DOI: 10.1345/aph.1d592. Multidrug-Resistant <i>Acinetobacter</i> Infections: An Emerging Challenge to Clinicians

Multidrug-Resistant Acinetobacter Infections: An Emerging Challenge to Clinicians

10.1345/aph.1d592

Crossref journal-article

SAGE Publications

Annals of Pharmacotherapy (179)

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: To review and evaluate clinically relevant epidemiology, microbiology, and clinical studies regarding the treatment of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter infections. DATA SOURCES: Pertinent literature was identified by a MEDLINE search (1966-September 2003) and through secondary bibliographies of pertinent articles. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION: All English-language articles identified from data sources were evaluated for clinical relevance. DATA SYNTHESIS: Acinetobacter baumannii has emerged as a worldwide problem as a nosocomial pathogen in hospitalized patients. Acinetobacter spp. can cause a multitude of infections including pneumonia, bacteremia, meningitis, urinary tract infections, and skin and soft tissue infections, and the mortality associated with these infections is high. Isolates resistant to almost all commercially available antimicrobials have been identified, thus limiting treatment options. The development of new agents and reappraisal of older compounds (ie, polymyxins, ampicillin/sulbactam) are necessary as we consider the optimal treatment of these multidrug-resistant organisms. CONCLUSIONS: There is no simple answer to the treatment of Acinetobacter infections. Eradication of Acinetobacter spp. requires adherence to good infection control practices and prudent antibiotic use, as well as effective antimicrobial therapy. Alternative therapies such as colistin, ampicillin/sulbactam, and tetracycline are potential options, but prospective, randomized, controlled trials are still lacking.

Bibliography

Jain, R., & Danziger, L. H. (2004). Multidrug-Resistant Acinetobacter Infections: An Emerging Challenge to Clinicians. Annals of Pharmacotherapy, 38(9), 1449â1459.

Authors 2

Rupali Jain (first)
Larry H Danziger (additional)

References 80 Referenced 140

10.1097/00003246-199905000-00020
10.1086/313710
10.1086/320183
{'key': 'bibr4-aph.1D592', 'first-page': '2339', 'volume-title': "Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases", 'author': 'Allen DM', 'year': '2000', 'edition': '5'} / Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases by Allen DM (2000)
10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a115714
10.1097/00005792-199511000-00004
10.1093/clinids/22.6.1026
10.1086/322584
10.1093/clinids/23.3.538
10.1128/CMR.9.2.148
10.1016/S0140-6736(94)90694-7
10.1086/502091
10.1086/502046
10.1016/S0305-4179(02)00012-8
{'key': 'bibr15-aph.1D592', 'first-page': '1', 'volume': '47', 'author': 'Gerner-Smidt P', 'year': '1994', 'journal-title': 'APMIS Suppl'} / APMIS Suppl by Gerner-Smidt P (1994)
10.1099/00207713-36-2-228
10.1016/0196-6553(85)90059-8
10.1016/0195-6701(90)90128-B
10.1017/S0022172400070509
10.1128/JCM.25.3.488-490.1987
10.1093/infdis/151.2.252
10.1016/0195-6701(95)90328-3
10.1016/0195-6701(91)90223-U
10.2307/30144208
10.1016/0002-9343(78)90777-5
10.1378/chest.120.4.1072
10.1093/clinids/20.4.790
10.1086/314040
10.1067/mic.2002.122648
10.1164/ajrccm/139.4.877
10.1378/chest.115.5.1378
10.1007/BF01690727
10.1001/archinte.162.13.1515
10.3201/eid0805.020014
10.1093/jac/41.5.576
10.1016/S0195-6701(03)00046-X
10.1128/AAC.37.4.750
10.1128/JCM.38.9.3299-3305.2000
10.1093/jac/22.Supplement_A.17
10.3109/10408418609108734
10.1093/jac/38.2.245
10.1046/j.1469-0691.2002.00401.x
10.1128/AAC.47.8.2385-2392.2003
10.1128/JCM.41.8.3542-3547.2003
10.1016/S0891-5520(05)70395-0
10.1128/AAC.41.10.2265
10.1099/0022-1317-50-7-642
10.1128/AAC.47.5.1749-1751.2003
10.1093/jac/43.1.157
10.1016/S0167-7012(03)00090-3
10.1128/AAC.45.2.583-588.2001
10.1099/00222615-46-9-721
10.1111/j.1469-0691.1998.tb00052.x
10.1093/jac/dkf254
10.1093/jac/dkg222
10.1128/AAC.46.6.1946-1952.2002
10.1128/AAC.43.6.1406
10.1093/jac/46.5.827
10.1093/jac/45.4.493
10.1093/jac/47.4.479
10.1086/374337
10.1086/514732
10.1007/s100960000400
10.1007/s10096-001-0680-2
10.1093/infdis/167.2.448
10.1086/340055
10.1016/S0924-8579(02)00276-5
10.1592/phco.21.2.142.34114
10.1093/clinids/24.5.932
10.1592/phco.22.7.527.33676
10.1007/s00134-003-1811-2
10.1016/S0025-7125(16)31447-X
10.1345/aph.18426
{'volume-title': 'Package insert. Coly-Mycin M Parenteral (colistimethate)', 'year': '2002', 'key': 'bibr74-aph.1D592'} / Package insert. Coly-Mycin M Parenteral (colistimethate) (2002)
10.1378/chest.119.1.250
10.1093/jac/19.6.831
10.1086/517243
10.1111/j.1574-6968.1995.tb07357.x
{'volume-title': 'Package insert. Unasyn (ampicillin sodium—sulbactam sodium)', 'year': '1997', 'key': 'bibr79-aph.1D592'} / Package insert. Unasyn (ampicillin sodium—sulbactam sodium) (1997)
10.1128/AAC.34.6.958

Dates

Type	When
Created	21 years, 1 month ago (July 27, 2004, 9:24 p.m.)
Deposited	6 months ago (March 1, 2025, 3:06 p.m.)
Indexed	1 month ago (Aug. 2, 2025, 1:21 a.m.)
Issued	21 years ago (Sept. 1, 2004)
Published	21 years ago (Sept. 1, 2004)
Published Online	21 years ago (Sept. 1, 2004)
Published Print	21 years ago (Sept. 1, 2004)

Funders 0

None

BibTeX

@article{Jain_2004, title={Multidrug-Resistant Acinetobacter Infections: An Emerging Challenge to Clinicians}, volume={38}, ISSN={1542-6270}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1345/aph.1d592}, DOI={10.1345/aph.1d592}, number={9}, journal={Annals of Pharmacotherapy}, publisher={SAGE Publications}, author={Jain, Rupali and Danziger, Larry H}, year={2004}, month=sep, pages={1449–1459} }

JSON

{
  "indexed": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2025,
        8,
        2
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2025-08-02T05:21:39Z",
    "timestamp": 1754112099659,
    "version": "3.38.0"
  },
  "reference-count": 80,
  "publisher": "SAGE Publications",
  "issue": "9",
  "license": [
    {
      "start": {
        "date-parts": [
          [
            2004,
            9,
            1
          ]
        ],
        "date-time": "2004-09-01T00:00:00Z",
        "timestamp": 1093996800000
      },
      "content-version": "tdm",
      "delay-in-days": 0,
      "URL": "https://journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license"
    }
  ],
  "content-domain": {
    "domain": [],
    "crossmark-restriction": false
  },
  "published-print": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2004,
        9
      ]
    ]
  },
  "abstract": "<jats:sec><jats:title>OBJECTIVE:</jats:title><jats:p> To review and evaluate clinically relevant epidemiology, microbiology, and clinical studies regarding the treatment of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter infections. </jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>DATA SOURCES:</jats:title><jats:p> Pertinent literature was identified by a MEDLINE search (1966-September 2003) and through secondary bibliographies of pertinent articles. </jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION:</jats:title><jats:p> All English-language articles identified from data sources were evaluated for clinical relevance. </jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>DATA SYNTHESIS:</jats:title><jats:p> Acinetobacter baumannii has emerged as a worldwide problem as a nosocomial pathogen in hospitalized patients. Acinetobacter spp. can cause a multitude of infections including pneumonia, bacteremia, meningitis, urinary tract infections, and skin and soft tissue infections, and the mortality associated with these infections is high. Isolates resistant to almost all commercially available antimicrobials have been identified, thus limiting treatment options. The development of new agents and reappraisal of older compounds (ie, polymyxins, ampicillin/sulbactam) are necessary as we consider the optimal treatment of these multidrug-resistant organisms. </jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>CONCLUSIONS:</jats:title><jats:p> There is no simple answer to the treatment of Acinetobacter infections. Eradication of Acinetobacter spp. requires adherence to good infection control practices and prudent antibiotic use, as well as effective antimicrobial therapy. Alternative therapies such as colistin, ampicillin/sulbactam, and tetracycline are potential options, but prospective, randomized, controlled trials are still lacking. </jats:p></jats:sec>",
  "DOI": "10.1345/aph.1d592",
  "type": "journal-article",
  "created": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2004,
        7,
        28
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2004-07-28T01:24:22Z",
    "timestamp": 1090977862000
  },
  "page": "1449-1459",
  "source": "Crossref",
  "is-referenced-by-count": 140,
  "title": "Multidrug-Resistant <i>Acinetobacter</i> Infections: An Emerging Challenge to Clinicians",
  "prefix": "10.1177",
  "volume": "38",
  "author": [
    {
      "given": "Rupali",
      "family": "Jain",
      "sequence": "first",
      "affiliation": [
        {
          "name": "Rupali Jain PharmD, Infectious Diseases Fellow, Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "given": "Larry H",
      "family": "Danziger",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": [
        {
          "name": "Larry H Danziger PharmD, Professor of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "member": "179",
  "published-online": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2004,
        9,
        1
      ]
    ]
  },
  "reference": [
    {
      "key": "bibr1-aph.1D592",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1097/00003246-199905000-00020"
    },
    {
      "key": "bibr2-aph.1D592",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1086/313710"
    },
    {
      "key": "bibr3-aph.1D592",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1086/320183"
    },
    {
      "key": "bibr4-aph.1D592",
      "first-page": "2339",
      "volume-title": "Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases",
      "author": "Allen DM",
      "year": "2000",
      "edition": "5"
    },
    {
      "key": "bibr5-aph.1D592",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a115714"
    },
    {
      "key": "bibr6-aph.1D592",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1097/00005792-199511000-00004"
    },
    {
      "key": "bibr7-aph.1D592",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1093/clinids/22.6.1026"
    },
    {
      "key": "bibr8-aph.1D592",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1086/322584"
    },
    {
      "key": "bibr9-aph.1D592",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1093/clinids/23.3.538"
    },
    {
      "key": "bibr10-aph.1D592",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1128/CMR.9.2.148"
    },
    {
      "key": "bibr11-aph.1D592",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0140-6736(94)90694-7"
    },
    {
      "key": "bibr12-aph.1D592",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1086/502091"
    },
    {
      "key": "bibr13-aph.1D592",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1086/502046"
    },
    {
      "key": "bibr14-aph.1D592",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0305-4179(02)00012-8"
    },
    {
      "key": "bibr15-aph.1D592",
      "first-page": "1",
      "volume": "47",
      "author": "Gerner-Smidt P",
      "year": "1994",
      "journal-title": "APMIS Suppl"
    },
    {
      "key": "bibr16-aph.1D592",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1099/00207713-36-2-228"
    },
    {
      "key": "bibr17-aph.1D592",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0196-6553(85)90059-8"
    },
    {
      "key": "bibr18-aph.1D592",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0195-6701(90)90128-B"
    },
    {
      "key": "bibr19-aph.1D592",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1017/S0022172400070509"
    },
    {
      "key": "bibr20-aph.1D592",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1128/JCM.25.3.488-490.1987"
    },
    {
      "key": "bibr21-aph.1D592",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1093/infdis/151.2.252"
    },
    {
      "key": "bibr22-aph.1D592",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0195-6701(95)90328-3"
    },
    {
      "key": "bibr23-aph.1D592",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0195-6701(91)90223-U"
    },
    {
      "key": "bibr24-aph.1D592",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.2307/30144208"
    },
    {
      "key": "bibr25-aph.1D592",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0002-9343(78)90777-5"
    },
    {
      "key": "bibr26-aph.1D592",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1378/chest.120.4.1072"
    },
    {
      "key": "bibr27-aph.1D592",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1093/clinids/20.4.790"
    },
    {
      "key": "bibr28-aph.1D592",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1086/314040"
    },
    {
      "key": "bibr29-aph.1D592",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1067/mic.2002.122648"
    },
    {
      "key": "bibr30-aph.1D592",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1164/ajrccm/139.4.877"
    },
    {
      "key": "bibr31-aph.1D592",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1378/chest.115.5.1378"
    },
    {
      "key": "bibr32-aph.1D592",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1007/BF01690727"
    },
    {
      "key": "bibr33-aph.1D592",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1001/archinte.162.13.1515"
    },
    {
      "key": "bibr34-aph.1D592",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.3201/eid0805.020014"
    },
    {
      "key": "bibr35-aph.1D592",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1093/jac/41.5.576"
    },
    {
      "key": "bibr36-aph.1D592",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0195-6701(03)00046-X"
    },
    {
      "key": "bibr37-aph.1D592",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1128/AAC.37.4.750"
    },
    {
      "key": "bibr38-aph.1D592",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1128/JCM.38.9.3299-3305.2000"
    },
    {
      "key": "bibr39-aph.1D592",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1093/jac/22.Supplement_A.17"
    },
    {
      "key": "bibr40-aph.1D592",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.3109/10408418609108734"
    },
    {
      "key": "bibr41-aph.1D592",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1093/jac/38.2.245"
    },
    {
      "key": "bibr42-aph.1D592",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1046/j.1469-0691.2002.00401.x"
    },
    {
      "key": "bibr43-aph.1D592",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1128/AAC.47.8.2385-2392.2003"
    },
    {
      "key": "bibr44-aph.1D592",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1128/JCM.41.8.3542-3547.2003"
    },
    {
      "key": "bibr45-aph.1D592",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0891-5520(05)70395-0"
    },
    {
      "key": "bibr46-aph.1D592",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1128/AAC.41.10.2265"
    },
    {
      "key": "bibr47-aph.1D592",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1099/0022-1317-50-7-642"
    },
    {
      "key": "bibr48-aph.1D592",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1128/AAC.47.5.1749-1751.2003"
    },
    {
      "key": "bibr49-aph.1D592",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1093/jac/43.1.157"
    },
    {
      "key": "bibr50-aph.1D592",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0167-7012(03)00090-3"
    },
    {
      "key": "bibr51-aph.1D592",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1128/AAC.45.2.583-588.2001"
    },
    {
      "key": "bibr52-aph.1D592",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1099/00222615-46-9-721"
    },
    {
      "key": "bibr53-aph.1D592",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1111/j.1469-0691.1998.tb00052.x"
    },
    {
      "key": "bibr54-aph.1D592",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1093/jac/dkf254"
    },
    {
      "key": "bibr55-aph.1D592",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1093/jac/dkg222"
    },
    {
      "key": "bibr56-aph.1D592",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1128/AAC.46.6.1946-1952.2002"
    },
    {
      "key": "bibr57-aph.1D592",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1128/AAC.43.6.1406"
    },
    {
      "key": "bibr58-aph.1D592",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1093/jac/46.5.827"
    },
    {
      "key": "bibr59-aph.1D592",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1093/jac/45.4.493"
    },
    {
      "key": "bibr60-aph.1D592",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1093/jac/47.4.479"
    },
    {
      "key": "bibr61-aph.1D592",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1086/374337"
    },
    {
      "key": "bibr62-aph.1D592",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1086/514732"
    },
    {
      "key": "bibr63-aph.1D592",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1007/s100960000400"
    },
    {
      "key": "bibr64-aph.1D592",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1007/s10096-001-0680-2"
    },
    {
      "key": "bibr65-aph.1D592",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1093/infdis/167.2.448"
    },
    {
      "key": "bibr66-aph.1D592",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1086/340055"
    },
    {
      "key": "bibr67-aph.1D592",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0924-8579(02)00276-5"
    },
    {
      "key": "bibr68-aph.1D592",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1592/phco.21.2.142.34114"
    },
    {
      "key": "bibr69-aph.1D592",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1093/clinids/24.5.932"
    },
    {
      "key": "bibr70-aph.1D592",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1592/phco.22.7.527.33676"
    },
    {
      "key": "bibr71-aph.1D592",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1007/s00134-003-1811-2"
    },
    {
      "key": "bibr72-aph.1D592",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0025-7125(16)31447-X"
    },
    {
      "key": "bibr73-aph.1D592",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1345/aph.18426"
    },
    {
      "volume-title": "Package insert. Coly-Mycin M Parenteral (colistimethate)",
      "year": "2002",
      "key": "bibr74-aph.1D592"
    },
    {
      "key": "bibr75-aph.1D592",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1378/chest.119.1.250"
    },
    {
      "key": "bibr76-aph.1D592",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1093/jac/19.6.831"
    },
    {
      "key": "bibr77-aph.1D592",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1086/517243"
    },
    {
      "key": "bibr78-aph.1D592",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1111/j.1574-6968.1995.tb07357.x"
    },
    {
      "volume-title": "Package insert. Unasyn (ampicillin sodium\u2014sulbactam sodium)",
      "year": "1997",
      "key": "bibr79-aph.1D592"
    },
    {
      "key": "bibr80-aph.1D592",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1128/AAC.34.6.958"
    }
  ],
  "container-title": "Annals of Pharmacotherapy",
  "original-title": [],
  "language": "en",
  "link": [
    {
      "URL": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1345/aph.1D592",
      "content-type": "application/pdf",
      "content-version": "vor",
      "intended-application": "text-mining"
    },
    {
      "URL": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full-xml/10.1345/aph.1D592",
      "content-type": "application/xml",
      "content-version": "vor",
      "intended-application": "text-mining"
    },
    {
      "URL": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1345/aph.1D592",
      "content-type": "unspecified",
      "content-version": "vor",
      "intended-application": "similarity-checking"
    }
  ],
  "deposited": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2025,
        3,
        1
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2025-03-01T20:06:27Z",
    "timestamp": 1740859587000
  },
  "score": 1,
  "resource": {
    "primary": {
      "URL": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1345/aph.1D592"
    }
  },
  "subtitle": [],
  "short-title": [],
  "issued": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2004,
        9
      ]
    ]
  },
  "references-count": 80,
  "journal-issue": {
    "issue": "9",
    "published-print": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          2004,
          9
        ]
      ]
    }
  },
  "alternative-id": [
    "10.1345/aph.1D592"
  ],
  "URL": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1345/aph.1D592",
  "relation": {},
  "ISSN": [
    "1060-0280",
    "1542-6270"
  ],
  "subject": [],
  "container-title-short": "Ann Pharmacother",
  "published": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2004,
        9
      ]
    ]
  }
}