DOI: 10.1146/annurev.micro.57.030502.090913. Multiple Sigma Subunits and the Partitioning of Bacterial Transcription Space

Multiple Sigma Subunits and the Partitioning of Bacterial Transcription Space

10.1146/annurev.micro.57.030502.090913

Crossref journal-article

Annual Reviews

Annual Review of Microbiology (22)

Abstract

▪ Abstract Promoter recognition in eubacteria is carried out by the initiation factor sigma, which binds RNA polymerase and initiates transcription. Cells have one housekeeping factor and a variable number of alternative sigma factors that possess different promoter-recognition properties. The cell can choose from its repertoire of sigmas to alter its transcriptional program in response to stress. Recent structural information illuminates the process of initiation and also shows that the two key sigma domains are structurally conserved, even among diverse family members. We use the sigma repertoire of Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Streptomyces coelicolor, and cyanobacteria to illustrate the different strategies utilized to organize transcriptional space using multiple sigma factors.

Bibliography

Gruber, T. M., & Gross, C. A. (2003). Multiple Sigma Subunits and the Partitioning of Bacterial Transcription Space. Annual Review of Microbiology, 57(1), 441â466.

Authors 2

Tanja M. Gruber (first)
Carol A. Gross (additional)

References 145 Referenced 798

10.1101/gad.13.18.2449
{'key': 'b2', 'author': 'Alba BM', 'year': '2003', 'journal-title': 'Mol. Microbiol.'} / Mol. Microbiol. by Alba BM (2003)
10.1101/gad.1008902
10.1016/S0300-9084(00)00611-8
10.1016/S0168-1605(00)00206-3
10.1074/jbc.M002040200
10.1046/j.1365-2958.2001.02305.x
10.1006/jmbi.2000.4328
10.1006/jmbi.2000.4327
10.1093/emboj/16.13.4034
10.1073/pnas.96.6.3188
10.1128/JB.182.16.4606-4616.2000
10.1016/S0923-2508(02)01368-2
10.1128/jb.174.22.7273-7282.1992
10.1007/s002030050451
10.1007/s004380050585
10.1128/JB.182.15.4129-4136.2000
10.1128/jb.174.15.5165-5167.1992
10.1016/0092-8674(88)90472-2
10.1016/S1097-2765(00)80313-5
10.1016/S0092-8674(02)00662-1
10.1016/S1097-2765(02)00470-7
10.1016/S1097-2765(03)00148-5
10.1128/JB.180.18.4938-4941.1998 / J. Bacteriol. by Campbell EL (1998)
10.1128/JB.183.7.2380-2383.2001
10.1006/jmbi.2001.5372
10.1046/j.1365-2958.2002.03050.x
10.1099/00221287-143-12-3807
10.1016/S1369-5274(01)00267-3
10.1016/0092-8674(89)90876-3
10.1128/MMBR.64.4.694-708.2000
10.1046/j.1365-2958.2001.02622.x
10.1046/j.1365-2443.2002.00517.x
10.1016/S0959-437X(98)80033-6
10.1101/gad.892801
10.1046/j.1365-2958.2001.02387.x
{'key': 'b37', 'first-page': '164', 'volume': '5', 'author': 'Felsenstein J', 'year': '1989', 'journal-title': 'Cladistics'} / Cladistics by Felsenstein J (1989)
10.1046/j.1365-2958.2001.02703.x
10.1128/JB.183.20.5991-5996.2001
10.1128/jb.175.24.7982-7989.1993
10.1016/S1369-5274(98)80113-6
10.1016/S0966-842X(97)01182-7
10.1016/0378-1119(83)90180-4
10.1101/sqb.1998.63.141
10.1007/s002030050563
10.1016/S1097-2765(01)00292-1
10.1093/nar/21.15.3537
10.1016/S0065-2911(01)44011-2
10.1016/S0065-2911(02)46002-X
10.1128/MMBR.66.3.373-395.2002
10.1016/S1369-5274(02)00372-7
10.1073/pnas.92.8.3516
10.1016/S0074-7696(08)62145-2
10.1038/nsb0702-502
10.1046/j.1365-2958.1999.01180.x
10.1006/jmbi.1998.1765
10.1099/00221287-146-11-2877
10.1080/07352689209382326
10.1146/annurev.micro.54.1.499
10.1073/pnas.94.26.14948
10.1128/JB.183.9.2952-2956.2001
10.1128/jb.177.23.6832-6835.1995
10.1073/pnas.95.9.4953
10.1128/JB.181.12.3768-3776.1999 / J. Bacteriol. by Jishage M (1999)
10.1128/jb.178.18.5447-5451.1996
10.1101/gad.227902
10.1093/oxfordjournals.pcp.a029612
10.1093/emboj/18.15.4292
10.1016/S1369-5274(98)80111-2
10.1128/JB.183.22.6667-6675.2001
10.1016/S0378-1097(99)00032-4
10.1016/S0378-1097(00)00247-0
10.1126/science.289.5479.619
10.1016/S1369-5274(00)00140-5
10.1126/science.1066303
10.1073/pnas.84.7.1784
10.1104/pp.123.3.883
10.1038/387493a0
10.1016/S0022-2836(02)00948-8
10.1101/gad.9.12.1469
10.1128/jb.174.12.3843-3849.1992
10.1073/pnas.91.16.7573
10.1021/bi00574a034
10.1093/nar/28.18.3497
10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81329-X
10.1046/j.1365-2958.2002.03005.x
10.1128/jb.176.8.2427-2434.1994
10.1128/jb.176.18.5820-5830.1994
10.1016/S0092-8674(02)00667-0
{'key': 'b90', 'first-page': '77', 'volume': '4', 'author': 'Mittenhuber G', 'year': '2002', 'journal-title': 'J. Mol. Microbiol. Biotechnol.'} / J. Mol. Microbiol. Biotechnol. by Mittenhuber G (2002)
10.1002/j.1460-2075.1991.tb04892.x
10.1016/S0014-5793(99)00593-1
10.1128/JB.181.2.401-410.1999 / J. Bacteriol. by Morita M (1999)
10.1101/gad.13.6.655
10.1002/j.1460-2075.1996.tb00475.x
10.1016/S0959-440X(02)00005-2
10.1126/science.1069595
10.1126/science.1069594
10.1128/JB.183.3.1090-1095.2001
10.1046/j.1365-2443.1997.1600357.x
10.1128/JB.184.13.3530-3538.2002
10.1046/j.1365-2958.2001.02298.x
10.1128/JB.181.1.204-211.1999 / J. Bacteriol. by Paget MS (1999)
10.1093/emboj/17.19.5776
10.1046/j.1365-2958.1999.01452.x
10.1046/j.1365-2958.2001.02675.x
Paget SB, Hong H-J, Bibb MJ, Buttner MJ. 2002. The ECF sigma factors ofStreptomyces coelicolorA3(2). InSGM Symposium 61: Signals, Switches, Regulons and Cascades: Control of Bacterial Gene Expression, ed. DA Hodgson, CM Thomas, pp. 105–25. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
10.1093/nar/28.8.1838
10.1111/j.1365-2958.1995.mmi_17010037.x
10.1073/pnas.96.26.14765
10.1016/S1534-5807(01)00094-6
10.1046/j.1365-313X.1999.00465.x
10.1110/ps.11201
10.1093/emboj/cdf322
10.1007/s00203-001-0367-1
10.1006/jmbi.1996.0604
10.1126/science.1072163
10.1128/JB.183.1.162-170.2001
10.1146/annurev.genet.30.1.297
10.1038/329348a0
10.1016/S0378-1097(00)00082-3
10.1074/jbc.275.6.4210
10.1073/pnas.96.9.5316
10.1016/S0014-5793(97)00906-X
10.1002/j.1460-2075.1993.tb05822.x
10.1002/j.1460-2075.1995.tb07253.x
10.1046/j.1365-2958.1998.01090.x
10.1007/BF00309779
10.1002/j.1460-2075.1996.tb00606.x
10.1038/nature752
10.1046/j.1365-2958.2002.03088.x
10.1006/jmbi.2001.4690
10.1016/S0092-8674(02)00717-1
10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80873-9
10.1074/jbc.M209442200
10.1006/jmbi.1997.0875
10.1002/j.1460-2075.1995.tb07035.x
10.1104/pp.118.4.1533
10.1016/S0092-8674(01)00398-1
10.1016/S0092-8674(02)00752-3
Yura T, Kanemori M, Morita MT. 2000. The heat shock response: regulation and function. InBacterial Stress Response, ed. G Storz, R Hengge-Aronis, pp. 3–18. Washington, DC: ASM
10.1128/JB.180.9.2434-2441.1998 / J. Bacteriol. by Zhang B (1998)
10.1101/gad.864401
10.1073/pnas.95.6.2908
10.1128/JB.183.4.1472-1475.2001

Dates

Type	When
Created	21 years, 6 months ago (Feb. 13, 2004, 2:35 a.m.)
Deposited	3 years, 10 months ago (Oct. 14, 2021, 4:42 a.m.)
Indexed	19 hours, 32 minutes ago (Sept. 4, 2025, 9:33 a.m.)
Issued	21 years, 11 months ago (Oct. 1, 2003)
Published	21 years, 11 months ago (Oct. 1, 2003)
Published Print	21 years, 11 months ago (Oct. 1, 2003)

Funders 0

None

BibTeX

@article{Gruber_2003, title={Multiple Sigma Subunits and the Partitioning of Bacterial Transcription Space}, volume={57}, ISSN={1545-3251}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.micro.57.030502.090913}, DOI={10.1146/annurev.micro.57.030502.090913}, number={1}, journal={Annual Review of Microbiology}, publisher={Annual Reviews}, author={Gruber, Tanja M. and Gross, Carol A.}, year={2003}, month=oct, pages={441–466} }

JSON

{
  "indexed": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2025,
        9,
        4
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2025-09-04T13:33:19Z",
    "timestamp": 1756992799585
  },
  "reference-count": 145,
  "publisher": "Annual Reviews",
  "issue": "1",
  "content-domain": {
    "domain": [],
    "crossmark-restriction": false
  },
  "published-print": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2003,
        10
      ]
    ]
  },
  "abstract": "<jats:p> \u25aa Abstract\u2002 Promoter recognition in eubacteria is carried out by the initiation factor sigma, which binds RNA polymerase and initiates transcription. Cells have one housekeeping factor and a variable number of alternative sigma factors that possess different promoter-recognition properties. The cell can choose from its repertoire of sigmas to alter its transcriptional program in response to stress. Recent structural information illuminates the process of initiation and also shows that the two key sigma domains are structurally conserved, even among diverse family members. We use the sigma repertoire of Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Streptomyces coelicolor, and cyanobacteria to illustrate the different strategies utilized to organize transcriptional space using multiple sigma factors. </jats:p>",
  "DOI": "10.1146/annurev.micro.57.030502.090913",
  "type": "journal-article",
  "created": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2004,
        2,
        13
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2004-02-13T07:35:16Z",
    "timestamp": 1076657716000
  },
  "page": "441-466",
  "source": "Crossref",
  "is-referenced-by-count": 798,
  "title": "Multiple Sigma Subunits and the Partitioning of Bacterial Transcription Space",
  "prefix": "10.1146",
  "volume": "57",
  "author": [
    {
      "given": "Tanja M.",
      "family": "Gruber",
      "sequence": "first",
      "affiliation": [
        {
          "name": "Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Genentech Hall, 600 16th St., San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143;"
        },
        {
          "name": "Department of Stomatology, University of California, Genentech Hall, 600 16th St., San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143;"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "given": "Carol A.",
      "family": "Gross",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": [
        {
          "name": "Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Genentech Hall, 600 16th St., San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143;"
        },
        {
          "name": "Department of Stomatology, University of California, Genentech Hall, 600 16th St., San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143;"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "member": "22",
  "reference": [
    {
      "key": "b1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1101/gad.13.18.2449"
    },
    {
      "key": "b2",
      "author": "Alba BM",
      "year": "2003",
      "journal-title": "Mol. Microbiol."
    },
    {
      "key": "b3",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1101/gad.1008902"
    },
    {
      "key": "b4",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0300-9084(00)00611-8"
    },
    {
      "key": "b5",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0168-1605(00)00206-3"
    },
    {
      "key": "b6",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1074/jbc.M002040200"
    },
    {
      "key": "b7",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1046/j.1365-2958.2001.02305.x"
    },
    {
      "key": "b8",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1006/jmbi.2000.4328"
    },
    {
      "key": "b9",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1006/jmbi.2000.4327"
    },
    {
      "key": "b10",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1093/emboj/16.13.4034"
    },
    {
      "key": "b11",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1073/pnas.96.6.3188"
    },
    {
      "key": "b12",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1128/JB.182.16.4606-4616.2000"
    },
    {
      "key": "b13",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0923-2508(02)01368-2"
    },
    {
      "key": "b14",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1128/jb.174.22.7273-7282.1992"
    },
    {
      "key": "b15",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1007/s002030050451"
    },
    {
      "key": "b16",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1007/s004380050585"
    },
    {
      "key": "b17",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1128/JB.182.15.4129-4136.2000"
    },
    {
      "key": "b18",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1128/jb.174.15.5165-5167.1992"
    },
    {
      "key": "b19",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0092-8674(88)90472-2"
    },
    {
      "key": "b20",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S1097-2765(00)80313-5"
    },
    {
      "key": "b21",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0092-8674(02)00662-1"
    },
    {
      "key": "b22",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S1097-2765(02)00470-7"
    },
    {
      "key": "b23",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S1097-2765(03)00148-5"
    },
    {
      "key": "b24",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "4938",
      "DOI": "10.1128/JB.180.18.4938-4941.1998",
      "volume": "180",
      "author": "Campbell EL",
      "year": "1998",
      "journal-title": "J. Bacteriol."
    },
    {
      "key": "b25",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1128/JB.183.7.2380-2383.2001"
    },
    {
      "key": "b26",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1006/jmbi.2001.5372"
    },
    {
      "key": "b27",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1046/j.1365-2958.2002.03050.x"
    },
    {
      "key": "b28",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1099/00221287-143-12-3807"
    },
    {
      "key": "b29",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S1369-5274(01)00267-3"
    },
    {
      "key": "b30",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0092-8674(89)90876-3"
    },
    {
      "key": "b31",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1128/MMBR.64.4.694-708.2000"
    },
    {
      "key": "b32",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1046/j.1365-2958.2001.02622.x"
    },
    {
      "key": "b33",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1046/j.1365-2443.2002.00517.x"
    },
    {
      "key": "b34",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0959-437X(98)80033-6"
    },
    {
      "key": "b35",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1101/gad.892801"
    },
    {
      "key": "b36",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1046/j.1365-2958.2001.02387.x"
    },
    {
      "key": "b37",
      "first-page": "164",
      "volume": "5",
      "author": "Felsenstein J",
      "year": "1989",
      "journal-title": "Cladistics"
    },
    {
      "key": "b38",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1046/j.1365-2958.2001.02703.x"
    },
    {
      "key": "b39",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1128/JB.183.20.5991-5996.2001"
    },
    {
      "key": "b40",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1128/jb.175.24.7982-7989.1993"
    },
    {
      "key": "b41",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S1369-5274(98)80113-6"
    },
    {
      "key": "b42",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0966-842X(97)01182-7"
    },
    {
      "key": "b43",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0378-1119(83)90180-4"
    },
    {
      "key": "b44",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1101/sqb.1998.63.141"
    },
    {
      "key": "b45",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1007/s002030050563"
    },
    {
      "key": "b46",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S1097-2765(01)00292-1"
    },
    {
      "key": "b47",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1093/nar/21.15.3537"
    },
    {
      "key": "b48",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0065-2911(01)44011-2"
    },
    {
      "key": "b49",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0065-2911(02)46002-X"
    },
    {
      "key": "b50",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1128/MMBR.66.3.373-395.2002"
    },
    {
      "key": "b51",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S1369-5274(02)00372-7"
    },
    {
      "key": "b52",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1073/pnas.92.8.3516"
    },
    {
      "key": "b53",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0074-7696(08)62145-2"
    },
    {
      "key": "b54",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1038/nsb0702-502"
    },
    {
      "key": "b55",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1046/j.1365-2958.1999.01180.x"
    },
    {
      "key": "b56",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1006/jmbi.1998.1765"
    },
    {
      "key": "b57",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1099/00221287-146-11-2877"
    },
    {
      "key": "b58",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1080/07352689209382326"
    },
    {
      "key": "b59",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1146/annurev.micro.54.1.499"
    },
    {
      "key": "b60",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1073/pnas.94.26.14948"
    },
    {
      "key": "b61",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1128/JB.183.9.2952-2956.2001"
    },
    {
      "key": "b62",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1128/jb.177.23.6832-6835.1995"
    },
    {
      "key": "b63",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1073/pnas.95.9.4953"
    },
    {
      "key": "b64",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "3768",
      "DOI": "10.1128/JB.181.12.3768-3776.1999",
      "volume": "181",
      "author": "Jishage M",
      "year": "1999",
      "journal-title": "J. Bacteriol."
    },
    {
      "key": "b65",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1128/jb.178.18.5447-5451.1996"
    },
    {
      "key": "b66",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1101/gad.227902"
    },
    {
      "key": "b67",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1093/oxfordjournals.pcp.a029612"
    },
    {
      "key": "b68",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1093/emboj/18.15.4292"
    },
    {
      "key": "b69",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S1369-5274(98)80111-2"
    },
    {
      "key": "b70",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1128/JB.183.22.6667-6675.2001"
    },
    {
      "key": "b71",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0378-1097(99)00032-4"
    },
    {
      "key": "b72",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0378-1097(00)00247-0"
    },
    {
      "key": "b73",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1126/science.289.5479.619"
    },
    {
      "key": "b74",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S1369-5274(00)00140-5"
    },
    {
      "key": "b75",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1126/science.1066303"
    },
    {
      "key": "b76",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1073/pnas.84.7.1784"
    },
    {
      "key": "b77",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1104/pp.123.3.883"
    },
    {
      "key": "b78",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1038/387493a0"
    },
    {
      "key": "b79",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0022-2836(02)00948-8"
    },
    {
      "key": "b80",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1101/gad.9.12.1469"
    },
    {
      "key": "b81",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1128/jb.174.12.3843-3849.1992"
    },
    {
      "key": "b82",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1073/pnas.91.16.7573"
    },
    {
      "key": "b83",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1021/bi00574a034"
    },
    {
      "key": "b84",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1093/nar/28.18.3497"
    },
    {
      "key": "b85",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81329-X"
    },
    {
      "key": "b86",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1046/j.1365-2958.2002.03005.x"
    },
    {
      "key": "b87",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1128/jb.176.8.2427-2434.1994"
    },
    {
      "key": "b88",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1128/jb.176.18.5820-5830.1994"
    },
    {
      "key": "b89",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0092-8674(02)00667-0"
    },
    {
      "key": "b90",
      "first-page": "77",
      "volume": "4",
      "author": "Mittenhuber G",
      "year": "2002",
      "journal-title": "J. Mol. Microbiol. Biotechnol."
    },
    {
      "key": "b91",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1002/j.1460-2075.1991.tb04892.x"
    },
    {
      "key": "b92",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0014-5793(99)00593-1"
    },
    {
      "key": "b93",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "401",
      "DOI": "10.1128/JB.181.2.401-410.1999",
      "volume": "181",
      "author": "Morita M",
      "year": "1999",
      "journal-title": "J. Bacteriol."
    },
    {
      "key": "b94",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1101/gad.13.6.655"
    },
    {
      "key": "b95",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1002/j.1460-2075.1996.tb00475.x"
    },
    {
      "key": "b96",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0959-440X(02)00005-2"
    },
    {
      "key": "b97",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1126/science.1069595"
    },
    {
      "key": "b98",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1126/science.1069594"
    },
    {
      "key": "b99",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1128/JB.183.3.1090-1095.2001"
    },
    {
      "key": "b100",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1046/j.1365-2443.1997.1600357.x"
    },
    {
      "key": "b101",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1128/JB.184.13.3530-3538.2002"
    },
    {
      "key": "b102",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1046/j.1365-2958.2001.02298.x"
    },
    {
      "key": "b103",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "204",
      "DOI": "10.1128/JB.181.1.204-211.1999",
      "volume": "181",
      "author": "Paget MS",
      "year": "1999",
      "journal-title": "J. Bacteriol."
    },
    {
      "key": "b104",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1093/emboj/17.19.5776"
    },
    {
      "key": "b105",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1046/j.1365-2958.1999.01452.x"
    },
    {
      "key": "b106",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1046/j.1365-2958.2001.02675.x"
    },
    {
      "key": "b107",
      "unstructured": "Paget SB, Hong H-J, Bibb MJ, Buttner MJ. 2002. The ECF sigma factors ofStreptomyces coelicolorA3(2). InSGM Symposium 61: Signals, Switches, Regulons and Cascades: Control of Bacterial Gene Expression, ed. DA Hodgson, CM Thomas, pp. 105\u201325. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press"
    },
    {
      "key": "b108",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1093/nar/28.8.1838"
    },
    {
      "key": "b109",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1111/j.1365-2958.1995.mmi_17010037.x"
    },
    {
      "key": "b110",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1073/pnas.96.26.14765"
    },
    {
      "key": "b111",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S1534-5807(01)00094-6"
    },
    {
      "key": "b112",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1046/j.1365-313X.1999.00465.x"
    },
    {
      "key": "b113",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1110/ps.11201"
    },
    {
      "key": "b114",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1093/emboj/cdf322"
    },
    {
      "key": "b115",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1007/s00203-001-0367-1"
    },
    {
      "key": "b116",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1006/jmbi.1996.0604"
    },
    {
      "key": "b117",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1126/science.1072163"
    },
    {
      "key": "b118",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1128/JB.183.1.162-170.2001"
    },
    {
      "key": "b119",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1146/annurev.genet.30.1.297"
    },
    {
      "key": "b120",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1038/329348a0"
    },
    {
      "key": "b121",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0378-1097(00)00082-3"
    },
    {
      "key": "b122",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1074/jbc.275.6.4210"
    },
    {
      "key": "b123",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1073/pnas.96.9.5316"
    },
    {
      "key": "b124",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0014-5793(97)00906-X"
    },
    {
      "key": "b125",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1002/j.1460-2075.1993.tb05822.x"
    },
    {
      "key": "b126",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1002/j.1460-2075.1995.tb07253.x"
    },
    {
      "key": "b127",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1046/j.1365-2958.1998.01090.x"
    },
    {
      "key": "b128",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1007/BF00309779"
    },
    {
      "key": "b129",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1002/j.1460-2075.1996.tb00606.x"
    },
    {
      "key": "b130",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1038/nature752"
    },
    {
      "key": "b131",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1046/j.1365-2958.2002.03088.x"
    },
    {
      "key": "b132",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1006/jmbi.2001.4690"
    },
    {
      "key": "b133",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0092-8674(02)00717-1"
    },
    {
      "key": "b134",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80873-9"
    },
    {
      "key": "b135",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1074/jbc.M209442200"
    },
    {
      "key": "b136",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1006/jmbi.1997.0875"
    },
    {
      "key": "b137",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1002/j.1460-2075.1995.tb07035.x"
    },
    {
      "key": "b138",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1104/pp.118.4.1533"
    },
    {
      "key": "b139",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0092-8674(01)00398-1"
    },
    {
      "key": "b140",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0092-8674(02)00752-3"
    },
    {
      "key": "b141",
      "unstructured": "Yura T, Kanemori M, Morita MT. 2000. The heat shock response: regulation and function. InBacterial Stress Response, ed. G Storz, R Hengge-Aronis, pp. 3\u201318. Washington, DC: ASM"
    },
    {
      "key": "b142",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "2434",
      "DOI": "10.1128/JB.180.9.2434-2441.1998",
      "volume": "180",
      "author": "Zhang B",
      "year": "1998",
      "journal-title": "J. Bacteriol."
    },
    {
      "key": "b143",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1101/gad.864401"
    },
    {
      "key": "b144",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1073/pnas.95.6.2908"
    },
    {
      "key": "b145",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1128/JB.183.4.1472-1475.2001"
    }
  ],
  "container-title": "Annual Review of Microbiology",
  "original-title": [],
  "language": "en",
  "link": [
    {
      "URL": "https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev.micro.57.030502.090913",
      "content-type": "unspecified",
      "content-version": "vor",
      "intended-application": "similarity-checking"
    }
  ],
  "deposited": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2021,
        10,
        14
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2021-10-14T08:42:35Z",
    "timestamp": 1634200955000
  },
  "score": 1,
  "resource": {
    "primary": {
      "URL": "https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev.micro.57.030502.090913"
    }
  },
  "subtitle": [],
  "short-title": [],
  "issued": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2003,
        10
      ]
    ]
  },
  "references-count": 145,
  "journal-issue": {
    "issue": "1",
    "published-print": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          2003,
          10
        ]
      ]
    }
  },
  "alternative-id": [
    "10.1146/annurev.micro.57.030502.090913"
  ],
  "URL": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.micro.57.030502.090913",
  "relation": {},
  "ISSN": [
    "0066-4227",
    "1545-3251"
  ],
  "subject": [],
  "container-title-short": "Annu. Rev. Microbiol.",
  "published": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2003,
        10
      ]
    ]
  }
}