DOI: 10.1146/annurev.biophys.30.1.361. Protein Folding Theory: From Lattice to All-Atom Models

Protein Folding Theory: From Lattice to All-Atom Models

10.1146/annurev.biophys.30.1.361

Crossref journal-article

Annual Reviews

Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure (22)

Abstract

▪ Abstract This review focuses on recent advances in understanding protein folding kinetics in the context of nucleation theory. We present basic concepts such as nucleation, folding nucleus, and transition state ensemble and then discuss recent advances and challenges in theoretical understanding of several key aspects of protein folding kinetics. We cover recent topology-based approaches as well as evolutionary studies and molecular dynamics approaches to determine protein folding nucleus and analyze other aspects of folding kinetics. Finally, we briefly discuss successful all-atom Monte-Carlo simulations of protein folding and conclude with a brief outlook for the future.

Bibliography

Mirny, L., & Shakhnovich, E. (2001). Protein Folding Theory: From Lattice to All-Atom Models. Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure, 30(1), 361â396.

Authors 2

Leonid Mirny (first)
Eugene Shakhnovich (additional)

References 135 Referenced 292

10.1063/1.467320
10.1021/bi00199a029
10.1006/jmbi.1995.0511
10.1073/pnas.96.20.11305
10.1038/35011000
10.1016/S0968-0004(98)01345-0
10.1110/ps.9.3.452
10.1126/science.7618103
10.1016/S0959-440X(98)80043-2
10.1073/pnas.84.21.7524
10.1002/bip.360300117
10.1021/bi980245c
10.1002/1097-0134(20000901)40:4<543::AID-PROT20>3.0.CO;2-O
10.1038/nsb0197-10
10.1038/14890
10.1006/jmbi.2000.4190
10.1016/S0969-2126(99)80181-6
10.1006/jmbi.2000.3693
10.1006/jmbi.1999.2966
10.1016/S0959-440X(00)00062-2
10.1021/ja981558y
10.1002/pro.5560071205
10.1021/bi00327a032
10.1038/83003
10.1006/jmbi.1999.3051
10.1021/jp990851x
10.1016/S0968-0004(00)01610-8
10.1093/nar/26.1.313
10.1016/S1359-0278(98)00072-8
10.1006/jmbi.1999.3534
Deleted in proof
10.1063/1.475393
10.1126/science.282.5389.740
10.1021/bi981891e
10.1016/0022-2836(88)90447-0
10.1016/0022-2836(88)90447-0
10.1073/pnas.92.24.10869
{'key': 'b38', 'volume-title': 'Structure and Mechanism in Protein Science: A Guide to Enzyme Catalysis and Protein Folding.', 'author': 'Fersht AR', 'year': '1999'} / Structure and Mechanism in Protein Science: A Guide to Enzyme Catalysis and Protein Folding. by Fersht AR (1999)
10.1073/pnas.97.4.1525
10.1093/protein/10.8.843
10.1002/bip.360281004
10.1073/pnas.96.20.11299
Deleted in proof
10.1038/1412
10.1006/jmbi.2000.4234
10.1016/S1359-0278(98)00026-1
Deleted in proof
10.1006/jmbi.2000.3517
10.1021/j100069a028
10.1021/j100090a024
10.1006/jmbi.1998.1658
10.1002/prot.340170108
10.1006/jmbi.1995.0616
10.1016/S1359-0278(98)00033-9
10.1021/bi00107a010
Karplus M, Shakhnovich E. 1992. InProtein Folding, 4:127–96. New York: Freeman
10.1038/260404a0
10.1002/1097-0134(20000901)40:4<637::AID-PROT80>3.0.CO;2-4
10.1006/jmbi.1998.2192
10.1006/jmbi.1999.2843
10.1073/pnas.95.9.4982
10.1006/jmbi.1998.2200
10.1103/PhysRevLett.76.4070
10.1016/S1359-0278(98)00018-2
10.1006/jmbi.1998.1997
10.1002/(SICI)1097-0134(199703)27:3<336::AID-PROT2>3.0.CO;2-B
10.1038/9384
10.1073/pnas.97.19.10383
10.1093/protein/10.3.187
10.1073/pnas.95.15.8473
10.1126/science.278.5345.1928
10.1073/pnas.89.18.8721
10.1073/pnas.91.22.10430
10.1038/74111
10.1103/RevModPhys.50.683
10.1016/S1359-0278(96)00011-9
10.1021/bi9817820
10.1006/jmbi.1999.2742
10.1006/jmbi.1999.2941
10.1038/1418
10.1038/14896
{'key': 'b82', 'first-page': '190', 'volume': '6', 'author': 'Mateu M', 'year': '1999', 'journal-title': 'Nat. Struct. Biol.'} / Nat. Struct. Biol. by Mateu M (1999)
10.1038/77971
10.1126/science.1709301
10.1016/S1359-0278(98)00035-2
10.1016/S1359-0278(96)00019-3
10.1073/pnas.95.9.4976
10.1006/jmbi.1999.2911
10.1073/pnas.96.19.10699
10.1073/pnas.96.20.11311
10.1016/S1359-0278(96)00036-3
10.1006/jmbi.1999.2747
10.1073/pnas.79.13.4035
10.1006/jmbi.1997.1612
10.1016/S1359-0278(96)00060-0
10.1016/S0006-3495(00)76430-7
10.1016/S0959-440X(98)80012-2
10.1103/PhysRevE.51.3381
10.1073/pnas.96.4.1273
10.1073/pnas.96.16.9062
10.1038/nsb0398-229
10.1006/jmbi.1999.3663
10.1006/jmbi.1998.1645
10.1073/pnas.97.12.6509
10.1103/PhysRevLett.81.5237
10.1006/jmbi.1997.1322
10.1146/annurev.bb.18.060189.000245
10.1006/jmbi.1997.1620
10.1002/polc.5070160644
10.1006/jmbi.1999.2920
10.1103/PhysRevE.50.1303
10.1038/14901
10.1038/369248a0
10.1103/PhysRevE.48.465
10.1103/PhysRevLett.72.3907
10.1016/S0959-440X(97)80005-X
10.1016/S1359-0278(98)00056-X
Deleted in proof
10.1038/379096a0
{'key': 'b120', 'first-page': '1247', 'volume': '243', 'author': 'Shakhnovich E', 'year': '1982', 'journal-title': 'Dokl. Acad. Nauk SSSR'} / Dokl. Acad. Nauk SSSR by Shakhnovich E (1982)
10.1002/bip.360281003
10.1016/0301-4622(89)80058-4
10.1073/pnas.90.15.7195
10.1093/protein/6.8.793
10.1006/jmbi.1998.1688
10.1006/jmbi.1999.2613
10.1063/1.471317
10.1002/(SICI)1097-0134(199604)24:4<427::AID-PROT2>3.0.CO;2-B
10.1111/j.1399-3011.1975.tb02465.x
10.1073/pnas.96.26.14854
10.1006/jmbi.1999.2949
10.1038/335694a0
10.1038/nsb1197-939
10.1006/jmbi.1998.2158
10.1073/pnas.94.26.14429

Dates

Type	When
Created	23 years, 1 month ago (July 27, 2002, 7:49 a.m.)
Deposited	3 years, 11 months ago (Oct. 6, 2021, 5:33 p.m.)
Indexed	1 month, 1 week ago (July 30, 2025, 11:02 a.m.)
Issued	24 years, 3 months ago (June 1, 2001)
Published	24 years, 3 months ago (June 1, 2001)
Published Print	24 years, 3 months ago (June 1, 2001)

Funders 0

None

BibTeX

@article{Mirny_2001, title={Protein Folding Theory: From Lattice to All-Atom Models}, volume={30}, ISSN={1545-4266}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biophys.30.1.361}, DOI={10.1146/annurev.biophys.30.1.361}, number={1}, journal={Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure}, publisher={Annual Reviews}, author={Mirny, Leonid and Shakhnovich, Eugene}, year={2001}, month=jun, pages={361–396} }

JSON

{
  "indexed": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2025,
        7,
        30
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2025-07-30T15:02:09Z",
    "timestamp": 1753887729360
  },
  "reference-count": 135,
  "publisher": "Annual Reviews",
  "issue": "1",
  "content-domain": {
    "domain": [],
    "crossmark-restriction": false
  },
  "published-print": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2001,
        6
      ]
    ]
  },
  "abstract": "<jats:p> \u25aa Abstract\u2002 This review focuses on recent advances in understanding protein folding kinetics in the context of nucleation theory. We present basic concepts such as nucleation, folding nucleus, and transition state ensemble and then discuss recent advances and challenges in theoretical understanding of several key aspects of protein folding kinetics. We cover recent topology-based approaches as well as evolutionary studies and molecular dynamics approaches to determine protein folding nucleus and analyze other aspects of folding kinetics. Finally, we briefly discuss successful all-atom Monte-Carlo simulations of protein folding and conclude with a brief outlook for the future. </jats:p>",
  "DOI": "10.1146/annurev.biophys.30.1.361",
  "type": "journal-article",
  "created": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2002,
        7,
        27
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2002-07-27T11:49:00Z",
    "timestamp": 1027770540000
  },
  "page": "361-396",
  "source": "Crossref",
  "is-referenced-by-count": 292,
  "title": "Protein Folding Theory: From Lattice to All-Atom Models",
  "prefix": "10.1146",
  "volume": "30",
  "author": [
    {
      "given": "Leonid",
      "family": "Mirny",
      "sequence": "first",
      "affiliation": [
        {
          "name": "Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138;"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "given": "Eugene",
      "family": "Shakhnovich",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": [
        {
          "name": "Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138;"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "member": "22",
  "reference": [
    {
      "key": "b1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.467320"
    },
    {
      "key": "b2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1021/bi00199a029"
    },
    {
      "key": "b3",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1006/jmbi.1995.0511"
    },
    {
      "key": "b4",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1073/pnas.96.20.11305"
    },
    {
      "key": "b5",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1038/35011000"
    },
    {
      "key": "b6",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0968-0004(98)01345-0"
    },
    {
      "key": "b7",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1110/ps.9.3.452"
    },
    {
      "key": "b8",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1126/science.7618103"
    },
    {
      "key": "b9",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0959-440X(98)80043-2"
    },
    {
      "key": "b10",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1073/pnas.84.21.7524"
    },
    {
      "key": "b11",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1002/bip.360300117"
    },
    {
      "key": "b12",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1021/bi980245c"
    },
    {
      "key": "b13",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1002/1097-0134(20000901)40:4<543::AID-PROT20>3.0.CO;2-O"
    },
    {
      "key": "b14",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1038/nsb0197-10"
    },
    {
      "key": "b15",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1038/14890"
    },
    {
      "key": "b16",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1006/jmbi.2000.4190"
    },
    {
      "key": "b17",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0969-2126(99)80181-6"
    },
    {
      "key": "b18",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1006/jmbi.2000.3693"
    },
    {
      "key": "b19",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1006/jmbi.1999.2966"
    },
    {
      "key": "b20",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0959-440X(00)00062-2"
    },
    {
      "key": "b21",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1021/ja981558y"
    },
    {
      "key": "b22",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1002/pro.5560071205"
    },
    {
      "key": "b23",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1021/bi00327a032"
    },
    {
      "key": "b24",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1038/83003"
    },
    {
      "key": "b25",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1006/jmbi.1999.3051"
    },
    {
      "key": "b26",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1021/jp990851x"
    },
    {
      "key": "b27",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0968-0004(00)01610-8"
    },
    {
      "key": "b28",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1093/nar/26.1.313"
    },
    {
      "key": "b29",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S1359-0278(98)00072-8"
    },
    {
      "key": "b30",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1006/jmbi.1999.3534"
    },
    {
      "key": "b31",
      "unstructured": "Deleted in proof"
    },
    {
      "key": "b32",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.475393"
    },
    {
      "key": "b33",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1126/science.282.5389.740"
    },
    {
      "key": "b34",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1021/bi981891e"
    },
    {
      "key": "b35",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0022-2836(88)90447-0"
    },
    {
      "key": "b36",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0022-2836(88)90447-0"
    },
    {
      "key": "b37",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1073/pnas.92.24.10869"
    },
    {
      "key": "b38",
      "volume-title": "Structure and Mechanism in Protein Science: A Guide to Enzyme Catalysis and Protein Folding.",
      "author": "Fersht AR",
      "year": "1999"
    },
    {
      "key": "b39",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1073/pnas.97.4.1525"
    },
    {
      "key": "b40",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1093/protein/10.8.843"
    },
    {
      "key": "b41",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1002/bip.360281004"
    },
    {
      "key": "b42",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1073/pnas.96.20.11299"
    },
    {
      "key": "b43",
      "unstructured": "Deleted in proof"
    },
    {
      "key": "b44",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1038/1412"
    },
    {
      "key": "b45",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1006/jmbi.2000.4234"
    },
    {
      "key": "b46",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S1359-0278(98)00026-1"
    },
    {
      "key": "b47",
      "unstructured": "Deleted in proof"
    },
    {
      "key": "b48",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1006/jmbi.2000.3517"
    },
    {
      "key": "b49",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1021/j100069a028"
    },
    {
      "key": "b50",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1021/j100090a024"
    },
    {
      "key": "b51",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1006/jmbi.1998.1658"
    },
    {
      "key": "b52",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1002/prot.340170108"
    },
    {
      "key": "b53",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1006/jmbi.1995.0616"
    },
    {
      "key": "b54",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S1359-0278(98)00033-9"
    },
    {
      "key": "b55",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1021/bi00107a010"
    },
    {
      "key": "b56",
      "unstructured": "Karplus M, Shakhnovich E. 1992. InProtein Folding, 4:127\u201396. New York: Freeman"
    },
    {
      "key": "b57",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1038/260404a0"
    },
    {
      "key": "b58",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1002/1097-0134(20000901)40:4<637::AID-PROT80>3.0.CO;2-4"
    },
    {
      "key": "b59",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1006/jmbi.1998.2192"
    },
    {
      "key": "b60",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1006/jmbi.1999.2843"
    },
    {
      "key": "b61",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1073/pnas.95.9.4982"
    },
    {
      "key": "b62",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1006/jmbi.1998.2200"
    },
    {
      "key": "b63",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevLett.76.4070"
    },
    {
      "key": "b64",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S1359-0278(98)00018-2"
    },
    {
      "key": "b65",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1006/jmbi.1998.1997"
    },
    {
      "key": "b66",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1002/(SICI)1097-0134(199703)27:3<336::AID-PROT2>3.0.CO;2-B"
    },
    {
      "key": "b67",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1038/9384"
    },
    {
      "key": "b68",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1073/pnas.97.19.10383"
    },
    {
      "key": "b69",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1093/protein/10.3.187"
    },
    {
      "key": "b70",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1073/pnas.95.15.8473"
    },
    {
      "key": "b71",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1126/science.278.5345.1928"
    },
    {
      "key": "b72",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1073/pnas.89.18.8721"
    },
    {
      "key": "b73",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1073/pnas.91.22.10430"
    },
    {
      "key": "b74",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1038/74111"
    },
    {
      "key": "b75",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1103/RevModPhys.50.683"
    },
    {
      "key": "b76",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S1359-0278(96)00011-9"
    },
    {
      "key": "b77",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1021/bi9817820"
    },
    {
      "key": "b78",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1006/jmbi.1999.2742"
    },
    {
      "key": "b79",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1006/jmbi.1999.2941"
    },
    {
      "key": "b80",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1038/1418"
    },
    {
      "key": "b81",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1038/14896"
    },
    {
      "key": "b82",
      "first-page": "190",
      "volume": "6",
      "author": "Mateu M",
      "year": "1999",
      "journal-title": "Nat. Struct. Biol."
    },
    {
      "key": "b83",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1038/77971"
    },
    {
      "key": "b84",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1126/science.1709301"
    },
    {
      "key": "b85",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S1359-0278(98)00035-2"
    },
    {
      "key": "b86",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S1359-0278(96)00019-3"
    },
    {
      "key": "b87",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1073/pnas.95.9.4976"
    },
    {
      "key": "b88",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1006/jmbi.1999.2911"
    },
    {
      "key": "b89",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1073/pnas.96.19.10699"
    },
    {
      "key": "b90",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1073/pnas.96.20.11311"
    },
    {
      "key": "b91",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S1359-0278(96)00036-3"
    },
    {
      "key": "b92",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1006/jmbi.1999.2747"
    },
    {
      "key": "b93",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1073/pnas.79.13.4035"
    },
    {
      "key": "b94",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1006/jmbi.1997.1612"
    },
    {
      "key": "b95",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S1359-0278(96)00060-0"
    },
    {
      "key": "b96",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0006-3495(00)76430-7"
    },
    {
      "key": "b97",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0959-440X(98)80012-2"
    },
    {
      "key": "b98",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevE.51.3381"
    },
    {
      "key": "b99",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1073/pnas.96.4.1273"
    },
    {
      "key": "b100",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1073/pnas.96.16.9062"
    },
    {
      "key": "b101",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1038/nsb0398-229"
    },
    {
      "key": "b102",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1006/jmbi.1999.3663"
    },
    {
      "key": "b103",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1006/jmbi.1998.1645"
    },
    {
      "key": "b104",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1073/pnas.97.12.6509"
    },
    {
      "key": "b105",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevLett.81.5237"
    },
    {
      "key": "b106",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1006/jmbi.1997.1322"
    },
    {
      "key": "b107",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1146/annurev.bb.18.060189.000245"
    },
    {
      "key": "b108",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1006/jmbi.1997.1620"
    },
    {
      "key": "b109",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1002/polc.5070160644"
    },
    {
      "key": "b110",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1006/jmbi.1999.2920"
    },
    {
      "key": "b111",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevE.50.1303"
    },
    {
      "key": "b112",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1038/14901"
    },
    {
      "key": "b113",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1038/369248a0"
    },
    {
      "key": "b114",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevE.48.465"
    },
    {
      "key": "b115",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevLett.72.3907"
    },
    {
      "key": "b116",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0959-440X(97)80005-X"
    },
    {
      "key": "b117",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S1359-0278(98)00056-X"
    },
    {
      "key": "b118",
      "unstructured": "Deleted in proof"
    },
    {
      "key": "b119",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1038/379096a0"
    },
    {
      "key": "b120",
      "first-page": "1247",
      "volume": "243",
      "author": "Shakhnovich E",
      "year": "1982",
      "journal-title": "Dokl. Acad. Nauk SSSR"
    },
    {
      "key": "b121",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1002/bip.360281003"
    },
    {
      "key": "b122",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0301-4622(89)80058-4"
    },
    {
      "key": "b123",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1073/pnas.90.15.7195"
    },
    {
      "key": "b124",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1093/protein/6.8.793"
    },
    {
      "key": "b125",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1006/jmbi.1998.1688"
    },
    {
      "key": "b126",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1006/jmbi.1999.2613"
    },
    {
      "key": "b127",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.471317"
    },
    {
      "key": "b128",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1002/(SICI)1097-0134(199604)24:4<427::AID-PROT2>3.0.CO;2-B"
    },
    {
      "key": "b129",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1111/j.1399-3011.1975.tb02465.x"
    },
    {
      "key": "b130",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1073/pnas.96.26.14854"
    },
    {
      "key": "b131",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1006/jmbi.1999.2949"
    },
    {
      "key": "b132",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1038/335694a0"
    },
    {
      "key": "b133",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1038/nsb1197-939"
    },
    {
      "key": "b134",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1006/jmbi.1998.2158"
    },
    {
      "key": "b135",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1073/pnas.94.26.14429"
    }
  ],
  "container-title": "Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure",
  "original-title": [],
  "language": "en",
  "link": [
    {
      "URL": "https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev.biophys.30.1.361",
      "content-type": "unspecified",
      "content-version": "vor",
      "intended-application": "similarity-checking"
    }
  ],
  "deposited": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2021,
        10,
        6
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2021-10-06T21:33:57Z",
    "timestamp": 1633556037000
  },
  "score": 1,
  "resource": {
    "primary": {
      "URL": "https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev.biophys.30.1.361"
    }
  },
  "subtitle": [],
  "short-title": [],
  "issued": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2001,
        6
      ]
    ]
  },
  "references-count": 135,
  "journal-issue": {
    "issue": "1",
    "published-print": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          2001,
          6
        ]
      ]
    }
  },
  "alternative-id": [
    "10.1146/annurev.biophys.30.1.361"
  ],
  "URL": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biophys.30.1.361",
  "relation": {},
  "ISSN": [
    "1056-8700",
    "1545-4266"
  ],
  "subject": [],
  "container-title-short": "Annu. Rev. Biophys. Biomol. Struct.",
  "published": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2001,
        6
      ]
    ]
  }
}