Abstract
▪ Abstract Soft lithography, a set of techniques for microfabrication, is based on printing and molding using elastomeric stamps with the patterns of interest in bas-relief. As a technique for fabricating microstructures for biological applications, soft lithography overcomes many of the shortcomings of photolithography. In particular, soft lithography offers the ability to control the molecular structure of surfaces and to pattern the complex molecules relevant to biology, to fabricate channel structures appropriate for microfluidics, and to pattern and manipulate cells. For the relatively large feature sizes used in biology (≥50 μm), production of prototype patterns and structures is convenient, inexpensive, and rapid. Self-assembled monolayers of alkanethiolates on gold are particularly easy to pattern by soft lithography, and they provide exquisite control over surface biochemistry.
References
230
Referenced
2,234
10.1126/science.270.5244.1945
10.1126/science.282.5396.2022
10.1126/science.287.5461.2185
10.1126/science.1990438
10.1038/354082a0
10.1038/9674
10.1038/7921
10.1038/72658
10.1126/science.270.5235.467
10.1038/nbt1296-1675
10.1038/364555a0
10.1126/science.274.5287.610
10.1002/(SICI)1521-3773(19980316)37:5<550::AID-ANIE550>3.3.CO;2-7
10.1021/la980037l
10.1126/science.276.5317.1425
10.1021/la9710482
10.1126/science.8171320
10.1021/ac9711302
10.1039/fd9960400001
10.1021/la950886y
10.1146/annurev.bb.25.060196.000415
{'key': 'b22', 'volume-title': 'Self-Assembled Monolayers: Models for Organic Surface Chemistry.', 'author': 'Whitesides GM', 'year': '1995'}
/ Self-Assembled Monolayers: Models for Organic Surface Chemistry. by Whitesides GM (1995)10.1021/la00091a013
10.1021/la00080a021
10.1021/ja00237a017
10.1021/ja00351a063
10.1146/annurev.pc.43.100192.002253
10.1002/anie.198905061
10.1021/ja00158a013
10.1021/ja00158a012
10.1126/science.257.5075.1380
10.1021/cm00041a007
10.1016/S0927-7765(99)00004-1
10.1039/a705397e
10.1006/meth.1994.1013
- Raether H. 1977. Surface plasma oscillations and their applications. InPhysics of Thin Films, ed. G Hass, M Francombe, R Hoffman, pp. 145–261. New York: Academic
10.1016/0959-440X(95)80064-6
10.1038/361186a0
10.1021/la00011a034
10.1016/S0006-3495(98)74057-3
10.1073/pnas.95.21.12271
10.1126/science.249.4972.1000
{'key': 'b43', 'volume-title': 'Ellipsometry and Polarized Light.', 'author': 'Azzam RMA', 'year': '1977'}
/ Ellipsometry and Polarized Light. by Azzam RMA (1977)10.1021/ja970819l
10.1021/ja00219a055
10.1006/jcis.1994.1018
10.1021/la970258b
10.1021/la000570c
10.1021/la970916s
10.1021/la9913250
{'key': 'b51', 'volume-title': 'Fundamentals of Surface and Thin Film Analysis.', 'author': 'Feldman LC', 'year': '1986'}
/ Fundamentals of Surface and Thin Film Analysis. by Feldman LC (1986)10.1021/ac00090a015
10.1021/ac00133a010
10.1021/ja00197a054
10.1103/PhysRevB.41.1111
10.1021/la971036g
10.1021/ja983529t
10.1021/la00030a015
10.1021/ja00076a038
10.1021/la00023a072
10.1126/science.275.5296.44
10.1021/la00007a007
10.1021/bk-1997-0680
10.1007/3-540-16422-7_6
10.1016/0021-9797(91)90043-8
10.1016/0021-9797(91)90044-9
{'key': 'b67', 'first-page': '10', 'volume': '50', 'author': 'Hamburger R', 'year': '1975', 'journal-title': 'Pharm. Acta Helv.'}
/ Pharm. Acta Helv. by Hamburger R (1975)10.1002/zfch.19850250412
10.1002/macp.1976.021770112
10.1016/0006-2952(89)90151-2
10.1006/bbrc.1998.9312
{'key': 'b72', 'author': 'Holmlin RE', 'year': '2000', 'journal-title': 'Langmuir.'}
/ Langmuir. by Holmlin RE (2000)10.1021/ja000774f
- Deleted in proof
10.1021/la0004653
10.1021/la001222d
10.1021/ja00153a029
10.1021/ja972467o
10.1021/ja00227a044
10.1021/ja00200a039
10.1021/j100191a065
10.1021/ac980959t
10.1021/la9811970
10.1021/la9815650
10.1021/ja000419p
{'key': 'b86', 'first-page': '170', 'volume': '39', 'author': 'Yousaf MN', 'year': '2000', 'journal-title': 'Biochemistry'}
/ Biochemistry by Yousaf MN (2000)10.1021/la970762g
10.1021/ja980770z
10.1021/la991579l
10.1002/adma.19960081016
10.1126/science.273.5273.347
10.1002/adma.19970090211
10.1021/ma982034l
10.1016/0924-4247(93)80212-Y
10.1021/la00053a033
10.1126/science.255.5049.1230
10.1021/ac980656z
10.1016/0021-9797(90)90038-P
10.1116/1.589842
10.1002/adma.19960081110
10.1021/ac991343m
10.1021/ac991010p
- Deleted in proof
10.1063/1.110628
10.1021/ja00049a061
10.1116/1.589836
10.1364/AO.37.002145
10.1063/1.118988
10.1116/1.589841
10.1021/jp980556x
10.1021/ja964090c
10.1021/la00008a029
10.1021/ja002835f
10.1016/0040-6090(95)06768-X
10.1021/ja00116a033
10.1021/la000038p
10.1021/la990374+
10.1021/la980818m
10.1126/science.286.5439.523
10.1126/science.286.5439.523
10.1126/science.288.5472.1808
10.1021/la981591y
10.1002/(SICI)1521-4095(199905)11:7<546::AID-ADMA546>3.3.CO;2-5
10.1021/la000382m
10.1002/1097-4636(200011)52:2<346::AID-JBM14>3.0.CO;2-H
10.1016/S0006-3495(96)79538-3
10.1126/science.285.5424.83
10.1002/1521-4095(200104)13:8<570::AID-ADMA570>3.0.CO;2-B
10.1021/ar000062u
10.1021/ja973071f
10.1126/science.276.5313.779
10.1073/pnas.96.10.5545
10.1073/pnas.040562297
10.1021/ac9912294
10.1002/1521-4095(200007)12:14<1067::AID-ADMA1067>3.3.CO;2-D
10.1021/ac001132d
10.1021/la000600b
10.1021/la00010a037
10.1021/la962053t
10.1016/S1074-5521(97)90311-2
10.1021/bc9701252
10.1021/ja993442n
10.1021/la000851k
10.1126/science.283.5409.1931
10.1126/science.283.5398.57
10.1038/10042
10.1016/S0022-1759(98)00075-1
10.1007/3-540-69544-3
10.1063/1.126351
10.1088/0960-1317/9/3/301
10.1016/0925-4005(93)80033-8
10.1016/0021-9673(92)80293-4
10.1093/clinchem/44.3.591
/ Clin. Chem. by Chiem NH (1998)10.1016/0925-4005(96)01932-6
10.1016/0924-4247(90)85039-7
10.1088/0960-1317/4/4/001
10.1016/0250-6874(88)87005-7
10.1016/S0924-4247(98)00120-4
10.1016/S0924-4247(99)00384-2
10.1126/science.288.5463.113
10.1016/0924-4247(90)85038-6
10.1063/1.105339
- Evans J, Liepmann D, Pisano AP. 1997. Planar laminar mixer. Presented at 10th Annu. Workshop Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS '97), January 26–29, Nagoya, Jpn.
10.1063/1.329822
10.1063/1.92322
10.1073/pnas.93.11.5556
10.1016/0924-4247(90)85037-5
10.1088/0960-1317/4/4/007
10.1016/S0924-4247(99)00302-7
10.1088/0960-1317/4/4/010
10.1021/ac00092a029
10.1021/ac00041a030
- Arnold DW, Neyer DW, Paul PH. 2000. On-chip electrokinetic high-pressure generation. Presented at Meet. Am. Chem. Soc., March 25–29, San Francisco, CA
10.1021/ac9709662
10.1126/science.256.5063.1539
10.1103/PhysRevLett.84.3314
10.1021/ac000064s
- Deleted in proof
10.1038/35007047
10.1039/a902237f
- Miyake R, Tsuzuki K, Takagi T, Imai K. 1997. A highly sensitive and small flow-type chemical analysis system with integrated absorptiometric micro-flow cell. Presented at 10th Ann. Workshop Micro Electromech. Syst. (MEMS '97), January 26–29 Nagoya, Jpn.
10.1109/84.846699
10.1126/science.289.5485.1757
10.1126/science.282.5388.484
10.1039/a801478g
10.1002/(SICI)1521-4095(199901)11:1<37::AID-ADMA37>3.0.CO;2-0
10.1016/S0924-4247(98)00242-8
10.1016/S0925-4005(98)00340-2
10.1109/10.817611
10.1016/S0165-9936(00)00013-3
10.1021/ac990373m
- Deleted in proof
10.1002/(SICI)1522-2683(20000101)21:1<41::AID-ELPS41>3.0.CO;2-7
10.1002/(SICI)1522-2683(20000101)21:1<27::AID-ELPS27>3.3.CO;2-3
10.1021/bp970079k
10.1002/elps.1150181211
10.1021/ac00067a015
10.1021/ac00109a057
10.1021/ac9703919
10.1073/pnas.96.1.11
10.1103/PhysRevLett.79.2149
10.1007/978-94-011-5286-0_47
10.1126/science.284.5413.449
10.1038/nbt0698-541
10.1126/science.280.5366.1046
10.1016/S0925-4005(00)00350-6
10.1016/S0165-9936(00)00011-X
10.1021/ac960718q
10.1016/S0924-4247(97)80219-1
10.1126/science.283.5400.346
10.1007/s006040050011
10.1021/ac990504j
10.1290/1071-2690(2000)036<0563:SBICMC>2.0.CO;2
10.1002/(SICI)1097-4652(199806)175:3<323::AID-JCP10>3.3.CO;2-V
10.1115/1.3138449
10.1021/bp980036j
10.1096/fasebj.13.14.1883
10.1021/bp980031m
10.1006/excr.1997.3668
10.1091/mbc.9.11.3179
- Youssaf MN, Mrksich M. 2000. Dynamic substrates: modulating the behaviors of attached cells. InNew Technologies for Life Sciences: A Trends Guide, ed. E Wilson et al. New York: Elsevier. pp. 28–35
{'key': 'b222', 'author': 'Yousaf MN', 'year': '2000', 'journal-title': 'Angew Chem. Int. Ed. Engl.'}
/ Angew Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. by Yousaf MN (2000)10.1021/la001372o
10.1002/(SICI)1097-4636(199702)34:2<189::AID-JBM8>3.0.CO;2-M
10.1163/156856298X00695
10.1242/dev.108.4.635
/ Development by Clark P (1990)10.1006/excr.1996.0098
10.1073/pnas.93.20.10775
10.1023/A:1009982306118
10.1116/1.590451
Dates
Type | When |
---|---|
Created | 23 years, 1 month ago (July 27, 2002, 7:42 a.m.) |
Deposited | 3 years, 10 months ago (Oct. 6, 2021, 2:56 p.m.) |
Indexed | 6 days, 3 hours ago (Aug. 23, 2025, 12:59 a.m.) |
Issued | 24 years ago (Aug. 1, 2001) |
Published | 24 years ago (Aug. 1, 2001) |
Published Print | 24 years ago (Aug. 1, 2001) |
@article{Whitesides_2001, title={Soft Lithography in Biology and Biochemistry}, volume={3}, ISSN={1545-4274}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.3.1.335}, DOI={10.1146/annurev.bioeng.3.1.335}, number={1}, journal={Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering}, publisher={Annual Reviews}, author={Whitesides, George M. and Ostuni, Emanuele and Takayama, Shuichi and Jiang, Xingyu and Ingber, Donald E.}, year={2001}, month=aug, pages={335–373} }