DOI: 10.1242/jcs.110.18.2323. Nuclear import of DNA in digitonin-permeabilized cells

Nuclear import of DNA in digitonin-permeabilized cells

10.1242/jcs.110.18.2323

Crossref journal-article

The Company of Biologists

Journal of Cell Science (237)

Abstract

ABSTRACT DNA can enter intact mammalian nuclei with varying degrees of efficiency in both transfected and microinjected cells, yet very little is known about the mechanism by which it crosses the nuclear membrane. Nucleocytoplasmic transport of fluorescently labeled DNA was studied using a digitonin-permeabilized cell system. DNA accumulated in the nucleus with a punctate staining pattern in over 80% of the permeabilized HeLa cells. Nuclear localization of the labeled DNA was energy dependent and occurred through the nuclear pore, but did not require the addition of soluble cytoplasmic protein factors necessary for protein import.

Bibliography

Hagstrom, J. E., Ludtke, J. J., Bassik, M. C., SebestyÃ©n, M. G., Adam, S. A., & Wolff, J. A. (1997). Nuclear import of DNA in digitonin-permeabilized cells. Journal of Cell Science, 110(18), 2323â2331.

Authors 6

James E. Hagstrom (first)
James J. Ludtke (additional)
Michael C. Bassik (additional)
Magdolna G. Sebestyén (additional)
Steve A. Adam (additional)
Jon A. Wolff (additional)

References 46 Referenced 104

10.1083/jcb.125.3.547 / J Cell Biol / Identification of cytosolic factors required for nuclear location sequence-mediated binding to the nuclear envelope by Adam (1994)
10.1016/0092-8674(91)90431-W / Cell / Cytosolic proteins that specifically bind nuclear location signals are receptors for nuclear import by Adam (1991)
10.1016/S0091-679X(08)60584-1 / Meth. Cell Biol. / In vitro nuclear protein import using permeabilized mammalian cells by Adam (1991)
{'key': '2024010621344335400_JOCES_110_18_2323C4', 'volume-title': 'Current Protocols in Molecular Biology', 'author': 'Ausubel', 'year': '1993'} / Current Protocols in Molecular Biology by Ausubel (1993)
10.1016/0092-8674(90)90348-I / Cell / Facilitated nuclear transport of histone H1 and other small nucleophilic proteins by Breeuwer (1990)
{'key': '2024010621344335400_JOCES_110_18_2323C6', 'first-page': '4438', 'article-title': 'Factors affecting the efficiency of introducing foreign DNA into mice by microinjecting eggs', 'volume': '82', 'author': 'Brinster', 'year': '1985', 'journal-title': 'Dev. Biol.'} / Dev. Biol. / Factors affecting the efficiency of introducing foreign DNA into mice by microinjecting eggs by Brinster (1985)
10.1016/0092-8674(80)90358-X / Cell / High efficiency transformation by direct microinjection of DNA into cultured mammalian cells by Capecchi (1980)
10.1083/jcb.130.2.265 / J. Cell Biol. / Sequence and characterization of cytoplasmic nuclear protein import factor p97 by Chi (1995)
{'key': '2024010621344335400_JOCES_110_18_2323C9', 'first-page': '1091', 'article-title': 'Rapid nuclear accumulation of injected oligodeoxyribonucleotides', 'volume': '2', 'author': 'Chin', 'year': '1990', 'journal-title': 'New Biol.'} / New Biol. / Rapid nuclear accumulation of injected oligodeoxyribonucleotides by Chin (1990)
10.1073/pnas.88.16.7333 / Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA / Import of Simian Virus 40 Virions Through Nuclear Pore Complexes by Clever (1991)
10.1016/0167-4889(83)90097-6 / Biochim. Biophys. Acta / Structural changes of isolated hepatocytes during treatment with digitonin by Cook (1983)
10.1016/0014-4827(88)90163-2 / Exp. Cell Res. / Inhibition of Nuclear Accumulation of Karyophilic Proteins in Living Cells by Microinjection of the Lectin Wheat Germ Agglutinin by Dabauvalle (1988)
10.1073/pnas.92.10.4572 / Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA / Plasmid DNA entry into post-mitotic nuclei of primary rat myotubes by Dowty (1995)
10.1006/excr.1993.1181 / Exp. Cell Res. / Sugar- dependent nuclear import of glycoconjugates from the cytosol by Duverger (1993)
10.1242/jcs.108.4.1325 / J. Cell Sci. / Nuclear import of glycoconjugates is distinct from the classical NLS pathway by Duverger (1995)
10.1016/0092-8674(94)90297-6 / Cell / Nup145p is required for nuclear export of mRNA and binds homopolymeric RNA in vitro via a novel conserved motif by Fabre (1994)
10.1083/jcb.104.2.189 / J. Cell Biol. / Inhibition of in vitro nuclear transport by a lectin that binds to nuclear pores by Finlay (1987)
10.1126/science.2143847 / Science / An essential signaling role for m3G cap in the transport of U1 snRNP to the nucleus by Fischer (1990)
10.1002/j.1460-2075.1993.tb05689.x / EMBO J. / Nucleo-cytoplasmic transport of U snRNPs: definition of a nuclear location signal in the Sm core domain that binds a transport receptor independently of the m3G cap by Fischer (1993)
10.1073/pnas.77.6.3430 / Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA / The cytoskeleton of digitonin-treated rat hepatocytes by Fiskum (1980)
10.1016/0955-0674(92)90083-O / Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. / Molecular trafficking across the nuclear pore complex by Gerace (1992)
10.1016/0092-8674(94)90067-1 / Cell / Isolation of a protein that is essential for the first step of nuclear protein import by Gorlich (1994)
10.1126/science.271.5255.1513 / Science / Nucleocytoplasmic transport by Gorlich (1996)
10.1016/0092-8674(93)90382-Z / Cell / Stepwise dismantling of adenovirus 2 during entry into cells by Greber (1993)
10.1152/physrev.1996.76.3.651 / Physiol. Rev. / Regulation of protein transport to the nucleus: central role of phosphorylation by Jans (1996)
10.1093/nar/22.2.238 / Nucl. Acids Res. / AU-A, an RNA-binding activity distinct from hnRNP A1, is selective for AUUUA repeats and shuttles between the nucleus and the cytoplasm by Katz (1994)
10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81315-X / Cell / A GTPase controlling nuclear trafficking: running the right way or walking RANdomly? by Koepp (1996)
10.1016/0092-8674(86)90883-4 / Cell / Induction of nuclear transport with a synthetic peptide homologous to the SV40 T antigen transport signal by Lanford (1986)
10.1073/pnas.88.7.2702 / Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA / Intracellular distribution of microinjected antisense oligonucleotides by Leonetti (1991)
10.1002/j.1460-2075.1994.tb06252.x / EMBO J. / In vitro nuclear import of snRNPs: cytosolic factors mediate m3G-cap dependence of U1 and U2 snRNP transport by Marshallsay (1994)
10.1083/jcb.123.6.1649 / J. Cell Biol. / Inhibition of nuclear protein import by nonhydrolyzable analogues of GTP and identification of the small GTPase Ran/TC4 as an essential transport factor by Melchior (1993)
10.1016/0092-8674(95)90119-1 / Cell / A nuclear export signal in hnRNP A1: a signal-mediated, temperature-dependent nuclear protein export pathway by Michael (1995)
10.1083/jcb.116.4.851 / J. Cell Biol. / Microinjected U snRNAs are imported to oocyte nuclei via the nuclear pore complex by three distinguishable targeting pathways by Michaud (1992)
10.1016/0165-7992(92)90045-J / Mut. Res. / Differential expression and stability of foreign genes introduced into human fibroblasts by nuclear versus cytoplasmic microinjection by Mirzayans (1992)
10.1038/365661a0 / Nature / The GTP-binding protein Ran/TC4 is required for protein import into the nucleus by Moore (1993)
10.1073/pnas.91.21.10212 / Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA / Purification of a Ran-interacting protein that is required for protein import into the nucleus by Moore (1994)
{'key': '2024010621344335400_JOCES_110_18_2323C37', 'first-page': '3', 'article-title': 'Diffusion between nucleus and cytoplasm', 'volume-title': 'Nuclear Trafficking', 'author': 'Paine', 'year': '1992'} / Nuclear Trafficking / Diffusion between nucleus and cytoplasm by Paine (1992)
10.1083/jcb.129.4.925 / J. Cell Biol. / Identification of NTF2, a cytosolic factor for nuclear import that interacts with nuclear pore complex protein p62 by Paschal (1995)
10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80173-7 / Cell / A novel receptor-mediated nuclear protein import pathway by Pollard (1996)
10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80254-8 / Cell / A distinct nuclear import pathway used by ribosomal proteins by Rout (1997)
10.1016/1043-4682(92)90028-T / Semin. Cell Biol. / Nuclear pore structure and function by Stewart (1992)
10.1016/0092-8674(93)90047-T / Cell / A nuclear pore complex protein that contains zinc finger motifs, binds DNA, and faces the nucleoplasm by Sukegawa (1993)
{'key': '2024010621344335400_JOCES_110_18_2323C43', 'first-page': '357', 'article-title': 'Efficient expression of miniprep plasmid DNA after needle microinjection into somatic cells', 'volume': '14', 'author': 'Thorburn', 'year': '1993', 'journal-title': 'BioTechniques'} / BioTechniques / Efficient expression of miniprep plasmid DNA after needle microinjection into somatic cells by Thorburn (1993)
10.1074/jbc.270.23.14209 / J. Biol. Chem. / Nup358, a cytoplasmically exposed nucleoporin with peptide repeats, ran- GTP binding sites, zinc fingers, a cyclophilin A homologous domain, and a leucine-rich region by Wu (1995)
10.1038/376184a0 / Nature / A giant nucleopore protein that binds Ran/TC4 by Yokoyama (1995)
10.1016/0014-4827(87)90297-7 / Exp. Cell Res. / Reversible inhibition of protein import into the nucleus by wheat germ agglutinin injected into cultured cells by Yoneda (1987)

Dates

Type	When
Created	4 years, 4 months ago (April 25, 2021, 12:47 p.m.)
Deposited	1 year, 7 months ago (Jan. 6, 2024, 4:34 p.m.)
Indexed	1 week, 3 days ago (Aug. 20, 2025, 8:48 a.m.)
Issued	27 years, 11 months ago (Sept. 15, 1997)
Published	27 years, 11 months ago (Sept. 15, 1997)
Published Online	27 years, 11 months ago (Sept. 15, 1997)
Published Print	27 years, 11 months ago (Sept. 15, 1997)

Funders 0

None

BibTeX

@article{Hagstrom_1997, title={Nuclear import of DNA in digitonin-permeabilized cells}, volume={110}, ISSN={1477-9137}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.110.18.2323}, DOI={10.1242/jcs.110.18.2323}, number={18}, journal={Journal of Cell Science}, publisher={The Company of Biologists}, author={Hagstrom, James E. and Ludtke, James J. and Bassik, Michael C. and Sebestyén, Magdolna G. and Adam, Steve A. and Wolff, Jon A.}, year={1997}, month=sep, pages={2323–2331} }

JSON

{
  "indexed": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2025,
        8,
        20
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2025-08-20T12:48:39Z",
    "timestamp": 1755694119448
  },
  "reference-count": 46,
  "publisher": "The Company of Biologists",
  "issue": "18",
  "license": [
    {
      "start": {
        "date-parts": [
          [
            1997,
            9,
            15
          ]
        ],
        "date-time": "1997-09-15T00:00:00Z",
        "timestamp": 874281600000
      },
      "content-version": "vor",
      "delay-in-days": 0,
      "URL": "http://www.biologists.com/user-licence-1-1/"
    }
  ],
  "content-domain": {
    "domain": [],
    "crossmark-restriction": false
  },
  "published-print": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        1997,
        9,
        15
      ]
    ]
  },
  "abstract": "<jats:title>ABSTRACT</jats:title>\n               <jats:p>DNA can enter intact mammalian nuclei with varying degrees of efficiency in both transfected and microinjected cells, yet very little is known about the mechanism by which it crosses the nuclear membrane. Nucleocytoplasmic transport of fluorescently labeled DNA was studied using a digitonin-permeabilized cell system. DNA accumulated in the nucleus with a punctate staining pattern in over 80% of the permeabilized HeLa cells. Nuclear localization of the labeled DNA was energy dependent and occurred through the nuclear pore, but did not require the addition of soluble cytoplasmic protein factors necessary for protein import.</jats:p>",
  "DOI": "10.1242/jcs.110.18.2323",
  "type": "journal-article",
  "created": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2021,
        4,
        25
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2021-04-25T16:47:23Z",
    "timestamp": 1619369243000
  },
  "page": "2323-2331",
  "source": "Crossref",
  "is-referenced-by-count": 104,
  "title": "Nuclear import of DNA in digitonin-permeabilized cells",
  "prefix": "10.1242",
  "volume": "110",
  "author": [
    {
      "given": "James E.",
      "family": "Hagstrom",
      "sequence": "first",
      "affiliation": [
        {
          "name": "University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison 1 Departments of Biochemical Genetics , , WI 53705, USA"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "given": "James J.",
      "family": "Ludtke",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": [
        {
          "name": "University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison 2 Pediatrics , , WI 53705, USA"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "given": "Michael C.",
      "family": "Bassik",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": [
        {
          "name": "University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison 2 Pediatrics , , WI 53705, USA"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "given": "Magdolna G.",
      "family": "Sebesty\u00e9n",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": [
        {
          "name": "University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison 2 Pediatrics , , WI 53705, USA"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "given": "Steve A.",
      "family": "Adam",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": [
        {
          "name": "3 Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Northwestern Medical School, Chicago IL 60611, USA"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "given": "Jon A.",
      "family": "Wolff",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": [
        {
          "name": "University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison 1 Departments of Biochemical Genetics , , WI 53705, USA"
        },
        {
          "name": "University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison 2 Pediatrics , , WI 53705, USA"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "member": "237",
  "published-online": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        1997,
        9,
        15
      ]
    ]
  },
  "reference": [
    {
      "key": "2024010621344335400_JOCES_110_18_2323C1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "547",
      "DOI": "10.1083/jcb.125.3.547",
      "article-title": "Identification of cytosolic factors required for nuclear location sequence-mediated binding to the nuclear envelope",
      "volume": "125",
      "author": "Adam",
      "year": "1994",
      "journal-title": "J Cell Biol"
    },
    {
      "key": "2024010621344335400_JOCES_110_18_2323C2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "837",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0092-8674(91)90431-W",
      "article-title": "Cytosolic proteins that specifically bind nuclear location signals are receptors for nuclear import",
      "volume": "66",
      "author": "Adam",
      "year": "1991",
      "journal-title": "Cell"
    },
    {
      "key": "2024010621344335400_JOCES_110_18_2323C3",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "469",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0091-679X(08)60584-1",
      "article-title": "In vitro nuclear protein import using permeabilized mammalian cells",
      "volume": "35",
      "author": "Adam",
      "year": "1991",
      "journal-title": "Meth. Cell Biol."
    },
    {
      "key": "2024010621344335400_JOCES_110_18_2323C4",
      "volume-title": "Current Protocols in Molecular Biology",
      "author": "Ausubel",
      "year": "1993"
    },
    {
      "key": "2024010621344335400_JOCES_110_18_2323C5",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "999",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0092-8674(90)90348-I",
      "article-title": "Facilitated nuclear transport of histone H1 and other small nucleophilic proteins",
      "volume": "60",
      "author": "Breeuwer",
      "year": "1990",
      "journal-title": "Cell"
    },
    {
      "key": "2024010621344335400_JOCES_110_18_2323C6",
      "first-page": "4438",
      "article-title": "Factors affecting the efficiency of introducing foreign DNA into mice by microinjecting eggs",
      "volume": "82",
      "author": "Brinster",
      "year": "1985",
      "journal-title": "Dev. Biol."
    },
    {
      "key": "2024010621344335400_JOCES_110_18_2323C7",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "479",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0092-8674(80)90358-X",
      "article-title": "High efficiency transformation by direct microinjection of DNA into cultured mammalian cells",
      "volume": "22",
      "author": "Capecchi",
      "year": "1980",
      "journal-title": "Cell"
    },
    {
      "key": "2024010621344335400_JOCES_110_18_2323C8",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "265",
      "DOI": "10.1083/jcb.130.2.265",
      "article-title": "Sequence and characterization of cytoplasmic nuclear protein import factor p97",
      "volume": "130",
      "author": "Chi",
      "year": "1995",
      "journal-title": "J. Cell Biol."
    },
    {
      "key": "2024010621344335400_JOCES_110_18_2323C9",
      "first-page": "1091",
      "article-title": "Rapid nuclear accumulation of injected oligodeoxyribonucleotides",
      "volume": "2",
      "author": "Chin",
      "year": "1990",
      "journal-title": "New Biol."
    },
    {
      "key": "2024010621344335400_JOCES_110_18_2323C10",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "7333",
      "DOI": "10.1073/pnas.88.16.7333",
      "article-title": "Import of Simian Virus 40 Virions Through Nuclear Pore Complexes",
      "volume": "88",
      "author": "Clever",
      "year": "1991",
      "journal-title": "Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA"
    },
    {
      "key": "2024010621344335400_JOCES_110_18_2323C11",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "356",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0167-4889(83)90097-6",
      "article-title": "Structural changes of isolated hepatocytes during treatment with digitonin",
      "volume": "763",
      "author": "Cook",
      "year": "1983",
      "journal-title": "Biochim. Biophys. Acta"
    },
    {
      "key": "2024010621344335400_JOCES_110_18_2323C12",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "291",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0014-4827(88)90163-2",
      "article-title": "Inhibition of Nuclear Accumulation of Karyophilic Proteins in Living Cells by Microinjection of the Lectin Wheat Germ Agglutinin",
      "volume": "174",
      "author": "Dabauvalle",
      "year": "1988",
      "journal-title": "Exp. Cell Res."
    },
    {
      "key": "2024010621344335400_JOCES_110_18_2323C13",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "4572",
      "DOI": "10.1073/pnas.92.10.4572",
      "article-title": "Plasmid DNA entry into post-mitotic nuclei of primary rat myotubes",
      "volume": "92",
      "author": "Dowty",
      "year": "1995",
      "journal-title": "Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA"
    },
    {
      "key": "2024010621344335400_JOCES_110_18_2323C14",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "197",
      "DOI": "10.1006/excr.1993.1181",
      "article-title": "Sugar- dependent nuclear import of glycoconjugates from the cytosol",
      "volume": "207",
      "author": "Duverger",
      "year": "1993",
      "journal-title": "Exp. Cell Res."
    },
    {
      "key": "2024010621344335400_JOCES_110_18_2323C15",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "1325",
      "DOI": "10.1242/jcs.108.4.1325",
      "article-title": "Nuclear import of glycoconjugates is distinct from the classical NLS pathway",
      "volume": "108",
      "author": "Duverger",
      "year": "1995",
      "journal-title": "J. Cell Sci."
    },
    {
      "key": "2024010621344335400_JOCES_110_18_2323C16",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "275",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0092-8674(94)90297-6",
      "article-title": "Nup145p is required for nuclear export of mRNA and binds homopolymeric RNA in vitro via a novel conserved motif",
      "volume": "78",
      "author": "Fabre",
      "year": "1994",
      "journal-title": "Cell"
    },
    {
      "key": "2024010621344335400_JOCES_110_18_2323C17",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "189",
      "DOI": "10.1083/jcb.104.2.189",
      "article-title": "Inhibition of in vitro nuclear transport by a lectin that binds to nuclear pores",
      "volume": "104",
      "author": "Finlay",
      "year": "1987",
      "journal-title": "J. Cell Biol."
    },
    {
      "key": "2024010621344335400_JOCES_110_18_2323C18",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "786",
      "DOI": "10.1126/science.2143847",
      "article-title": "An essential signaling role for m3G cap in the transport of U1 snRNP to the nucleus",
      "volume": "249",
      "author": "Fischer",
      "year": "1990",
      "journal-title": "Science"
    },
    {
      "key": "2024010621344335400_JOCES_110_18_2323C19",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "573",
      "DOI": "10.1002/j.1460-2075.1993.tb05689.x",
      "article-title": "Nucleo-cytoplasmic transport of U snRNPs: definition of a nuclear location signal in the Sm core domain that binds a transport receptor independently of the m3G cap",
      "volume": "12",
      "author": "Fischer",
      "year": "1993",
      "journal-title": "EMBO J."
    },
    {
      "key": "2024010621344335400_JOCES_110_18_2323C20",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "3430",
      "DOI": "10.1073/pnas.77.6.3430",
      "article-title": "The cytoskeleton of digitonin-treated rat hepatocytes",
      "volume": "77",
      "author": "Fiskum",
      "year": "1980",
      "journal-title": "Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA"
    },
    {
      "key": "2024010621344335400_JOCES_110_18_2323C21",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "637",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0955-0674(92)90083-O",
      "article-title": "Molecular trafficking across the nuclear pore complex",
      "volume": "4",
      "author": "Gerace",
      "year": "1992",
      "journal-title": "Curr. Opin. Cell Biol."
    },
    {
      "key": "2024010621344335400_JOCES_110_18_2323C22",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "767",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0092-8674(94)90067-1",
      "article-title": "Isolation of a protein that is essential for the first step of nuclear protein import",
      "volume": "79",
      "author": "Gorlich",
      "year": "1994",
      "journal-title": "Cell"
    },
    {
      "key": "2024010621344335400_JOCES_110_18_2323C23",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "1513",
      "DOI": "10.1126/science.271.5255.1513",
      "article-title": "Nucleocytoplasmic transport",
      "volume": "271",
      "author": "Gorlich",
      "year": "1996",
      "journal-title": "Science"
    },
    {
      "key": "2024010621344335400_JOCES_110_18_2323C24",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "477",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0092-8674(93)90382-Z",
      "article-title": "Stepwise dismantling of adenovirus 2 during entry into cells",
      "volume": "75",
      "author": "Greber",
      "year": "1993",
      "journal-title": "Cell"
    },
    {
      "key": "2024010621344335400_JOCES_110_18_2323C25",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "651",
      "DOI": "10.1152/physrev.1996.76.3.651",
      "article-title": "Regulation of protein transport to the nucleus: central role of phosphorylation",
      "volume": "76",
      "author": "Jans",
      "year": "1996",
      "journal-title": "Physiol. Rev."
    },
    {
      "key": "2024010621344335400_JOCES_110_18_2323C26",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "238",
      "DOI": "10.1093/nar/22.2.238",
      "article-title": "AU-A, an RNA-binding activity distinct from hnRNP A1, is selective for AUUUA repeats and shuttles between the nucleus and the cytoplasm",
      "volume": "22",
      "author": "Katz",
      "year": "1994",
      "journal-title": "Nucl. Acids Res."
    },
    {
      "key": "2024010621344335400_JOCES_110_18_2323C27",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "1",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81315-X",
      "article-title": "A GTPase controlling nuclear trafficking: running the right way or walking RANdomly?",
      "volume": "87",
      "author": "Koepp",
      "year": "1996",
      "journal-title": "Cell"
    },
    {
      "key": "2024010621344335400_JOCES_110_18_2323C28",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "575",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0092-8674(86)90883-4",
      "article-title": "Induction of nuclear transport with a synthetic peptide homologous to the SV40 T antigen transport signal",
      "volume": "46",
      "author": "Lanford",
      "year": "1986",
      "journal-title": "Cell"
    },
    {
      "key": "2024010621344335400_JOCES_110_18_2323C29",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "2702",
      "DOI": "10.1073/pnas.88.7.2702",
      "article-title": "Intracellular distribution of microinjected antisense oligonucleotides",
      "volume": "88",
      "author": "Leonetti",
      "year": "1991",
      "journal-title": "Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA"
    },
    {
      "key": "2024010621344335400_JOCES_110_18_2323C30",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "222",
      "DOI": "10.1002/j.1460-2075.1994.tb06252.x",
      "article-title": "In vitro nuclear import of snRNPs: cytosolic factors mediate m3G-cap dependence of U1 and U2 snRNP transport",
      "volume": "13",
      "author": "Marshallsay",
      "year": "1994",
      "journal-title": "EMBO J."
    },
    {
      "key": "2024010621344335400_JOCES_110_18_2323C31",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "1649",
      "DOI": "10.1083/jcb.123.6.1649",
      "article-title": "Inhibition of nuclear protein import by nonhydrolyzable analogues of GTP and identification of the small GTPase Ran/TC4 as an essential transport factor",
      "volume": "123",
      "author": "Melchior",
      "year": "1993",
      "journal-title": "J. Cell Biol."
    },
    {
      "key": "2024010621344335400_JOCES_110_18_2323C32",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "415",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0092-8674(95)90119-1",
      "article-title": "A nuclear export signal in hnRNP A1: a signal-mediated, temperature-dependent nuclear protein export pathway",
      "volume": "83",
      "author": "Michael",
      "year": "1995",
      "journal-title": "Cell"
    },
    {
      "key": "2024010621344335400_JOCES_110_18_2323C33",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "851",
      "DOI": "10.1083/jcb.116.4.851",
      "article-title": "Microinjected U snRNAs are imported to oocyte nuclei via the nuclear pore complex by three distinguishable targeting pathways",
      "volume": "116",
      "author": "Michaud",
      "year": "1992",
      "journal-title": "J. Cell Biol."
    },
    {
      "key": "2024010621344335400_JOCES_110_18_2323C34",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "115",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0165-7992(92)90045-J",
      "article-title": "Differential expression and stability of foreign genes introduced into human fibroblasts by nuclear versus cytoplasmic microinjection",
      "volume": "281",
      "author": "Mirzayans",
      "year": "1992",
      "journal-title": "Mut. Res."
    },
    {
      "key": "2024010621344335400_JOCES_110_18_2323C35",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "661",
      "DOI": "10.1038/365661a0",
      "article-title": "The GTP-binding protein Ran/TC4 is required for protein import into the nucleus",
      "volume": "365",
      "author": "Moore",
      "year": "1993",
      "journal-title": "Nature"
    },
    {
      "key": "2024010621344335400_JOCES_110_18_2323C36",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "10212",
      "DOI": "10.1073/pnas.91.21.10212",
      "article-title": "Purification of a Ran-interacting protein that is required for protein import into the nucleus",
      "volume": "91",
      "author": "Moore",
      "year": "1994",
      "journal-title": "Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA"
    },
    {
      "key": "2024010621344335400_JOCES_110_18_2323C37",
      "first-page": "3",
      "article-title": "Diffusion between nucleus and cytoplasm",
      "volume-title": "Nuclear Trafficking",
      "author": "Paine",
      "year": "1992"
    },
    {
      "key": "2024010621344335400_JOCES_110_18_2323C38",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "925",
      "DOI": "10.1083/jcb.129.4.925",
      "article-title": "Identification of NTF2, a cytosolic factor for nuclear import that interacts with nuclear pore complex protein p62",
      "volume": "129",
      "author": "Paschal",
      "year": "1995",
      "journal-title": "J. Cell Biol."
    },
    {
      "key": "2024010621344335400_JOCES_110_18_2323C39",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "985",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80173-7",
      "article-title": "A novel receptor-mediated nuclear protein import pathway",
      "volume": "86",
      "author": "Pollard",
      "year": "1996",
      "journal-title": "Cell"
    },
    {
      "key": "2024010621344335400_JOCES_110_18_2323C40",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "715",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80254-8",
      "article-title": "A distinct nuclear import pathway used by ribosomal proteins",
      "volume": "89",
      "author": "Rout",
      "year": "1997",
      "journal-title": "Cell"
    },
    {
      "key": "2024010621344335400_JOCES_110_18_2323C41",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "267",
      "DOI": "10.1016/1043-4682(92)90028-T",
      "article-title": "Nuclear pore structure and function",
      "volume": "3",
      "author": "Stewart",
      "year": "1992",
      "journal-title": "Semin. Cell Biol."
    },
    {
      "key": "2024010621344335400_JOCES_110_18_2323C42",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "29",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0092-8674(93)90047-T",
      "article-title": "A nuclear pore complex protein that contains zinc finger motifs, binds DNA, and faces the nucleoplasm",
      "volume": "72",
      "author": "Sukegawa",
      "year": "1993",
      "journal-title": "Cell"
    },
    {
      "key": "2024010621344335400_JOCES_110_18_2323C43",
      "first-page": "357",
      "article-title": "Efficient expression of miniprep plasmid DNA after needle microinjection into somatic cells",
      "volume": "14",
      "author": "Thorburn",
      "year": "1993",
      "journal-title": "BioTechniques"
    },
    {
      "key": "2024010621344335400_JOCES_110_18_2323C44",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "14209",
      "DOI": "10.1074/jbc.270.23.14209",
      "article-title": "Nup358, a cytoplasmically exposed nucleoporin with peptide repeats, ran- GTP binding sites, zinc fingers, a cyclophilin A homologous domain, and a leucine-rich region",
      "volume": "270",
      "author": "Wu",
      "year": "1995",
      "journal-title": "J. Biol. Chem."
    },
    {
      "key": "2024010621344335400_JOCES_110_18_2323C45",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "184",
      "DOI": "10.1038/376184a0",
      "article-title": "A giant nucleopore protein that binds Ran/TC4",
      "volume": "376",
      "author": "Yokoyama",
      "year": "1995",
      "journal-title": "Nature"
    },
    {
      "key": "2024010621344335400_JOCES_110_18_2323C46",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "586",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0014-4827(87)90297-7",
      "article-title": "Reversible inhibition of protein import into the nucleus by wheat germ agglutinin injected into cultured cells",
      "volume": "173",
      "author": "Yoneda",
      "year": "1987",
      "journal-title": "Exp. Cell Res."
    }
  ],
  "container-title": "Journal of Cell Science",
  "original-title": [],
  "language": "en",
  "link": [
    {
      "URL": "https://journals.biologists.com/jcs/article-pdf/110/18/2323/3336512/joces_110_18_2323.pdf",
      "content-type": "application/pdf",
      "content-version": "vor",
      "intended-application": "syndication"
    },
    {
      "URL": "https://journals.biologists.com/jcs/article-pdf/110/18/2323/3336512/joces_110_18_2323.pdf",
      "content-type": "unspecified",
      "content-version": "vor",
      "intended-application": "similarity-checking"
    }
  ],
  "deposited": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2024,
        1,
        6
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2024-01-06T21:34:54Z",
    "timestamp": 1704576894000
  },
  "score": 1,
  "resource": {
    "primary": {
      "URL": "https://journals.biologists.com/jcs/article/110/18/2323/25100/Nuclear-import-of-DNA-in-digitonin-permeabilized"
    }
  },
  "subtitle": [],
  "short-title": [],
  "issued": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        1997,
        9,
        15
      ]
    ]
  },
  "references-count": 46,
  "journal-issue": {
    "issue": "18",
    "published-print": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          1997,
          9,
          15
        ]
      ]
    }
  },
  "URL": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.110.18.2323",
  "relation": {},
  "ISSN": [
    "0021-9533",
    "1477-9137"
  ],
  "subject": [],
  "published": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        1997,
        9,
        15
      ]
    ]
  }
}