "volume": "105",
      "author": "Meduri",
      "year": "1994",
      "journal-title": "Chest"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1378/chest.106.1.221_bib17",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "110",
      "DOI": "10.1164/ajrccm/138.1.110",
      "article-title": "Detection of nosocomial lung infection in ventilated patients: use of a protected specimen brush and quantitative culture techniques in 147 patients",
      "volume": "138",
      "author": "Fagon",
      "year": "1988",
      "journal-title": "Am Rev Respir Dis"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1378/chest.106.1.221_bib18",
      "first-page": "497",
      "article-title": "The epidemiology of nosocomial pneumonia in medical intensive care unit (MICU) patients: a prospective study based on protected bronchoscopic sampling [Abstract]",
      "volume": "21",
      "author": "George",
      "year": "1992",
      "journal-title": "Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1378/chest.106.1.221_bib19",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "540",
      "DOI": "10.7326/0003-4819-116-7-540",
      "article-title": "Pulmonary aspiration of gastric contents in patients receiving mechanical ventilation: the effect of body position",
      "volume": "116",
      "author": "Torres",
      "year": "1992",
      "journal-title": "Ann Intern Med"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1378/chest.106.1.221_bib20",
      "first-page": "157",
      "article-title": "Nosocomial pneumonia in the 1990's: update of epidemiology and risk factors",
      "volume": "5",
      "author": "Craven",
      "year": "1990",
      "journal-title": "Sem Respir Infect Infectnfect"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1378/chest.106.1.221_bib21",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "701",
      "DOI": "10.7326/0003-4819-77-5-701",
      "article-title": "Nosocomial respiratory infections with Gram-negative bacilli",
      "volume": "77",
      "author": "Johanson",
      "year": "1972",
      "journal-title": "Ann Intern Med"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1378/chest.106.1.221_bib22",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "557",
      "DOI": "10.1378/chest.102.5_Supplement_1.557S",
      "article-title": "The standardization of bronchoscopic techniques for ventilator-associated pneumonia",
      "volume": "102",
      "author": "Meduri",
      "year": "1992",
      "journal-title": "Chest"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1378/chest.106.1.221_bib23",
      "article-title": "Roentgentologic signs in the diagnosis of chest disease",
      "year": "1988",
      "journal-title": "In: Fraser RG, Par\u00e9 JAP, Fraser RS, Genereux GP, eds. Diagnosis of Diseases of the Chest. Philadelphia: WB Saunders"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1378/chest.106.1.221_bib24",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "233",
      "DOI": "10.1378/chest.91.2.233",
      "article-title": "Use of the protected specimen brush in patients with endotracheal or tracheostomy tubes",
      "volume": "91",
      "author": "Baughman",
      "year": "1987",
      "journal-title": "Chest Chesthest"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1378/chest.106.1.221_bib25",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "117",
      "DOI": "10.1164/ajrccm/138.1.117",
      "article-title": "Diagnostic value of telescoping plugged catheters in mechanically ventilated patients with bacterial pneumonia using the Metras catheter",
      "volume": "138",
      "author": "Torres",
      "year": "1988",
      "journal-title": "Am Rev Respir Dis Disis"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1378/chest.106.1.221_bib26",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "286",
      "DOI": "10.1001/archsurg.1973.01350150026007",
      "article-title": "Misdiagnosis of pneumonia in patients needing mechanical respiration",
      "volume": "106",
      "author": "Bryant",
      "year": "1973",
      "journal-title": "Arch Surg"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1378/chest.106.1.221_bib27",
      "first-page": "4S",
      "article-title": "Diagnosis of pneumonia in critically ill patients [Abstract]",
      "volume": "94",
      "author": "Joshi",
      "year": "1988",
      "journal-title": "Chest"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1378/chest.106.1.221_bib28",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "530",
      "DOI": "10.1001/archsurg.1985.01390290012002",
      "article-title": "Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis in adult respiratory distress syndrome",
      "volume": "120",
      "author": "Ashbaugh",
      "year": "1985",
      "journal-title": "Arch Surg"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1378/chest.106.1.221_bib29",
      "first-page": "12",
      "article-title": "Incidence, site, and outcome of infections in patients with the adult respiratory distress syndrome",
      "volume": "134",
      "author": "Seidenfeld",
      "year": "1986",
      "journal-title": "Am Rev Respir Dis"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1378/chest.106.1.221_bib30",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "169",
      "DOI": "10.1097/00003246-199002000-00009",
      "article-title": "Use of bronchoalveolar lavage to diagnose bacterial pneumonia in mechanically ventilated patients",
      "volume": "18",
      "author": "Guerra",
      "year": "1990",
      "journal-title": "Crit Care Med Meded"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1378/chest.106.1.221_bib31",
      "first-page": "865",
      "article-title": "Sepsis complicating the acute respiratory distress syndrome",
      "volume": "135",
      "author": "Ashbaugh",
      "year": "1972",
      "journal-title": "Surgery"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1378/chest.106.1.221_bib32",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "943",
      "DOI": "10.1378/chest.100.4.943",
      "article-title": "Fibroproliferative phase of ARDS clinical findings and effects of corticosteroids",
      "volume": "100",
      "author": "Meduri",
      "year": "1991",
      "journal-title": "Chest"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1378/chest.106.1.221_bib33",
      "first-page": "69",
      "article-title": "Interpretation of diagnostic data",
      "author": "Sackett",
      "year": "1991",
      "journal-title": "Sackett DL, et al, ed. Clinical epidemiology: a basic science for clinical medicine. 2nd ed. Boston: Little Brown & Co"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1378/chest.106.1.221_bib34",
      "first-page": "120",
      "article-title": "The application of decision analysis to critical care medicine",
      "volume": "9",
      "author": "Chalfin",
      "year": "1992",
      "journal-title": "Intensive Care World"
    }
  ],
  "container-title": "Chest",
  "original-title": [],
  "language": "en",
  "link": [
    {
      "URL": "https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S001236921638984X?httpAccept=text/xml",
      "content-type": "text/xml",
      "content-version": "vor",
      "intended-application": "text-mining"
    },
    {
      "URL": "https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S001236921638984X?httpAccept=text/plain",
      "content-type": "text/plain",
      "content-version": "vor",
      "intended-application": "text-mining"
    }
  ],
  "deposited": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2021,
        8,
        27
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2021-08-27T01:55:28Z",
    "timestamp": 1630029328000
  },
  "score": 1,
  "resource": {
    "primary": {
      "URL": "https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S001236921638984X"
    }
  },
  "subtitle": [],
  "short-title": [],
  "issued": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        1994,
        7
      ]
    ]
  },
  "references-count": 34,
  "journal-issue": {
    "issue": "1",
    "published-print": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          1994,
          7
        ]
      ]
    }
  },
  "alternative-id": [
    "S001236921638984X"
  ],
  "URL": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1378/chest.106.1.221",
  "relation": {},
  "ISSN": [
    "0012-3692"
  ],
  "subject": [],
  "container-title-short": "Chest",
  "published": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        1994,
        7
      ]
    ]
  }
}