DOI: 10.1126/science.aaf8060. A vacuum flash–assisted solution process for high-efficiency large-area perovskite solar cells

A vacuum flash–assisted solution process for high-efficiency large-area perovskite solar cells

10.1126/science.aaf8060

Crossref journal-article

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

Science (221)

Abstract

Metal halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) currently attract enormous research interest because of their high solar-to-electric power conversion efficiency (PCE) and low fabrication costs, but their practical development is hampered by difficulties in achieving high performance with large-size devices. We devised a simple vacuum flash–assisted solution processing method to obtain shiny, smooth, crystalline perovskite films of high electronic quality over large areas. This enabled us to fabricate solar cells with an aperture area exceeding 1 square centimeter, a maximum efficiency of 20.5%, and a certified PCE of 19.6%. By contrast, the best certified PCE to date is 15.6% for PSCs of similar size. We demonstrate that the reproducibility of the method is excellent and that the cells show virtually no hysteresis. Our approach enables the realization of highly efficient large-area PSCs for practical deployment.

Bibliography

Li, X., Bi, D., Yi, C., DÃ©coppet, J.-D., Luo, J., Zakeeruddin, S. M., Hagfeldt, A., & GrÃ¤tzel, M. (2016). A vacuum flashâassisted solution process for high-efficiency large-area perovskite solar cells. Science, 353(6294), 58â62.

Authors 8

Xiong Li (first)
Dongqin Bi (additional)
Chenyi Yi (additional)
Jean-David Décoppet (additional)
Jingshan Luo (additional)
Shaik Mohammed Zakeeruddin (additional)
Anders Hagfeldt (additional)
Michael Grätzel (additional)

References 33 Referenced 1,765

10.1021/ja809598r
NREL chart www.nrel.gov/ncpv/images/efficiency_chart.jpg.
10.1126/science.aad1015
10.1016/j.nanoen.2015.05.027
10.1039/C4EE01216J
10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.12.008
10.1038/nature10313
10.1002/adma.201502586
10.1002/aenm.201400345
10.1039/C4EE02539C
10.1002/pip.2728
10.1038/nature12340
10.1038/nature12509
10.1038/nmat4014
10.1002/adma.201402461
10.1126/sciadv.1501170
10.1021/jacs.5b10599
10.1021/jacs.5b04930
10.1021/acs.accounts.5b00440
L. Wengeler in Coating and Drying Processes for Functional Films in Polymer Solar Cells (Karlsruher Institut für Technologie Scientific Publishing Karlsruhe Germany 2014) pp. 78–80.
10.1021/nn505978r
10.1038/nmat4065
10.1038/nature14133
10.1002/aenm.201501310
10.1039/C5EE03255E
10.1126/science.aad5845
10.1038/srep00591
10.1038/nmat4050
10.1038/35099513
10.1103/PhysRevLett.68.75
10.1021/cm404006p
10.1038/ncomms10334
10.1126/science.aad1818

Dates

Type	When
Created	9 years, 2 months ago (June 9, 2016, 3:43 p.m.)
Deposited	1 year, 7 months ago (Jan. 15, 2024, 11:12 a.m.)
Indexed	2 days, 7 hours ago (Aug. 23, 2025, 9:25 p.m.)
Issued	9 years, 1 month ago (July 1, 2016)
Published	9 years, 1 month ago (July 1, 2016)
Published Print	9 years, 1 month ago (July 1, 2016)

Funders 4

King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology 10.13039/501100004919
Region: Asia
gov (National government)
Labels1
1. KACST
European Union's Seventh Framework Programme 10.13039/100011102 Seventh Framework Programme
Region: Europe
gov (National government)
Labels13
1. EC Seventh Framework Programm
2. European Commission Seventh Framework Programme
3. EU Seventh Framework Programme
4. European Union Seventh Framework Programme
5. EU 7th Framework Programme
6. European Union 7th Framework Programme
7. Siebten Rahmenprogramm
8. Séptimo Programa Marco
9. Septième programme-cadre
10. Settimo programma quadro
11. 7th Framework Programme
12. Seventh EU Framework Programme
13. FP7
Awards1
1. 291771
Swiss National Science Foundation 10.13039/501100001711 Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung
Region: Europe
pri (Trusts, charities, foundations (both public and private))
Labels10
1. Schweizerischer Nationalfonds
2. Swiss National Science Foundation
3. Fonds National Suisse de la Recherche Scientifique
4. Fondo Nazionale Svizzero per la Ricerca Scientifica
5. Fonds National Suisse
6. Fondo Nazionale Svizzero
7. Schweizerische Nationalfonds
8. SNF
9. SNSF
10. FNS
Swiss Federal Office of Energy 10.13039/501100005380 Bundesamt für Energie
Region: Europe
gov (National government)
Labels7
1. Ufficio federale dell'energia
2. Swiss Federal Office of Energy
3. Office fédéral de l'énergie
4. UFE
5. SFOE
6. OFEN
7. BFE

BibTeX

@article{Li_2016, title={A vacuum flash–assisted solution process for high-efficiency large-area perovskite solar cells}, volume={353}, ISSN={1095-9203}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aaf8060}, DOI={10.1126/science.aaf8060}, number={6294}, journal={Science}, publisher={American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)}, author={Li, Xiong and Bi, Dongqin and Yi, Chenyi and Décoppet, Jean-David and Luo, Jingshan and Zakeeruddin, Shaik Mohammed and Hagfeldt, Anders and Grätzel, Michael}, year={2016}, month=jul, pages={58–62} }

JSON

{
  "indexed": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2025,
        8,
        24
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2025-08-24T01:25:24Z",
    "timestamp": 1755998724167,
    "version": "3.37.3"
  },
  "reference-count": 33,
  "publisher": "American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)",
  "issue": "6294",
  "license": [
    {
      "start": {
        "date-parts": [
          [
            2017,
            7,
            1
          ]
        ],
        "date-time": "2017-07-01T00:00:00Z",
        "timestamp": 1498867200000
      },
      "content-version": "vor",
      "delay-in-days": 365,
      "URL": "http://www.sciencemag.org/about/science-licenses-journal-article-reuse"
    }
  ],
  "funder": [
    {
      "DOI": "10.13039/501100004919",
      "name": "King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "id": [
        {
          "id": "10.13039/501100004919",
          "id-type": "DOI",
          "asserted-by": "publisher"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "DOI": "10.13039/100011102",
      "name": "European Union's Seventh Framework Programme",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "award": [
        "291771"
      ],
      "id": [
        {
          "id": "10.13039/100011102",
          "id-type": "DOI",
          "asserted-by": "publisher"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "DOI": "10.13039/501100001711",
      "name": "Swiss National Science Foundation",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "id": [
        {
          "id": "10.13039/501100001711",
          "id-type": "DOI",
          "asserted-by": "publisher"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "DOI": "10.13039/501100005380",
      "name": "Swiss Federal Office of Energy",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "id": [
        {
          "id": "10.13039/501100005380",
          "id-type": "DOI",
          "asserted-by": "publisher"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "content-domain": {
    "domain": [],
    "crossmark-restriction": false
  },
  "published-print": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2016,
        7
      ]
    ]
  },
  "abstract": "<jats:p>Metal halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) currently attract enormous research interest because of their high solar-to-electric power conversion efficiency (PCE) and low fabrication costs, but their practical development is hampered by difficulties in achieving high performance with large-size devices. We devised a simple vacuum flash\u2013assisted solution processing method to obtain shiny, smooth, crystalline perovskite films of high electronic quality over large areas. This enabled us to fabricate solar cells with an aperture area exceeding 1 square centimeter, a maximum efficiency of 20.5%, and a certified PCE of 19.6%. By contrast, the best certified PCE to date is 15.6% for PSCs of similar size. We demonstrate that the reproducibility of the method is excellent and that the cells show virtually no hysteresis. Our approach enables the realization of highly efficient large-area PSCs for practical deployment.</jats:p>",
  "DOI": "10.1126/science.aaf8060",
  "type": "journal-article",
  "created": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2016,
        6,
        9
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2016-06-09T19:43:52Z",
    "timestamp": 1465501432000
  },
  "page": "58-62",
  "source": "Crossref",
  "is-referenced-by-count": 1765,
  "title": "A vacuum flash\u2013assisted solution process for high-efficiency large-area perovskite solar cells",
  "prefix": "10.1126",
  "volume": "353",
  "author": [
    {
      "given": "Xiong",
      "family": "Li",
      "sequence": "first",
      "affiliation": [
        {
          "name": "Laboratory of Photonics and Interfaces, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, \u00c9cole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland."
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "given": "Dongqin",
      "family": "Bi",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": [
        {
          "name": "Laboratory of Photomolecular Science, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, \u00c9cole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland."
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "given": "Chenyi",
      "family": "Yi",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": [
        {
          "name": "Laboratory of Photonics and Interfaces, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, \u00c9cole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland."
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "given": "Jean-David",
      "family": "D\u00e9coppet",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": [
        {
          "name": "Laboratory of Photonics and Interfaces, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, \u00c9cole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland."
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "given": "Jingshan",
      "family": "Luo",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": [
        {
          "name": "Laboratory of Photonics and Interfaces, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, \u00c9cole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland."
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "given": "Shaik Mohammed",
      "family": "Zakeeruddin",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": [
        {
          "name": "Laboratory of Photonics and Interfaces, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, \u00c9cole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland."
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "given": "Anders",
      "family": "Hagfeldt",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": [
        {
          "name": "Laboratory of Photomolecular Science, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, \u00c9cole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland."
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "given": "Michael",
      "family": "Gr\u00e4tzel",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": [
        {
          "name": "Laboratory of Photonics and Interfaces, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, \u00c9cole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland."
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "member": "221",
  "reference": [
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_2_2_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1021/ja809598r"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_2_3_2",
      "unstructured": "NREL chart www.nrel.gov/ncpv/images/efficiency_chart.jpg."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_2_4_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1126/science.aad1015"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_2_5_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/j.nanoen.2015.05.027"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_2_6_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1039/C4EE01216J"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_2_7_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.12.008"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_2_8_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1038/nature10313"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_2_9_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1002/adma.201502586"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_2_10_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1002/aenm.201400345"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_2_11_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1039/C4EE02539C"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_2_12_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1002/pip.2728"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_2_13_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1038/nature12340"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_2_14_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1038/nature12509"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_2_15_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1038/nmat4014"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_2_16_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1002/adma.201402461"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_2_17_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1126/sciadv.1501170"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_2_18_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1021/jacs.5b10599"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_2_19_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1021/jacs.5b04930"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_2_20_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1021/acs.accounts.5b00440"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_2_21_2",
      "unstructured": "L. Wengeler in Coating and Drying Processes for Functional Films in Polymer Solar Cells (Karlsruher Institut f\u00fcr Technologie Scientific Publishing Karlsruhe Germany 2014) pp. 78\u201380."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_2_22_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1021/nn505978r"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_2_23_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1038/nmat4065"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_2_24_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1038/nature14133"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_2_25_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1002/aenm.201501310"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_2_26_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1039/C5EE03255E"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_2_27_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1126/science.aad5845"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_2_28_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1038/srep00591"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_2_29_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1038/nmat4050"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_2_30_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1038/35099513"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_2_31_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevLett.68.75"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_2_32_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1021/cm404006p"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_2_33_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1038/ncomms10334"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_2_34_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1126/science.aad1818"
    }
  ],
  "container-title": "Science",
  "original-title": [],
  "language": "en",
  "link": [
    {
      "URL": "https://www.science.org/doi/pdf/10.1126/science.aaf8060",
      "content-type": "unspecified",
      "content-version": "vor",
      "intended-application": "similarity-checking"
    }
  ],
  "deposited": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2024,
        1,
        15
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2024-01-15T16:12:48Z",
    "timestamp": 1705335168000
  },
  "score": 1,
  "resource": {
    "primary": {
      "URL": "https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aaf8060"
    }
  },
  "subtitle": [],
  "short-title": [],
  "issued": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2016,
        7
      ]
    ]
  },
  "references-count": 33,
  "journal-issue": {
    "issue": "6294",
    "published-print": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          2016,
          7
        ]
      ]
    }
  },
  "alternative-id": [
    "10.1126/science.aaf8060"
  ],
  "URL": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aaf8060",
  "relation": {},
  "ISSN": [
    "0036-8075",
    "1095-9203"
  ],
  "subject": [],
  "container-title-short": "Science",
  "published": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2016,
        7
      ]
    ]
  }
}