DOI: 10.1146/annurev.micro.54.1.799. Holins: The Protein Clocks of Bacteriophage Infections

Holins: The Protein Clocks of Bacteriophage Infections

10.1146/annurev.micro.54.1.799

Crossref journal-article

Annual Reviews

Annual Review of Microbiology (22)

Abstract

▪ Abstract Two proteins, an endolysin and a holin, are essential for host lysis by bacteriophage. Endolysin is the term for muralytic enzymes that degrade the cell wall; endolysins accumulate in the cytosol fully folded during the vegetative cycle. Holins are small membrane proteins that accumulate in the membrane until, at a specific time that is “programmed” into the holin gene, the membrane suddenly becomes permeabilized to the fully folded endolysin. Destruction of the murein and bursting of the cell are immediate sequelae. Holins control the length of the infective cycle for lytic phages and so are subject to intense evolutionary pressure to achieve lysis at an optimal time. Holins are regulated by protein inhibitors of several different kinds. Holins constitute one of the most diverse functional groups, with >100 known or putative holin sequences, which form >30 ortholog groups.

Bibliography

Wang, I.-N., Smith, D. L., & Young, R. (2000). Holins: The Protein Clocks of Bacteriophage Infections. Annual Review of Microbiology, 54(1), 799â825.

Authors 3

Ing-Nang Wang (first)
David L. Smith (additional)
Ry Young (additional)

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Dates

Type	When
Created	23 years, 1 month ago (July 27, 2002, 7:45 a.m.)
Deposited	3 years, 10 months ago (Oct. 14, 2021, 4:43 a.m.)
Indexed	2 days, 5 hours ago (Aug. 27, 2025, 11:50 a.m.)
Issued	24 years, 10 months ago (Oct. 1, 2000)
Published	24 years, 10 months ago (Oct. 1, 2000)
Published Print	24 years, 10 months ago (Oct. 1, 2000)

Funders 0

None

BibTeX

@article{Wang_2000, title={Holins: The Protein Clocks of Bacteriophage Infections}, volume={54}, ISSN={1545-3251}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.micro.54.1.799}, DOI={10.1146/annurev.micro.54.1.799}, number={1}, journal={Annual Review of Microbiology}, publisher={Annual Reviews}, author={Wang, Ing-Nang and Smith, David L. and Young, Ry}, year={2000}, month=oct, pages={799–825} }

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