DOI: 10.1126/science.959852. Sexual Dimorphism in Vocal Control Areas of the Songbird Brain

Sexual Dimorphism in Vocal Control Areas of the Songbird Brain

10.1126/science.959852

Crossref journal-article

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

Science (221)

Abstract

In canaries and zebra finches, three vocal control areas in the brain are strikingly larger in males than in females. A fourth, area X of the lobus parolfactorius, is well developed in males of both species, less well developed in female canaries, and absent or not recognizable in female zebra finches. These size differences correlate well with differences in singing behavior. Males of both species learn song by reference to auditory information, and females do not normally sing. Exogenous testosterone induces singing in female canaries but not in female zebra finches. This is believed to be the first report of such gross sexual dimorphism in a vertebrate brain.

Bibliography

Nottebohm, F., & Arnold, A. P. (1976). Sexual Dimorphism in Vocal Control Areas of the Songbird Brain. Science, 194(4261), 211â213.

Authors 2

Fernando Nottebohm (first)
Arthur P. Arnold (additional)

References 33 Referenced 922

ARNOLD, A.P., HORMONE CONCENTRATING CELLS IN VOCAL CONTROL AND OTHER AREAS OF BRAIN OF ZEBRA FINCH (POEPHILA-GUTTATA), JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE NEUROLOGY 165: 487 (1976). (10.1002/cne.901650406) / JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE NEUROLOGY (1976)
Arnold A. P. in preparation.
ARNOLD A.P. THESIS ROCKEFELLER U (1974).
BALDWIN, F.M., Effects of testosterone propionate on female roller canaries under complete song isolation, PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 44: 373 (1940). (10.3181/00379727-44-11459) / PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE (1940)
BUBENIK, G.A., MORPHOLOGIC SEX-DIFFERENCES IN PRIMATE BRAIN AREAS INVOLVED IN REGULATION OF REPRODUCTIVE ACTIVITY, EXPERIENTIA 29: 619 (1973). (10.1007/BF01926704) / EXPERIENTIA (1973)
CALARESU, F.R., SEX DIFFERENCE IN NUMBER OF SYMPATHETIC NEURONS IN SPINAL CORD OF CAT, SCIENCE 173: 343 (1971). (10.1126/science.173.3994.343) / SCIENCE (1971)
DORNER, G, STRUCTURAL CHANGES IN PREOPTIC ANTERIOR HYPOTHALAMIC AREA OF MALE RAT FOLLOWING NEONATAL CASTRATION AND ANDROGEN SUBSTITUTION, NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY 3: 136 (1968). (10.1159/000121703) / NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY (1968)
HENRY, J.L., TOPOGRAPHY AND NUMERICAL DISTRIBUTION OF NEURONS OF THORACO-LUMBAR INTERMEDIOLATERAL NUCLEUS IN CAT, JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE NEUROLOGY 144: 205 (1972). (10.1002/cne.901440205) / JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE NEUROLOGY (1972)
10.1126/science.125.3261.1299
IMMELMANN, K, BIRD VOCALIZATIONS: 61 (1969). / BIRD VOCALIZATIONS (1969)
IMMELMANN, K, ZOOLOGISCHE JB SYSTE 90: 1 (1962). / ZOOLOGISCHE JB SYSTE (1962)
KARTEN, H.J., BRAIN RES 2: 368 (1966). (10.1016/0006-8993(66)90006-0) / BRAIN RES (1966)
KARTEN, H.J., DIRECT THALAMO-CEREBELLAR PATHWAY IN PIGEON AND CATFISH, BRAIN RESEARCH 102: 335 (1976). (10.1016/0006-8993(76)90888-X) / BRAIN RESEARCH (1976)
LEONARD, S.L., Induction of singing in female canaries by injections of male hormone, PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 41: 229 (1939). (10.3181/00379727-41-10631) / PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE (1939)
Marler, P., Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 91: 8 (1977). (10.1037/h0077303) / Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology (1977)
MARLER, P, EFFECTS OF CONTINUOUS NOISE ON AVIAN HEARING AND VOCAL DEVELOPMENT - (SINGLE-UNIT RECORDING NOISE-INDUCED DEAFNESS AUDITORY FEEDBACK MASKING NOISE VOCALIZATION DEFICITS), PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 70: 1393 (1973). / PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (1973)
MULLIGAN, J, BIRD VOCALIZATIONS: 165 (1969). / BIRD VOCALIZATIONS (1969)
10.1126/science.168.3930.480
Nottebohm F. in preparation.
NOTTEBOHM, F, CENTRAL CONTROL OF SONG IN CANARY, SERINUS-CANARIUS, JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE NEUROLOGY 165: 457 (1976). (10.1002/cne.901650405) / JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE NEUROLOGY (1976)
NOTTEBOHM, F, LEFT HYPOGLOSSAL DOMINANCE IN CONTROL OF CANARY AND WHITE-CROWNED SPARROW SONG, JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY 108: 171 (1976). (10.1007/BF02169047) / JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY (1976)
Nottebohm F. Lateralization in the Nervous System (1976).
NOTTEBOHM F UNPUBLISHED OBSERVATIONS.
PFAFF, D.W., MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES IN BRAINS OF ADULT MALE RATS AFTER NEONATAL CASTRATION, JOURNAL OF ENDOCRINOLOGY 36: 415 (1966). (10.1677/joe.0.0360415) / JOURNAL OF ENDOCRINOLOGY (1966)
RAISMAN, G, SEXUAL DIMORPHISM IN NEUROPIL OF PREOPTIC AREA OF RAT AND ITS DEPENDENCE ON NEONATAL ANDROGEN, BRAIN RESEARCH 54: 1 (1973). (10.1016/0006-8993(73)90030-9) / BRAIN RESEARCH (1973)
10.1126/science.173.3998.731
REVZIN, A.M., BRAIN RES 3: 264 (1966). / BRAIN RES (1966)
10.1126/science.163.3870.895
SHOEMAKER, H.H., Effect of testosterone propionate on Behavior of the female canary, PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 41: 299 (1939). (10.3181/00379727-41-10652) / PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE (1939)
STOKES, T.M., TELENCEPHALON, DIENCEPHALON, AND MESENCEPHALON OF CANARY, SERINUS-CANARIA, IN STEREOTAXIC COORDINATES, JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE NEUROLOGY 156: 337 (1974). (10.1002/cne.901560305) / JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE NEUROLOGY (1974)
TINBERGEN N STUDY INSTINCT (1951).
Waser, M. S., Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 91: 1 (1977). (10.1037/h0077299) / Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology (1977)
YOUNG, W.C., SEX INTERNAL SECRETI 2: 1139 (1961). / SEX INTERNAL SECRETI (1961)

Dates

Type	When
Created	18 years, 10 months ago (Oct. 5, 2006, 11:51 a.m.)
Deposited	1 year, 7 months ago (Jan. 15, 2024, 11:46 a.m.)
Indexed	4 days ago (Aug. 29, 2025, 5:59 a.m.)
Issued	48 years, 10 months ago (Oct. 8, 1976)
Published	48 years, 10 months ago (Oct. 8, 1976)
Published Print	48 years, 10 months ago (Oct. 8, 1976)

Funders 0

None

BibTeX

@article{Nottebohm_1976, title={Sexual Dimorphism in Vocal Control Areas of the Songbird Brain}, volume={194}, ISSN={1095-9203}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.959852}, DOI={10.1126/science.959852}, number={4261}, journal={Science}, publisher={American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)}, author={Nottebohm, Fernando and Arnold, Arthur P.}, year={1976}, month=oct, pages={211–213} }

JSON

{
  "indexed": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2025,
        8,
        29
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2025-08-29T09:59:26Z",
    "timestamp": 1756461566795
  },
  "reference-count": 33,
  "publisher": "American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)",
  "issue": "4261",
  "content-domain": {
    "domain": [],
    "crossmark-restriction": false
  },
  "published-print": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        1976,
        10,
        8
      ]
    ]
  },
  "abstract": "<jats:p>In canaries and zebra finches, three vocal control areas in the brain are strikingly larger in males than in females. A fourth, area X of the lobus parolfactorius, is well developed in males of both species, less well developed in female canaries, and absent or not recognizable in female zebra finches. These size differences correlate well with differences in singing behavior. Males of both species learn song by reference to auditory information, and females do not normally sing. Exogenous testosterone induces singing in female canaries but not in female zebra finches. This is believed to be the first report of such gross sexual dimorphism in a vertebrate brain.</jats:p>",
  "DOI": "10.1126/science.959852",
  "type": "journal-article",
  "created": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2006,
        10,
        5
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2006-10-05T15:51:28Z",
    "timestamp": 1160063488000
  },
  "page": "211-213",
  "source": "Crossref",
  "is-referenced-by-count": 922,
  "title": "Sexual Dimorphism in Vocal Control Areas of the Songbird Brain",
  "prefix": "10.1126",
  "volume": "194",
  "author": [
    {
      "given": "Fernando",
      "family": "Nottebohm",
      "sequence": "first",
      "affiliation": [
        {
          "name": "Field Research Center, Rockefeller University, Millbrook, New York 12545"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "given": "Arthur P.",
      "family": "Arnold",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": [
        {
          "name": "Field Research Center, Rockefeller University, Millbrook, New York 12545"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "member": "221",
  "reference": [
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_1_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "487",
      "DOI": "10.1002/cne.901650406",
      "volume": "165",
      "year": "1976",
      "unstructured": "ARNOLD, A.P., HORMONE CONCENTRATING CELLS IN VOCAL CONTROL AND OTHER AREAS OF BRAIN OF ZEBRA FINCH (POEPHILA-GUTTATA), JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE NEUROLOGY 165: 487 (1976).",
      "journal-title": "JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE NEUROLOGY"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_2_1",
      "unstructured": "Arnold A. P. in preparation."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_3_1",
      "unstructured": "ARNOLD A.P. THESIS ROCKEFELLER U (1974)."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_4_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "373",
      "DOI": "10.3181/00379727-44-11459",
      "volume": "44",
      "year": "1940",
      "unstructured": "BALDWIN, F.M., Effects of testosterone propionate on female roller canaries under complete song isolation, PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 44: 373 (1940).",
      "journal-title": "PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_5_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "619",
      "DOI": "10.1007/BF01926704",
      "volume": "29",
      "year": "1973",
      "unstructured": "BUBENIK, G.A., MORPHOLOGIC SEX-DIFFERENCES IN PRIMATE BRAIN AREAS INVOLVED IN REGULATION OF REPRODUCTIVE ACTIVITY, EXPERIENTIA 29: 619 (1973).",
      "journal-title": "EXPERIENTIA"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_6_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "343",
      "DOI": "10.1126/science.173.3994.343",
      "volume": "173",
      "year": "1971",
      "unstructured": "CALARESU, F.R., SEX DIFFERENCE IN NUMBER OF SYMPATHETIC NEURONS IN SPINAL CORD OF CAT, SCIENCE 173: 343 (1971).",
      "journal-title": "SCIENCE"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_7_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "136",
      "DOI": "10.1159/000121703",
      "volume": "3",
      "year": "1968",
      "unstructured": "DORNER, G, STRUCTURAL CHANGES IN PREOPTIC ANTERIOR HYPOTHALAMIC AREA OF MALE RAT FOLLOWING NEONATAL CASTRATION AND ANDROGEN SUBSTITUTION, NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY 3: 136 (1968).",
      "journal-title": "NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_8_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "205",
      "DOI": "10.1002/cne.901440205",
      "volume": "144",
      "year": "1972",
      "unstructured": "HENRY, J.L., TOPOGRAPHY AND NUMERICAL DISTRIBUTION OF NEURONS OF THORACO-LUMBAR INTERMEDIOLATERAL NUCLEUS IN CAT, JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE NEUROLOGY 144: 205 (1972).",
      "journal-title": "JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE NEUROLOGY"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_9_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1126/science.125.3261.1299"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_10_1",
      "first-page": "61",
      "year": "1969",
      "unstructured": "IMMELMANN, K, BIRD VOCALIZATIONS: 61 (1969).",
      "journal-title": "BIRD VOCALIZATIONS"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_11_1",
      "first-page": "1",
      "volume": "90",
      "year": "1962",
      "unstructured": "IMMELMANN, K, ZOOLOGISCHE JB SYSTE 90: 1 (1962).",
      "journal-title": "ZOOLOGISCHE JB SYSTE"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_12_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "368",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0006-8993(66)90006-0",
      "volume": "2",
      "year": "1966",
      "unstructured": "KARTEN, H.J., BRAIN RES 2: 368 (1966).",
      "journal-title": "BRAIN RES"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_13_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "335",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0006-8993(76)90888-X",
      "volume": "102",
      "year": "1976",
      "unstructured": "KARTEN, H.J., DIRECT THALAMO-CEREBELLAR PATHWAY IN PIGEON AND CATFISH, BRAIN RESEARCH 102: 335 (1976).",
      "journal-title": "BRAIN RESEARCH"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_14_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "229",
      "DOI": "10.3181/00379727-41-10631",
      "volume": "41",
      "year": "1939",
      "unstructured": "LEONARD, S.L., Induction of singing in female canaries by injections of male hormone, PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 41: 229 (1939).",
      "journal-title": "PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_15_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "8",
      "DOI": "10.1037/h0077303",
      "volume": "91",
      "year": "1977",
      "unstructured": "Marler, P., Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 91: 8 (1977).",
      "journal-title": "Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_16_1",
      "first-page": "1393",
      "volume": "70",
      "year": "1973",
      "unstructured": "MARLER, P, EFFECTS OF CONTINUOUS NOISE ON AVIAN HEARING AND VOCAL DEVELOPMENT - (SINGLE-UNIT RECORDING NOISE-INDUCED DEAFNESS AUDITORY FEEDBACK MASKING NOISE VOCALIZATION DEFICITS), PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 70: 1393 (1973).",
      "journal-title": "PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_17_1",
      "first-page": "165",
      "year": "1969",
      "unstructured": "MULLIGAN, J, BIRD VOCALIZATIONS: 165 (1969).",
      "journal-title": "BIRD VOCALIZATIONS"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_18_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1126/science.168.3930.480"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_19_1",
      "unstructured": "Nottebohm F. in preparation."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_20_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "457",
      "DOI": "10.1002/cne.901650405",
      "volume": "165",
      "year": "1976",
      "unstructured": "NOTTEBOHM, F, CENTRAL CONTROL OF SONG IN CANARY, SERINUS-CANARIUS, JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE NEUROLOGY 165: 457 (1976).",
      "journal-title": "JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE NEUROLOGY"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_21_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "171",
      "DOI": "10.1007/BF02169047",
      "volume": "108",
      "year": "1976",
      "unstructured": "NOTTEBOHM, F, LEFT HYPOGLOSSAL DOMINANCE IN CONTROL OF CANARY AND WHITE-CROWNED SPARROW SONG, JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY 108: 171 (1976).",
      "journal-title": "JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_22_1",
      "unstructured": "Nottebohm F. Lateralization in the Nervous System (1976)."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_23_1",
      "unstructured": "NOTTEBOHM F UNPUBLISHED OBSERVATIONS."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_24_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "415",
      "DOI": "10.1677/joe.0.0360415",
      "volume": "36",
      "year": "1966",
      "unstructured": "PFAFF, D.W., MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES IN BRAINS OF ADULT MALE RATS AFTER NEONATAL CASTRATION, JOURNAL OF ENDOCRINOLOGY 36: 415 (1966).",
      "journal-title": "JOURNAL OF ENDOCRINOLOGY"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_25_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0006-8993(73)90030-9",
      "volume": "54",
      "year": "1973",
      "unstructured": "RAISMAN, G, SEXUAL DIMORPHISM IN NEUROPIL OF PREOPTIC AREA OF RAT AND ITS DEPENDENCE ON NEONATAL ANDROGEN, BRAIN RESEARCH 54: 1 (1973).",
      "journal-title": "BRAIN RESEARCH"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_26_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1126/science.173.3998.731"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_27_1",
      "first-page": "264",
      "volume": "3",
      "year": "1966",
      "unstructured": "REVZIN, A.M., BRAIN RES 3: 264 (1966).",
      "journal-title": "BRAIN RES"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_28_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1126/science.163.3870.895"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_29_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "299",
      "DOI": "10.3181/00379727-41-10652",
      "volume": "41",
      "year": "1939",
      "unstructured": "SHOEMAKER, H.H., Effect of testosterone propionate on Behavior of the female canary, PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 41: 299 (1939).",
      "journal-title": "PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_30_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "337",
      "DOI": "10.1002/cne.901560305",
      "volume": "156",
      "year": "1974",
      "unstructured": "STOKES, T.M., TELENCEPHALON, DIENCEPHALON, AND MESENCEPHALON OF CANARY, SERINUS-CANARIA, IN STEREOTAXIC COORDINATES, JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE NEUROLOGY 156: 337 (1974).",
      "journal-title": "JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE NEUROLOGY"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_31_1",
      "unstructured": "TINBERGEN N STUDY INSTINCT (1951)."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_32_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1",
      "DOI": "10.1037/h0077299",
      "volume": "91",
      "year": "1977",
      "unstructured": "Waser, M. S., Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 91: 1 (1977).",
      "journal-title": "Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_33_1",
      "first-page": "1139",
      "volume": "2",
      "year": "1961",
      "unstructured": "YOUNG, W.C., SEX INTERNAL SECRETI 2: 1139 (1961).",
      "journal-title": "SEX INTERNAL SECRETI"
    }
  ],
  "container-title": "Science",
  "original-title": [],
  "language": "en",
  "link": [
    {
      "URL": "https://www.science.org/doi/pdf/10.1126/science.959852",
      "content-type": "unspecified",
      "content-version": "vor",
      "intended-application": "similarity-checking"
    }
  ],
  "deposited": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2024,
        1,
        15
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2024-01-15T16:46:46Z",
    "timestamp": 1705337206000
  },
  "score": 1,
  "resource": {
    "primary": {
      "URL": "https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.959852"
    }
  },
  "subtitle": [],
  "short-title": [],
  "issued": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        1976,
        10,
        8
      ]
    ]
  },
  "references-count": 33,
  "journal-issue": {
    "issue": "4261",
    "published-print": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          1976,
          10,
          8
        ]
      ]
    }
  },
  "alternative-id": [
    "10.1126/science.959852"
  ],
  "URL": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.959852",
  "relation": {},
  "ISSN": [
    "0036-8075",
    "1095-9203"
  ],
  "subject": [],
  "container-title-short": "Science",
  "published": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        1976,
        10,
        8
      ]
    ]
  }
}