DOI: 10.1175/jas3784.1. Relative Humidity in Liquid, Mixed-Phase, and Ice Clouds

Relative Humidity in Liquid, Mixed-Phase, and Ice Clouds

10.1175/jas3784.1

Crossref journal-article

American Meteorological Society

Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences (12)

Abstract

AbstractThe results of in situ observations of the relative humidity in liquid, mixed, and ice clouds typically stratiform in nature and associated with mesoscale frontal systems at temperatures −45°C &lt; Ta &lt; −5°C are presented. The data were collected with the help of instrumentation deployed on the National Research Council (NRC) Convair-580. The length of sampled in-cloud space is approximately 23 × 103 km. The liquid sensor was calibrated in liquid clouds with the assumption that the air in liquid clouds is saturated with respect to water. It was found that the relative humidity in mixed-phase clouds is close to saturation over water in the temperature range from −5° to −35°C for an averaging scale of 100 m. In ice clouds the relative humidity over ice is not necessarily equal to 100%, and it may be either lower or higher than saturation over ice, but it is always lower than saturation over water. On average the relative humidity in ice clouds increases with a decrease of temperature. At −40°C the relative humidity over ice is midway between saturation over ice and liquid. A parameterization for the relative humidity in ice clouds is suggested. A large fraction of ice clouds was found to be undersaturated with respect to ice. The fraction of ice clouds undersaturated with respect to ice increases toward warmer temperatures.

Bibliography

Korolev, A., & Isaac, G. A. (2006). Relative Humidity in Liquid, Mixed-Phase, and Ice Clouds. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 63(11), 2865â2880.

Authors 2

Alexei Korolev (first)
George A. Isaac (additional)

References 46 Referenced 92

10.1175/1520-0469(2004)061<0514:GRAHOI>2.0.CO;2 / J. Atmos. Sci. / Growth rates and habits of ice crystals between −20° and −70°C. by Bailey (2004)
10.1175/1520-0426(1989)006<0971:LAWTEO>2.0.CO;2 / J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol. / Laboratory and wind tunnel evaluations of the Rosemount icing detector. by Baumgardner (1989)
10.1175/1520-0426(1985)002<0626:EOTFSS>2.0.CO;2 / J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol. / Evaluation of the forward scattering spectrometer probe. Part II: Corrections for coincidence and dead-time losses. by Baumgardner (1985)
10.1175/1520-0450(1981)020<1527:NEFCVP>2.0.CO;2 / J. Appl. Meteor. / New equations for computing vapor pressure and enhancement factor. by Buck (1981)
10.1175/1520-0426(2001)018<0515:ATRIDW>2.0.CO;2 / J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol. / Assessing the Rosemount icing detector with in situ measurements. by Cober (2001)
10.1256/qj.03.102 / Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. / Simultaneous radar and aircraft observations of mixed-phase cloud at the 100 m scale. by Field (2004)
10.1175/1520-0442(1996)009<0489:LAICMI>2.0.CO;2 / J. Climate / Liquid and ice cloud microphysics in the CSU general circulation model. Part I: Model description and simulated microphysical processes. by Fowler (1996)
10.1175/1520-0426(1992)009<0784:FRATS>2.0.CO;2 / J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol. / Fast-response aircraft temperature sensors. by Friehe (1992)
10.1175/1520-0469(2004)061<2083:TMCWVP>2.0.CO;2 / J. Atmos. Sci. / Testing mixed-phase cloud water vapor parameterizations with SHEBA/FIRE–ACE observations. by Fu (2004)
10.1175/JAS-3399.1 / J. Atmos. Sci. / Holes and entrainment in stratocumulus. by Gerber (2005)
10.1007/s00585-999-1218-7 / Ann. Geophys. / A distribution law for relative humidity in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere derived from three years of MOZAIC measurements. by Gierens (1999)
10.1175/1520-0426(1989)006<0378:EOLWMI>2.0.CO;2 / J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol. / Evaluation of liquid water measuring instruments in cold clouds sampled during FIRE. by Heymsfield (1989)
10.1175/1520-0469(1995)052<4302:RHATIO>2.0.CO;2 / J. Atmos. Sci. / Relative humidity and temperature influences on cirrus formation and evolution: Observations from wave clouds and FIRE II. by Heymsfield (1995)
10.1175/1520-0450(1979)018<0092:OOEFWO>2.0.CO;2 / J. Appl. Meteor. / Overestimates of entrainment from wetting of aircraft temperature sensors in cloud. by Heymsfield (1979)
{'key': '2020061306073028500_i1520-0469-63-11-2865-Isaac1', 'first-page': '213', 'article-title': 'Recent Canadian research on aircraft in-flight icing.', 'volume': '47', 'author': 'Isaac', 'year': '2001', 'journal-title': 'Can. Aeronaut. Space J.'} / Can. Aeronaut. Space J. / Recent Canadian research on aircraft in-flight icing. by Isaac (2001)
Isaac, G. A. , and Coauthors, 2005: First results from the Alliance Icing Research Study II. Preprints, AIAA 43d Aerospace Science Meeting and Exhibit, AIAA 2005-0252, Reno, NV, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1–18. (10.2514/6.2005-252)
10.1093/oso/9780195130720.003.0020 / Ice clouds in numerical weather prediction models: Progress, problems, and prospects. by Jakob (2002)
Knollenberg, R. G. , 1981: Techniques for probing cloud microstructure. Clouds, Their Formation, Optical Properties, and Effects, P. V. Hobbs and A. Deepak, Eds., Academic Press, 15–91. (10.1016/B978-0-12-350720-4.50007-7)
10.1175/1520-0450(1993)032<0760:ZOIADD>2.0.CO;2 / J. Appl. Meteor. / Zones of increased and decreased droplet concentrations in stratiform clouds. by Korolev (1993)
10.1175/1520-0426(2000)017<1048:ATFHCO>2.0.CO;2 / J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol. / A technique for habit classification of cloud particles. by Korolev (2000)
Korolev, A. V., and J. W.Strapp, 2002: Accuracy of measurements of cloud ice water content by the Nevzorov probe. Preprints, AIAA 40th Aerospace Science Meeting and Exhibit, AIAA 2002-0679, Reno, NV, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1–8. (10.2514/6.2002-679)
10.1175/1520-0469(2003)060<2957:SOWVIC>2.0.CO;2 / J. Atmos. Sci. / Supersaturation of water vapor in clouds. by Korolev (2003)
Korolev, A. V., and G. A.Isaac, 2004: Observation of sublimating ice particles in clouds. Preprints, 14th Int. Conf. on Clouds and Precipitation, Bologna, Italy, ICCP and IAMAS, 808–812.
10.1175/1520-0426(1998)015<1495:TNAHWL>2.0.CO;2 / J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol. / The Nevzorov airborne hot-wire LWC–TWC probe: Principle of operation and performance characteristics. by Korolev (1998)
10.1256/qj.01.204 / Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. / Microphysical characterization of mixed-phase clouds. by Korolev (2003)
10.1175/1520-0426(1990)007<0480:POSATI>2.0.CO;2 / J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol. / Performance of some airborne thermometers in clouds. by Lawson (1990)
10.1175/1520-0426(1992)009<0556:ANATFA>2.0.CO;2 / J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol. / A new airborne thermometer for atmospheric and cloud physics research. Part I: Design and preliminary flight tests. by Lawson (1992)
10.1175/1520-0469(1998)055<3209:OANSOT>2.0.CO;2 / J. Atmos. Sci. / Observations and numerical simulations of the origin and development of very large snowflakes. by Lawson (1998)
Licor, L. , cited. 1996: I-6262 CO2/HO2 Analyzer: Operating and service manual. [Available online at http://www.licor.com/env/Products/GasAnalyzers/gas.jsp.].
10.1175/1520-0469(1984)041<2836:ROAPIP>2.0.CO;2 / J. Atmos. Sci. / Role of a parameterized ice-phase microphysics in an axisymmetric, nonhydrostatic tropical cyclone model. by Lord (1984)
Mazin, I. P. , 1968: Effect of phase transition on formation of temperature and humidity stratification in clouds. Proc. Int. Conf. on Cloud Physics, Toronto, ON, Canada, International Association of Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics, 132–137.
{'key': '2020061306073028500_i1520-0469-63-11-2865-Mazin2', 'article-title': 'Turbulence in clouds and the vicinity.', 'author': 'Mazin', 'year': '1989'} / Turbulence in clouds and the vicinity. by Mazin (1989)
{'key': '2020061306073028500_i1520-0469-63-11-2865-Mazin3', 'first-page': '6', 'article-title': 'Turbulent fluctuations of horizontal and vertical wind velocity components in various cloud forms.', 'volume': '20', 'author': 'Mazin', 'year': '1984', 'journal-title': 'Izv. Acad. Sci. USSR, Atmos. Oceanic'} / Izv. Acad. Sci. USSR, Atmos. Oceanic / Turbulent fluctuations of horizontal and vertical wind velocity components in various cloud forms. by Mazin (1984)
Mazin, I. P., G. A.Isaac, and J.Hallett, 2000: Harmonization of terminology in cloud physics. Proc. 13th Int. Conf. on Clouds and Precipitation, Reno, NV, ICCP and IAMAS, 9–12.
10.1175/1520-0426(2001)018<0543:TOICFM>2.0.CO;2 / J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol. / Thermodynamics of icing cylinder for measurements of liquid water content in supercooled clouds. by Mazin (2001)
10.1029/2001GL014440 / Geophys. Res. Lett. / Water vapor measurements inside cirrus clouds in northern and southern hemispheres during INCA. by Ovarlez (2002)
10.1175/1520-0450(1972)011<0554:AOTROA>2.0.CO;2 / J. Appl. Meteor. / Analysis of time response of airborne temperature sensors. by Rodi (1972)
10.1175/1520-0493(2000)128<1070:ASFCOT>2.0.CO;2 / Mon. Wea. Rev. / A scheme for calculation of the liquid fraction in mixed-phase stratiform clouds in large-scale models. by Rotstayn (2000)
{'key': '2020061306073028500_i1520-0469-63-11-2865-Squires1', 'first-page': '59', 'article-title': 'The growth of cloud drops by condensation.', 'volume': '5', 'author': 'Squires', 'year': '1952', 'journal-title': 'Aust. J. Agric. Res.'} / Aust. J. Agric. Res. / The growth of cloud drops by condensation. by Squires (1952)
Strapp, J. W., P.Chow, M.Maltby, A. D.Bezer, A.Korolev, I.Stromberg, and J.Hallett, 1999: Cloud microphysical measurements in thunderstorm outflow regions during allied/ BAE 1997 Flight Trials. Preprints, AIAA 37th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, AIAA 99-0498, Reno, NV, American Institute of Aeronatucis and Astronautics, 1–10. (10.2514/6.1999-498)
10.1175/1520-0426(2003)020<0791:WTMOTR>2.0.CO;2 / J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol. / Wind tunnel measurements of the response of hot-wire liquid water content instruments to large droplets. by Strapp (2003)
10.5194/acp-3-1807-2003 / Atmos. Chem. Phys. / Cirrus clouds occurrence as a function of ambient relative humidity: Comparison of observations obtained during the INCA experiment. by Strom (2003)
10.1175/1520-0442(1995)008<1874:POICRP>2.0.CO;2 / J. Climate / Parameterization of ice cloud radiative properties and its application to the potential climatic importance of mixed-phase clouds. by Sun (1995)
10.1175/1520-0493(2000)128<1289:AIMSFF>2.0.CO;2 / Mon. Wea. Rev. / An improved modeling scheme for freezing precipitation forecasts. by Tremblay (2000)
10.1175/1520-0426(2000)017<0795:WMOAMT>2.0.CO;2 / J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol. / Wind measurements on a maneuvering twin-engine turboprop aircraft accounting for flow distortion. by Williams (2000)
10.1175/1520-0469(2000)057<1888:RBTWCW>2.0.CO;2 / J. Atmos. Sci. / Relationships between total water, condensed water, and cloud fraction in stratiform clouds examined using aircraft data. by Wood (2000)

Dates

Type	When
Created	18 years, 8 months ago (Nov. 30, 2006, 3:07 p.m.)
Deposited	4 years ago (Aug. 5, 2021, 5:20 a.m.)
Indexed	2 months ago (June 19, 2025, 6:23 a.m.)
Issued	18 years, 9 months ago (Nov. 1, 2006)
Published	18 years, 9 months ago (Nov. 1, 2006)
Published Online	18 years, 9 months ago (Nov. 1, 2006)
Published Print	18 years, 9 months ago (Nov. 1, 2006)

Funders 0

None

BibTeX

@article{Korolev_2006, title={Relative Humidity in Liquid, Mixed-Phase, and Ice Clouds}, volume={63}, ISSN={0022-4928}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas3784.1}, DOI={10.1175/jas3784.1}, number={11}, journal={Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences}, publisher={American Meteorological Society}, author={Korolev, Alexei and Isaac, George A.}, year={2006}, month=nov, pages={2865–2880} }

JSON

{
  "indexed": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2025,
        6,
        19
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2025-06-19T10:23:38Z",
    "timestamp": 1750328618408
  },
  "reference-count": 46,
  "publisher": "American Meteorological Society",
  "issue": "11",
  "content-domain": {
    "domain": [],
    "crossmark-restriction": false
  },
  "published-print": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2006,
        11,
        1
      ]
    ]
  },
  "abstract": "<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>The results of in situ observations of the relative humidity in liquid, mixed, and ice clouds typically stratiform in nature and associated with mesoscale frontal systems at temperatures \u221245\u00b0C &amp;lt; Ta &amp;lt; \u22125\u00b0C are presented. The data were collected with the help of instrumentation deployed on the National Research Council (NRC) Convair-580. The length of sampled in-cloud space is approximately 23 \u00d7 103 km. The liquid sensor was calibrated in liquid clouds with the assumption that the air in liquid clouds is saturated with respect to water. It was found that the relative humidity in mixed-phase clouds is close to saturation over water in the temperature range from \u22125\u00b0 to \u221235\u00b0C for an averaging scale of 100 m. In ice clouds the relative humidity over ice is not necessarily equal to 100%, and it may be either lower or higher than saturation over ice, but it is always lower than saturation over water. On average the relative humidity in ice clouds increases with a decrease of temperature. At \u221240\u00b0C the relative humidity over ice is midway between saturation over ice and liquid. A parameterization for the relative humidity in ice clouds is suggested. A large fraction of ice clouds was found to be undersaturated with respect to ice. The fraction of ice clouds undersaturated with respect to ice increases toward warmer temperatures.</jats:p>",
  "DOI": "10.1175/jas3784.1",
  "type": "journal-article",
  "created": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2006,
        11,
        30
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2006-11-30T20:07:47Z",
    "timestamp": 1164917267000
  },
  "page": "2865-2880",
  "source": "Crossref",
  "is-referenced-by-count": 92,
  "title": "Relative Humidity in Liquid, Mixed-Phase, and Ice Clouds",
  "prefix": "10.1175",
  "volume": "63",
  "author": [
    {
      "given": "Alexei",
      "family": "Korolev",
      "sequence": "first",
      "affiliation": [
        {
          "name": "Sky Tech Research, Inc., Richmond Hill, Ontario, Canada"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "given": "George A.",
      "family": "Isaac",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": [
        {
          "name": "Cloud Physics and Severe Weather Research Division, Meteorological Service of Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "member": "12",
  "published-online": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2006,
        11,
        1
      ]
    ]
  },
  "reference": [
    {
      "key": "2020061306073028500_i1520-0469-63-11-2865-Bailey1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "514",
      "DOI": "10.1175/1520-0469(2004)061<0514:GRAHOI>2.0.CO;2",
      "article-title": "Growth rates and habits of ice crystals between \u221220\u00b0 and \u221270\u00b0C.",
      "volume": "61",
      "author": "Bailey",
      "year": "2004",
      "journal-title": "J. Atmos. Sci."
    },
    {
      "key": "2020061306073028500_i1520-0469-63-11-2865-Baumgardner1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "971",
      "DOI": "10.1175/1520-0426(1989)006<0971:LAWTEO>2.0.CO;2",
      "article-title": "Laboratory and wind tunnel evaluations of the Rosemount icing detector.",
      "volume": "6",
      "author": "Baumgardner",
      "year": "1989",
      "journal-title": "J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol."
    },
    {
      "key": "2020061306073028500_i1520-0469-63-11-2865-Baumgardner2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "626",
      "DOI": "10.1175/1520-0426(1985)002<0626:EOTFSS>2.0.CO;2",
      "article-title": "Evaluation of the forward scattering spectrometer probe. Part II: Corrections for coincidence and dead-time losses.",
      "volume": "2",
      "author": "Baumgardner",
      "year": "1985",
      "journal-title": "J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol."
    },
    {
      "key": "2020061306073028500_i1520-0469-63-11-2865-Buck1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1527",
      "DOI": "10.1175/1520-0450(1981)020<1527:NEFCVP>2.0.CO;2",
      "article-title": "New equations for computing vapor pressure and enhancement factor.",
      "volume": "20",
      "author": "Buck",
      "year": "1981",
      "journal-title": "J. Appl. Meteor."
    },
    {
      "key": "2020061306073028500_i1520-0469-63-11-2865-Cober1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "515",
      "DOI": "10.1175/1520-0426(2001)018<0515:ATRIDW>2.0.CO;2",
      "article-title": "Assessing the Rosemount icing detector with in situ measurements.",
      "volume": "18",
      "author": "Cober",
      "year": "2001",
      "journal-title": "J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol."
    },
    {
      "key": "2020061306073028500_i1520-0469-63-11-2865-Field1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1877",
      "DOI": "10.1256/qj.03.102",
      "article-title": "Simultaneous radar and aircraft observations of mixed-phase cloud at the 100 m scale.",
      "volume": "130",
      "author": "Field",
      "year": "2004",
      "journal-title": "Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc."
    },
    {
      "key": "2020061306073028500_i1520-0469-63-11-2865-Fowler1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "489",
      "DOI": "10.1175/1520-0442(1996)009<0489:LAICMI>2.0.CO;2",
      "article-title": "Liquid and ice cloud microphysics in the CSU general circulation model. Part I: Model description and simulated microphysical processes.",
      "volume": "9",
      "author": "Fowler",
      "year": "1996",
      "journal-title": "J. Climate"
    },
    {
      "key": "2020061306073028500_i1520-0469-63-11-2865-Friehe1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "784",
      "DOI": "10.1175/1520-0426(1992)009<0784:FRATS>2.0.CO;2",
      "article-title": "Fast-response aircraft temperature sensors.",
      "volume": "9",
      "author": "Friehe",
      "year": "1992",
      "journal-title": "J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol."
    },
    {
      "key": "2020061306073028500_i1520-0469-63-11-2865-Fu1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "2083",
      "DOI": "10.1175/1520-0469(2004)061<2083:TMCWVP>2.0.CO;2",
      "article-title": "Testing mixed-phase cloud water vapor parameterizations with SHEBA/FIRE\u2013ACE observations.",
      "volume": "61",
      "author": "Fu",
      "year": "2004",
      "journal-title": "J. Atmos. Sci."
    },
    {
      "key": "2020061306073028500_i1520-0469-63-11-2865-Gerber1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "443",
      "DOI": "10.1175/JAS-3399.1",
      "article-title": "Holes and entrainment in stratocumulus.",
      "volume": "62",
      "author": "Gerber",
      "year": "2005",
      "journal-title": "J. Atmos. Sci."
    },
    {
      "key": "2020061306073028500_i1520-0469-63-11-2865-Gierens1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1218",
      "DOI": "10.1007/s00585-999-1218-7",
      "article-title": "A distribution law for relative humidity in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere derived from three years of MOZAIC measurements.",
      "volume": "17",
      "author": "Gierens",
      "year": "1999",
      "journal-title": "Ann. Geophys."
    },
    {
      "key": "2020061306073028500_i1520-0469-63-11-2865-Heymsfield1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "378",
      "DOI": "10.1175/1520-0426(1989)006<0378:EOLWMI>2.0.CO;2",
      "article-title": "Evaluation of liquid water measuring instruments in cold clouds sampled during FIRE.",
      "volume": "6",
      "author": "Heymsfield",
      "year": "1989",
      "journal-title": "J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol."
    },
    {
      "key": "2020061306073028500_i1520-0469-63-11-2865-Heymsfield2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "4302",
      "DOI": "10.1175/1520-0469(1995)052<4302:RHATIO>2.0.CO;2",
      "article-title": "Relative humidity and temperature influences on cirrus formation and evolution: Observations from wave clouds and FIRE II.",
      "volume": "52",
      "author": "Heymsfield",
      "year": "1995",
      "journal-title": "J. Atmos. Sci."
    },
    {
      "key": "2020061306073028500_i1520-0469-63-11-2865-Heymsfield3",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "92",
      "DOI": "10.1175/1520-0450(1979)018<0092:OOEFWO>2.0.CO;2",
      "article-title": "Overestimates of entrainment from wetting of aircraft temperature sensors in cloud.",
      "volume": "18",
      "author": "Heymsfield",
      "year": "1979",
      "journal-title": "J. Appl. Meteor."
    },
    {
      "key": "2020061306073028500_i1520-0469-63-11-2865-Isaac1",
      "first-page": "213",
      "article-title": "Recent Canadian research on aircraft in-flight icing.",
      "volume": "47",
      "author": "Isaac",
      "year": "2001",
      "journal-title": "Can. Aeronaut. Space J."
    },
    {
      "key": "2020061306073028500_i1520-0469-63-11-2865-Isaac2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "unstructured": "Isaac, G. A. , and Coauthors, 2005: First results from the Alliance Icing Research Study II. Preprints, AIAA 43d Aerospace Science Meeting and Exhibit, AIAA 2005-0252, Reno, NV, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1\u201318.",
      "DOI": "10.2514/6.2005-252"
    },
    {
      "key": "2020061306073028500_i1520-0469-63-11-2865-Jakob1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "DOI": "10.1093/oso/9780195130720.003.0020",
      "article-title": "Ice clouds in numerical weather prediction models: Progress, problems, and prospects.",
      "author": "Jakob",
      "year": "2002"
    },
    {
      "key": "2020061306073028500_i1520-0469-63-11-2865-Knollenberg1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "unstructured": "Knollenberg, R. G. , 1981: Techniques for probing cloud microstructure. Clouds, Their Formation, Optical Properties, and Effects, P. V. Hobbs and A. Deepak, Eds., Academic Press, 15\u201391.",
      "DOI": "10.1016/B978-0-12-350720-4.50007-7"
    },
    {
      "key": "2020061306073028500_i1520-0469-63-11-2865-Korolev1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "760",
      "DOI": "10.1175/1520-0450(1993)032<0760:ZOIADD>2.0.CO;2",
      "article-title": "Zones of increased and decreased droplet concentrations in stratiform clouds.",
      "volume": "32",
      "author": "Korolev",
      "year": "1993",
      "journal-title": "J. Appl. Meteor."
    },
    {
      "key": "2020061306073028500_i1520-0469-63-11-2865-Korolev2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1048",
      "DOI": "10.1175/1520-0426(2000)017<1048:ATFHCO>2.0.CO;2",
      "article-title": "A technique for habit classification of cloud particles.",
      "volume": "17",
      "author": "Korolev",
      "year": "2000",
      "journal-title": "J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol."
    },
    {
      "key": "2020061306073028500_i1520-0469-63-11-2865-Korolev3",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "unstructured": "Korolev, A. V., and J. W.Strapp, 2002: Accuracy of measurements of cloud ice water content by the Nevzorov probe. Preprints, AIAA 40th Aerospace Science Meeting and Exhibit, AIAA 2002-0679, Reno, NV, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1\u20138.",
      "DOI": "10.2514/6.2002-679"
    },
    {
      "key": "2020061306073028500_i1520-0469-63-11-2865-Korolev4",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "2957",
      "DOI": "10.1175/1520-0469(2003)060<2957:SOWVIC>2.0.CO;2",
      "article-title": "Supersaturation of water vapor in clouds.",
      "volume": "60",
      "author": "Korolev",
      "year": "2003",
      "journal-title": "J. Atmos. Sci."
    },
    {
      "key": "2020061306073028500_i1520-0469-63-11-2865-Korolev5",
      "unstructured": "Korolev, A. V., and G. A.Isaac, 2004: Observation of sublimating ice particles in clouds. Preprints, 14th Int. Conf. on Clouds and Precipitation, Bologna, Italy, ICCP and IAMAS, 808\u2013812."
    },
    {
      "key": "2020061306073028500_i1520-0469-63-11-2865-Korolev6",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1495",
      "DOI": "10.1175/1520-0426(1998)015<1495:TNAHWL>2.0.CO;2",
      "article-title": "The Nevzorov airborne hot-wire LWC\u2013TWC probe: Principle of operation and performance characteristics.",
      "volume": "15",
      "author": "Korolev",
      "year": "1998",
      "journal-title": "J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol."
    },
    {
      "key": "2020061306073028500_i1520-0469-63-11-2865-Korolev7",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "39",
      "DOI": "10.1256/qj.01.204",
      "article-title": "Microphysical characterization of mixed-phase clouds.",
      "volume": "129",
      "author": "Korolev",
      "year": "2003",
      "journal-title": "Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc."
    },
    {
      "key": "2020061306073028500_i1520-0469-63-11-2865-Lawson1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "480",
      "DOI": "10.1175/1520-0426(1990)007<0480:POSATI>2.0.CO;2",
      "article-title": "Performance of some airborne thermometers in clouds.",
      "volume": "7",
      "author": "Lawson",
      "year": "1990",
      "journal-title": "J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol."
    },
    {
      "key": "2020061306073028500_i1520-0469-63-11-2865-Lawson2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "556",
      "DOI": "10.1175/1520-0426(1992)009<0556:ANATFA>2.0.CO;2",
      "article-title": "A new airborne thermometer for atmospheric and cloud physics research. Part I: Design and preliminary flight tests.",
      "volume": "9",
      "author": "Lawson",
      "year": "1992",
      "journal-title": "J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol."
    },
    {
      "key": "2020061306073028500_i1520-0469-63-11-2865-Lawson3",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "3209",
      "DOI": "10.1175/1520-0469(1998)055<3209:OANSOT>2.0.CO;2",
      "article-title": "Observations and numerical simulations of the origin and development of very large snowflakes.",
      "volume": "55",
      "author": "Lawson",
      "year": "1998",
      "journal-title": "J. Atmos. Sci."
    },
    {
      "key": "2020061306073028500_i1520-0469-63-11-2865-Licor1",
      "unstructured": "Licor, L. , cited. 1996: I-6262 CO2/HO2 Analyzer: Operating and service manual. [Available online at http://www.licor.com/env/Products/GasAnalyzers/gas.jsp.]."
    },
    {
      "key": "2020061306073028500_i1520-0469-63-11-2865-Lord1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "2836",
      "DOI": "10.1175/1520-0469(1984)041<2836:ROAPIP>2.0.CO;2",
      "article-title": "Role of a parameterized ice-phase microphysics in an axisymmetric, nonhydrostatic tropical cyclone model.",
      "volume": "41",
      "author": "Lord",
      "year": "1984",
      "journal-title": "J. Atmos. Sci."
    },
    {
      "key": "2020061306073028500_i1520-0469-63-11-2865-Mazin1",
      "unstructured": "Mazin, I. P. , 1968: Effect of phase transition on formation of temperature and humidity stratification in clouds. Proc. Int. Conf. on Cloud Physics, Toronto, ON, Canada, International Association of Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics, 132\u2013137."
    },
    {
      "key": "2020061306073028500_i1520-0469-63-11-2865-Mazin2",
      "article-title": "Turbulence in clouds and the vicinity.",
      "author": "Mazin",
      "year": "1989"
    },
    {
      "key": "2020061306073028500_i1520-0469-63-11-2865-Mazin3",
      "first-page": "6",
      "article-title": "Turbulent fluctuations of horizontal and vertical wind velocity components in various cloud forms.",
      "volume": "20",
      "author": "Mazin",
      "year": "1984",
      "journal-title": "Izv. Acad. Sci. USSR, Atmos. Oceanic"
    },
    {
      "key": "2020061306073028500_i1520-0469-63-11-2865-Mazin4",
      "unstructured": "Mazin, I. P., G. A.Isaac, and J.Hallett, 2000: Harmonization of terminology in cloud physics. Proc. 13th Int. Conf. on Clouds and Precipitation, Reno, NV, ICCP and IAMAS, 9\u201312."
    },
    {
      "key": "2020061306073028500_i1520-0469-63-11-2865-Mazin5",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "543",
      "DOI": "10.1175/1520-0426(2001)018<0543:TOICFM>2.0.CO;2",
      "article-title": "Thermodynamics of icing cylinder for measurements of liquid water content in supercooled clouds.",
      "volume": "18",
      "author": "Mazin",
      "year": "2001",
      "journal-title": "J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol."
    },
    {
      "key": "2020061306073028500_i1520-0469-63-11-2865-Ovarlez1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1813",
      "DOI": "10.1029/2001GL014440",
      "article-title": "Water vapor measurements inside cirrus clouds in northern and southern hemispheres during INCA.",
      "volume": "29",
      "author": "Ovarlez",
      "year": "2002",
      "journal-title": "Geophys. Res. Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "2020061306073028500_i1520-0469-63-11-2865-Rodi1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "554",
      "DOI": "10.1175/1520-0450(1972)011<0554:AOTROA>2.0.CO;2",
      "article-title": "Analysis of time response of airborne temperature sensors.",
      "volume": "11",
      "author": "Rodi",
      "year": "1972",
      "journal-title": "J. Appl. Meteor."
    },
    {
      "key": "2020061306073028500_i1520-0469-63-11-2865-Rotstayn1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1070",
      "DOI": "10.1175/1520-0493(2000)128<1070:ASFCOT>2.0.CO;2",
      "article-title": "A scheme for calculation of the liquid fraction in mixed-phase stratiform clouds in large-scale models.",
      "volume": "128",
      "author": "Rotstayn",
      "year": "2000",
      "journal-title": "Mon. Wea. Rev."
    },
    {
      "key": "2020061306073028500_i1520-0469-63-11-2865-Squires1",
      "first-page": "59",
      "article-title": "The growth of cloud drops by condensation.",
      "volume": "5",
      "author": "Squires",
      "year": "1952",
      "journal-title": "Aust. J. Agric. Res."
    },
    {
      "key": "2020061306073028500_i1520-0469-63-11-2865-Strapp1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "unstructured": "Strapp, J. W., P.Chow, M.Maltby, A. D.Bezer, A.Korolev, I.Stromberg, and J.Hallett, 1999: Cloud microphysical measurements in thunderstorm outflow regions during allied/ BAE 1997 Flight Trials. Preprints, AIAA 37th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, AIAA 99-0498, Reno, NV, American Institute of Aeronatucis and Astronautics, 1\u201310.",
      "DOI": "10.2514/6.1999-498"
    },
    {
      "key": "2020061306073028500_i1520-0469-63-11-2865-Strapp2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "791",
      "DOI": "10.1175/1520-0426(2003)020<0791:WTMOTR>2.0.CO;2",
      "article-title": "Wind tunnel measurements of the response of hot-wire liquid water content instruments to large droplets.",
      "volume": "20",
      "author": "Strapp",
      "year": "2003",
      "journal-title": "J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol."
    },
    {
      "key": "2020061306073028500_i1520-0469-63-11-2865-Strom1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1807",
      "DOI": "10.5194/acp-3-1807-2003",
      "article-title": "Cirrus clouds occurrence as a function of ambient relative humidity: Comparison of observations obtained during the INCA experiment.",
      "volume": "3",
      "author": "Strom",
      "year": "2003",
      "journal-title": "Atmos. Chem. Phys."
    },
    {
      "key": "2020061306073028500_i1520-0469-63-11-2865-Sun1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1874",
      "DOI": "10.1175/1520-0442(1995)008<1874:POICRP>2.0.CO;2",
      "article-title": "Parameterization of ice cloud radiative properties and its application to the potential climatic importance of mixed-phase clouds.",
      "volume": "8",
      "author": "Sun",
      "year": "1995",
      "journal-title": "J. Climate"
    },
    {
      "key": "2020061306073028500_i1520-0469-63-11-2865-Tremblay1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1289",
      "DOI": "10.1175/1520-0493(2000)128<1289:AIMSFF>2.0.CO;2",
      "article-title": "An improved modeling scheme for freezing precipitation forecasts.",
      "volume": "128",
      "author": "Tremblay",
      "year": "2000",
      "journal-title": "Mon. Wea. Rev."
    },
    {
      "key": "2020061306073028500_i1520-0469-63-11-2865-Williams1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "795",
      "DOI": "10.1175/1520-0426(2000)017<0795:WMOAMT>2.0.CO;2",
      "article-title": "Wind measurements on a maneuvering twin-engine turboprop aircraft accounting for flow distortion.",
      "volume": "17",
      "author": "Williams",
      "year": "2000",
      "journal-title": "J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol."
    },
    {
      "key": "2020061306073028500_i1520-0469-63-11-2865-Wood1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1888",
      "DOI": "10.1175/1520-0469(2000)057<1888:RBTWCW>2.0.CO;2",
      "article-title": "Relationships between total water, condensed water, and cloud fraction in stratiform clouds examined using aircraft data.",
      "volume": "57",
      "author": "Wood",
      "year": "2000",
      "journal-title": "J. Atmos. Sci."
    }
  ],
  "container-title": "Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences",
  "original-title": [],
  "language": "en",
  "link": [
    {
      "URL": "http://journals.ametsoc.org/jas/article-pdf/63/11/2865/3486807/jas3784_1.pdf",
      "content-type": "application/pdf",
      "content-version": "vor",
      "intended-application": "syndication"
    },
    {
      "URL": "http://journals.ametsoc.org/jas/article-pdf/63/11/2865/3486807/jas3784_1.pdf",
      "content-type": "unspecified",
      "content-version": "vor",
      "intended-application": "similarity-checking"
    }
  ],
  "deposited": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2021,
        8,
        5
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2021-08-05T09:20:17Z",
    "timestamp": 1628155217000
  },
  "score": 1,
  "resource": {
    "primary": {
      "URL": "https://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/10.1175/JAS3784.1"
    }
  },
  "subtitle": [],
  "short-title": [],
  "issued": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2006,
        11,
        1
      ]
    ]
  },
  "references-count": 46,
  "journal-issue": {
    "issue": "11",
    "published-print": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          2006,
          11,
          1
        ]
      ]
    }
  },
  "URL": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/JAS3784.1",
  "relation": {},
  "ISSN": [
    "1520-0469",
    "0022-4928"
  ],
  "subject": [],
  "published": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2006,
        11,
        1
      ]
    ]
  }
}