DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.67.4.475-490.2003. CcpA-Dependent Carbon Catabolite Repression in Bacteria

CcpA-Dependent Carbon Catabolite Repression in Bacteria

10.1128/mmbr.67.4.475-490.2003

Crossref journal-article

American Society for Microbiology

Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews (235)

Abstract

SUMMARY Carbon catabolite repression (CCR) by transcriptional regulators follows different mechanisms in gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. In gram-positive bacteria, CcpA-dependent CCR is mediated by phosphorylation of the phosphoenolpyruvate:sugar phosphotransferase system intermediate HPr at a serine residue at the expense of ATP. The reaction is catalyzed by HPr kinase, which is activated by glycolytic intermediates. In this review, the distribution of CcpA-dependent CCR among bacteria is investigated by searching the public databases for homologues of HPr kinase and HPr-like proteins throughout the bacterial kingdom and by analyzing their properties. Homologues of HPr kinase are commonly observed in the phylum Firmicutes but are also found in the phyla Proteobacteria, Fusobacteria, Spirochaetes, and Chlorobi, suggesting that CcpA-dependent CCR is not restricted to gram-positive bacteria. In the α and β subdivisions of the Proteobacteria, the presence of HPr kinase appears to be common, while in the γ subdivision it is more of an exception. The genes coding for the HPr kinase homologues of the Proteobacteria are in a gene cluster together with an HPr-like protein, termed XPr, suggesting a functional relationship. Moreover, the XPr proteins contain the serine phosphorylation sequence motif. Remarkably, the analysis suggests a possible relation between CcpA-dependent gene regulation and the nitrogen regulation system (Ntr) found in the γ subdivision of the Proteobacteria. The relation is suggested by the clustering of CCR and Ntr components on the genome of members of the Proteobacteria and by the close phylogenetic relationship between XPr and NPr, the HPr-like protein in the Ntr system. In bacteria in the phylum Proteobacteria that contain HPr kinase and XPr, the latter may be at the center of a complex regulatory network involving both CCR and the Ntr system.

Bibliography

Warner, J. B., & Lolkema, J. S. (2003). CcpA-Dependent Carbon Catabolite Repression in Bacteria. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, 67(4), 475â490.

Authors 2

Jessica B. Warner (first)
Juke S. Lolkema (additional)

References 45 Referenced 221

10.1016/S0968-0004(98)01298-5
Darbon, E., A. Galinier, D. Le Coq, and J. Deutscher. 2001. Phosphotransfer functions mutated Bacillus subtilis HPr-like protein Crh carrying a histidine in the active site. J. Mol. Microbiol. Biotechnol.3:439-444. / J. Mol. Microbiol. Biotechnol. (2001)
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Reizer, J., A. Reizer, M. J. Lagrou, K. R. Folger, C. K. Stover, and M. H. Saier, Jr. 1999. Novel phosphotransferase systems revealed by bacterial genome analysis: the complete repertoire of pts genes in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.J. Mol. Microbiol. Biotechnol.1:289-293. / J. Mol. Microbiol. Biotechnol. (1999)
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Dates

Type	When
Created	21 years, 8 months ago (Dec. 9, 2003, 4:57 p.m.)
Deposited	3 years, 5 months ago (March 7, 2022, 10:12 p.m.)
Indexed	1 day, 17 hours ago (Aug. 26, 2025, 2:44 a.m.)
Issued	21 years, 8 months ago (Dec. 1, 2003)
Published	21 years, 8 months ago (Dec. 1, 2003)
Published Print	21 years, 8 months ago (Dec. 1, 2003)

Funders 0

None

BibTeX

@article{Warner_2003, title={CcpA-Dependent Carbon Catabolite Repression in Bacteria}, volume={67}, ISSN={1098-5557}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mmbr.67.4.475-490.2003}, DOI={10.1128/mmbr.67.4.475-490.2003}, number={4}, journal={Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews}, publisher={American Society for Microbiology}, author={Warner, Jessica B. and Lolkema, Juke S.}, year={2003}, month=dec, pages={475–490} }

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  "abstract": "<jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>SUMMARY</jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Carbon catabolite repression (CCR) by transcriptional regulators follows different mechanisms in gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. In gram-positive bacteria, CcpA-dependent CCR is mediated by phosphorylation of the phosphoenolpyruvate:sugar phosphotransferase system intermediate HPr at a serine residue at the expense of ATP. The reaction is catalyzed by HPr kinase, which is activated by glycolytic intermediates. In this review, the distribution of CcpA-dependent CCR among bacteria is investigated by searching the public databases for homologues of HPr kinase and HPr-like proteins throughout the bacterial kingdom and by analyzing their properties. Homologues of HPr kinase are commonly observed in the phylum Firmicutes but are also found in the phyla Proteobacteria, Fusobacteria, Spirochaetes, and Chlorobi, suggesting that CcpA-dependent CCR is not restricted to gram-positive bacteria. In the \u03b1 and \u03b2 subdivisions of the Proteobacteria, the presence of HPr kinase appears to be common, while in the \u03b3 subdivision it is more of an exception. The genes coding for the HPr kinase homologues of the Proteobacteria are in a gene cluster together with an HPr-like protein, termed XPr, suggesting a functional relationship. Moreover, the XPr proteins contain the serine phosphorylation sequence motif. Remarkably, the analysis suggests a possible relation between CcpA-dependent gene regulation and the nitrogen regulation system (Ntr) found in the \u03b3 subdivision of the Proteobacteria. The relation is suggested by the clustering of CCR and Ntr components on the genome of members of the Proteobacteria and by the close phylogenetic relationship between XPr and NPr, the HPr-like protein in the Ntr system. In bacteria in the phylum Proteobacteria that contain HPr kinase and XPr, the latter may be at the center of a complex regulatory network involving both CCR and the Ntr system.</jats:p>\n          </jats:sec>",
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