DOI: 10.1161/01.str.6.3.308. Detailed Description of a Cranial Window Technique for Acute and Chronic Experiments

Detailed Description of a Cranial Window Technique for Acute and Chronic Experiments

10.1161/01.str.6.3.308

Crossref journal-article

Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)

Stroke (276)

Abstract

Methods for implantation of cranial windows for the direct observation of the pial microcirculation in experimental animals are described in detail. These techniques are suitable for both acute experiments in anesthetized animals and chronic implantation permitting several months of observation in awake animals. Experience over several years shows that these techniques have an acceptably low rate of failure, are low in cost and can easily be mastered in most laboratories. They make possible observation of the microcirculation and accurate measurement of the diameter of pial vessels, and permit study of the effects on the microcirculation of a variety of maneuvers and vasoactive agents which can be studied by direct application as well as by intravascular administration. Because they preserve the integrity of the skull, the techniques permit study of the cerebral microcirculation under conditions closely approximating the normal environment of these vessels.

Bibliography

LEVASSEUR, J. E., WEI, E. P., RAPER, A. J., KONTOS, H. A., & PATTERSON, J. L. (1975). Detailed Description of a Cranial Window Technique for Acute and Chronic Experiments. Stroke, 6(3), 308â317.

Authors 5

JOSEPH E. LEVASSEUR (first)
ENOCH P. WEI (additional)
A. JARRELL RAPER (additional)
HERMES A. KONTOS (additional)
JOHN L. PATTERSON (additional)

References 0 Referenced 159

None

Dates

Type	When
Created	14 years, 2 months ago (June 17, 2011, 4:08 p.m.)
Deposited	1 year, 3 months ago (May 12, 2024, 6:27 p.m.)
Indexed	2 weeks, 2 days ago (Aug. 20, 2025, 8:35 a.m.)
Issued	50 years, 4 months ago (May 1, 1975)
Published	50 years, 4 months ago (May 1, 1975)
Published Print	50 years, 4 months ago (May 1, 1975)

Funders 0

None

BibTeX

@article{LEVASSEUR_1975, title={Detailed Description of a Cranial Window Technique for Acute and Chronic Experiments}, volume={6}, ISSN={1524-4628}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.str.6.3.308}, DOI={10.1161/01.str.6.3.308}, number={3}, journal={Stroke}, publisher={Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)}, author={LEVASSEUR, JOSEPH E. and WEI, ENOCH P. and RAPER, A. JARRELL and KONTOS, HERMES A. and PATTERSON, JOHN L.}, year={1975}, month=may, pages={308–317} }

JSON

{
  "indexed": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2025,
        8,
        20
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2025-08-20T12:35:23Z",
    "timestamp": 1755693323125
  },
  "reference-count": 0,
  "publisher": "Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)",
  "issue": "3",
  "content-domain": {
    "domain": [
      "www.ahajournals.org"
    ],
    "crossmark-restriction": true
  },
  "published-print": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        1975,
        5
      ]
    ]
  },
  "abstract": "<jats:p>Methods for implantation of cranial windows for the direct observation of the pial microcirculation in experimental animals are described in detail. These techniques are suitable for both acute experiments in anesthetized animals and chronic implantation permitting several months of observation in awake animals. Experience over several years shows that these techniques have an acceptably low rate of failure, are low in cost and can easily be mastered in most laboratories. They make possible observation of the microcirculation and accurate measurement of the diameter of pial vessels, and permit study of the effects on the microcirculation of a variety of maneuvers and vasoactive agents which can be studied by direct application as well as by intravascular administration. Because they preserve the integrity of the skull, the techniques permit study of the cerebral microcirculation under conditions closely approximating the normal environment of these vessels.</jats:p>",
  "DOI": "10.1161/01.str.6.3.308",
  "type": "journal-article",
  "created": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2011,
        6,
        17
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2011-06-17T20:08:03Z",
    "timestamp": 1308341283000
  },
  "page": "308-317",
  "update-policy": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/crossmarkpolicy",
  "source": "Crossref",
  "is-referenced-by-count": 159,
  "title": "Detailed Description of a Cranial Window Technique for Acute and Chronic Experiments",
  "prefix": "10.1161",
  "volume": "6",
  "author": [
    {
      "given": "JOSEPH E.",
      "family": "LEVASSEUR",
      "sequence": "first",
      "affiliation": [
        {
          "name": "Department of Medicine, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Health Sciences Division, 1200 East Broad Street, Richmond, Virginia 23298"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "given": "ENOCH P.",
      "family": "WEI",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": [
        {
          "name": "Department of Medicine, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Health Sciences Division, 1200 East Broad Street, Richmond, Virginia 23298"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "given": "A. JARRELL",
      "family": "RAPER",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": [
        {
          "name": "Department of Medicine, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Health Sciences Division, 1200 East Broad Street, Richmond, Virginia 23298"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "given": "HERMES A.",
      "family": "KONTOS",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": [
        {
          "name": "Department of Medicine, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Health Sciences Division, 1200 East Broad Street, Richmond, Virginia 23298"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "suffix": "JR.",
      "given": "JOHN L.",
      "family": "PATTERSON",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": [
        {
          "name": "Department of Medicine, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Health Sciences Division, 1200 East Broad Street, Richmond, Virginia 23298"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "member": "276",
  "container-title": "Stroke",
  "original-title": [],
  "language": "en",
  "link": [
    {
      "URL": "https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1161/01.STR.6.3.308",
      "content-type": "unspecified",
      "content-version": "vor",
      "intended-application": "similarity-checking"
    }
  ],
  "deposited": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2024,
        5,
        12
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2024-05-12T22:27:31Z",
    "timestamp": 1715552851000
  },
  "score": 1,
  "resource": {
    "primary": {
      "URL": "https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/01.STR.6.3.308"
    }
  },
  "subtitle": [],
  "short-title": [],
  "issued": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        1975,
        5
      ]
    ]
  },
  "references-count": 0,
  "journal-issue": {
    "issue": "3",
    "published-print": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          1975,
          5
        ]
      ]
    }
  },
  "alternative-id": [
    "10.1161/01.STR.6.3.308"
  ],
  "URL": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.6.3.308",
  "relation": {},
  "ISSN": [
    "0039-2499",
    "1524-4628"
  ],
  "subject": [],
  "container-title-short": "Stroke",
  "published": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        1975,
        5
      ]
    ]
  },
  "assertion": [
    {
      "value": "1975-05-01",
      "order": 2,
      "name": "published",
      "label": "Published",
      "group": {
        "name": "publication_history",
        "label": "Publication History"
      }
    }
  ]
}