Pulmonary surfactant plays a variety of roles related to the regulation of immune function in the lung. Of particular interest in this regard is surfactant protein A (SP-A), a calcium-dependent lectin. We have reported previously that SP-A enhances concanavalin A-induced proliferation, and in this study we examined the secretion of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukins 1 alpha, 1 beta, and 6, and interferon-gamma by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Levels of all of the cytokines except interferon-gamma were increased by SP-A. In rat peripheral blood cells, splenocytes, and alveolar macrophages we found a similar enhancement of TNF-alpha release by SP-A. In combinations of SP-A and surfactant lipids, the increased levels of TNF-alpha resulting from SP-A treatment decreased as the lipids increased. At higher relative concentrations of SP-A, the lipids had little or no effect. SP-A also enhanced the production of immunoglobulins A, G, and M by rat splenocytes. Levels of each isotype were increased severalfold over control levels. These data demonstrate that SP-A is capable of modulating immune cell function in the lung by regulating cytokine production and immunoglobulin secretion.

Kremlev, S. G., & Phelps, D. S. (1994). Surfactant protein A stimulation of inflammatory cytokine and immunoglobulin production. American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology, 267(6), L712–L719.