DOI: 10.1126/science.2916128. Overexpression of Transforming Growth Factor α in Psoriatic Epidermis

Overexpression of Transforming Growth Factor α in Psoriatic Epidermis

10.1126/science.2916128

Crossref journal-article

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

Science (221)

Abstract

Transforming growth factor α (TGF-α) is produced by and required for the growth of epithelial cells and is angiogenic in vivo. Since epidermal hyperplasia and angiogenesis are hallmarks of psoriasis, TGF-α gene expression was analyzed in epidermal biopsies of normal and psoriatic skin. TGF-α messenger RNA and protein are much more abundant in lesional psoriatic epidermis than in normal-appearing skin of psoriatic patients or in normal epidermis. In contrast, messenger RNA levels of transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1), which inhibits epithelial cell growth, are not significantly different in normal, uninvolved, and lesional psoriatic epidermis. Thus, psoriatic epidermal hyperplasia may involve increased expression of a keratinocyte mitogen (TGF-α) rather than deficient expression of a growth inhibitor (TGF-β1).

Bibliography

Elder, J. T., Fisher, G. J., Lindquist, P. B., Bennett, G. L., Pittelkow, M. R., Coffey, R. J., Ellingsworth, L., Derynck, R., & Voorhees, J. J. (1989). Overexpression of Transforming Growth Factor Î± in Psoriatic Epidermis. Science, 243(4892), 811â814.

Authors 9

James T. Elder (first)
Gary J. Fisher (additional)
Patricia B. Lindquist (additional)
Gregory L. Bennett (additional)
Mark R. Pittelkow (additional)
Robert J. Coffey (additional)
Larry Ellingsworth (additional)
Rik Derynck (additional)
John J. Voorhees (additional)

References 51 Referenced 434

AKHURST, R.J., LOCALIZED PRODUCTION OF TGF-BETA MESSENGER-RNA IN TUMOR PROMOTER-STIMULATED MOUSE EPIDERMIS, NATURE 331: 363 (1988). (10.1038/331363a0) / NATURE (1988)
ASSOIAN, R.K., EXPRESSION AND SECRETION OF TYPE-BETA TRANSFORMING GROWTH-FACTOR BY ACTIVATED HUMAN MACROPHAGES, PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 84: 6020 (1987). / PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (1987)
AVIV, H, PURIFICATION OF BIOLOGICALLY-ACTIVE GLOBIN MESSENGER-RNA BY CHROMATOGRAPHY ON OLIGOTHYMIDYLIC-ACID-CELLULOSE, PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 69: 1408 (1972). / PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (1972)
Baadsgaard, O., Journal of Investigative Dermatology 92: 190 (1989). (10.1111/1523-1747.ep12276718) / Journal of Investigative Dermatology (1989)
BAKER, B.S., T-CELL SUBPOPULATIONS IN THE BLOOD AND SKIN OF PATIENTS WITH PSORIASIS, BRITISH JOURNAL OF DERMATOLOGY 110: 37 (1984). (10.1111/j.1365-2133.1984.tb07309.x) / BRITISH JOURNAL OF DERMATOLOGY (1984)
BARNHILL, R.L., ANGIOGENESIS AND THE SKIN, JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF DERMATOLOGY 16: 1226 (1987). (10.1016/S0190-9622(87)70161-3) / JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF DERMATOLOGY (1987)
BARRANDON, Y, CELL-MIGRATION IS ESSENTIAL FOR SUSTAINED GROWTH OF KERATINOCYTE COLONIES - THE ROLES OF TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR-ALPHA AND EPIDERMAL GROWTH-FACTOR, CELL 50: 1131 (1987). (10.1016/0092-8674(87)90179-6) / CELL (1987)
BELL, G.I., HUMAN EPIDERMAL GROWTH-FACTOR PRECURSOR - CDNA SEQUENCE, EXPRESSION INVITRO AND GENE ORGANIZATION, NUCLEIC ACIDS RESEARCH 14: 8427 (1986). (10.1093/nar/14.21.8427) / NUCLEIC ACIDS RESEARCH (1986)
BRAUNFALCO, O, DERMAL INFLAMMATORY REACTION IN INITIAL PSORIATIC LESIONS, ARCHIVES OF DERMATOLOGICAL RESEARCH 258: 9 (1977). (10.1007/BF00582862) / ARCHIVES OF DERMATOLOGICAL RESEARCH (1977)
BRAVERMAN, I.M., ROLE OF THE MICRO-CIRCULATION IN THE TREATMENT AND PATHOGENESIS OF PSORIASIS, JOURNAL OF INVESTIGATIVE DERMATOLOGY 78: 12 (1982). (10.1111/1523-1747.ep12497850) / JOURNAL OF INVESTIGATIVE DERMATOLOGY (1982)
BRINGMAN, T.S., DIFFERENT TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR-ALPHA SPECIES ARE DERIVED FROM A GLYCOSYLATED AND PALMITOYLATED TRANSMEMBRANE PRECURSOR, CELL 48: 429 (1987). (10.1016/0092-8674(87)90194-2) / CELL (1987)
BYYNY, R.L., RADIOIMMUNOASSAY OF EPIDERMAL GROWTH-FACTOR, ENDOCRINOLOGY 90: 1261 (1972). (10.1210/endo-90-5-1261) / ENDOCRINOLOGY (1972)
CHEN, W.S., REQUIREMENT FOR INTRINSIC PROTEIN TYROSINE KINASE IN THE IMMEDIATE AND LATE ACTIONS OF THE EGF RECEPTOR, NATURE 328: 820 (1987). (10.1038/328820a0) / NATURE (1987)
10.1021/bi00591a005
CHRISTOPHERS, E, BRITISH JOURNAL OF DERMATOLOGY 89: 327 (1973). / BRITISH JOURNAL OF DERMATOLOGY (1973)
COFFEY, R.J., GROWTH MODULATION OF MOUSE KERATINOCYTES BY TRANSFORMING GROWTH-FACTORS, CANCER RESEARCH 48: 1596 (1988). / CANCER RESEARCH (1988)
COFFEY, R.J., PRODUCTION AND AUTOINDUCTION OF TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR-ALPHA IN HUMAN KERATINOCYTES, NATURE 328: 817 (1987). (10.1038/328817a0) / NATURE (1987)
DERYNCK, R, SYNTHESIS OF MESSENGER-RNAS FOR TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR-ALPHA AND FACTOR-BETA AND THE EPIDERMAL GROWTH-FACTOR RECEPTOR BY HUMAN-TUMORS, CANCER RESEARCH 47: 707 (1987). / CANCER RESEARCH (1987)
DERYNCK, R, HUMAN TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR-ALPHA - PRECURSOR STRUCTURE AND EXPRESSION IN ESCHERICHIA-COLI, CELL 38: 287 (1984). (10.1016/0092-8674(84)90550-6) / CELL (1984)
DERYNCK, R, HUMAN TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR-BETA COMPLEMENTARY-DNA SEQUENCE AND EXPRESSION IN NORMAL AND TRANSFORMED-CELLS, NATURE 316: 701 (1985). (10.1038/316701a0) / NATURE (1985)
ELDER, J. T. T., TRANSPLANTATION PROCEEDINGS 20 4: 105 (1988). / TRANSPLANTATION PROCEEDINGS (1988)
ELDER T unpublished data.
FARBER, E.M., ARCHIVES OF DERMATOLOGY 94: 246 (1965). / ARCHIVES OF DERMATOLOGY (1965)
FINEBERG, A.P., ANAL BIOCHEM 132: 6 (1983). (10.1016/0003-2697(83)90418-9) / ANAL BIOCHEM (1983)
FISHER, G, JOURNAL OF INVESTIGATIVE DERMATOLOGY 90: 558 (1988). / JOURNAL OF INVESTIGATIVE DERMATOLOGY (1988)
GENTLEMAN, S, PROTEIN TYROSINE KINASE AND PROTEIN PHOSPHOTYROSINE PHOSPHATASE IN NORMAL AND PSORIATIC SKIN, BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 798: 53 (1984). (10.1016/0304-4165(84)90009-6) / BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA (1984)
GOTTLIEB, A.B., DETECTION OF TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR-ALPHA IN NORMAL, MALIGNANT, AND HYPERPROLIFERATIVE HUMAN KERATINOCYTES, JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE 167: 670 (1988). (10.1084/jem.167.2.670) / JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE (1988)
GRANDCHAMP, B, ACCUMULATION OF PORPHOBILINOGEN DEAMINASE, UROPORPHYRINOGEN DECARBOXYLASE, AND ALPHA-GLOBIN AND BETA-GLOBIN MESSENGER-RNAS DURING DIFFERENTIATION OF MOUSE ERYTHROLEUKEMIC CELLS - EFFECTS OF SUCCINYLACETONE, JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY 260: 9630 (1985). (10.1016/S0021-9258(17)39284-0) / JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY (1985)
HORN, F, DECREASED PROTEIN-KINASE-C ACTIVITY IN PSORIATIC VERSUS NORMAL EPIDERMIS, JOURNAL OF INVESTIGATIVE DERMATOLOGY 88: 220 (1987). (10.1111/1523-1747.ep12525380) / JOURNAL OF INVESTIGATIVE DERMATOLOGY (1987)
LIN, C.R., PROTEIN-KINASE-C PHOSPHORYLATION AT THR-654 OF THE UNOCCUPIED EGF RECEPTOR AND EGF BINDING REGULATE FUNCTIONAL RECEPTOR LOSS BY INDEPENDENT MECHANISMS, CELL 44: 839 (1986). (10.1016/0092-8674(86)90006-1) / CELL (1986)
MADTES, D.K., INDUCTION OF TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR-ALPHA IN ACTIVATED HUMAN ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES, CELL 53: 285 (1988). (10.1016/0092-8674(88)90390-X) / CELL (1988)
MALHOTRA, R, JOURNAL OF INVESTIGATIVE DERMATOLOGY 90: 584 (1988). / JOURNAL OF INVESTIGATIVE DERMATOLOGY (1988)
MANSBRIDGE, J.N., EVIDENCE FOR AN ALTERNATIVE PATHWAY OF KERATINOCYTE MATURATION IN PSORIASIS FROM AN ANTIGEN FOUND IN PSORIATIC BUT NOT NORMAL EPIDERMIS, JOURNAL OF INVESTIGATIVE DERMATOLOGY 83: 296 (1984). (10.1111/1523-1747.ep12340429) / JOURNAL OF INVESTIGATIVE DERMATOLOGY (1984)
Marquardt, H., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 80: 4684 (1983). / Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (1983)
MASSAGUE, J, EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR-LIKE TRANSFORMING GROWTH-FACTOR .2. INTERACTION WITH EPIDERMAL GROWTH-FACTOR RECEPTORS IN HUMAN-PLACENTA MEMBRANES AND A431 CELLS, JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY 258: 13614 (1983). (10.1016/S0021-9258(17)43959-7) / JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY (1983)
NANNEY, L.B., ALTERED [I-125] EPIDERMAL GROWTH-FACTOR BINDING AND RECEPTOR DISTRIBUTION IN PSORIASIS, JOURNAL OF INVESTIGATIVE DERMATOLOGY 86: 260 (1986). (10.1111/1523-1747.ep12285389) / JOURNAL OF INVESTIGATIVE DERMATOLOGY (1986)
10.1126/science.3257584
RAGAZ, A, AM J DERMATOPATH 1: 199 (1979). (10.1097/00000372-197900130-00002) / AM J DERMATOPATH (1979)
10.1126/science.3041594
Roberts, A. B., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 77: 3494 (1980). / Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (1980)
ROSENBERG, E.W., THE KOEBNER PHENOMENON AND THE MICROBIAL BASIS OF PSORIASIS, JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF DERMATOLOGY 18: 151 (1988). (10.1016/S0190-9622(88)80063-X) / JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF DERMATOLOGY (1988)
10.1126/science.2422759
SCHREINER, E, ARCHIV FUR KLINISCHE UND EXPERIMENTELLE DERMATOLOGIE 235: 78 (1969). (10.1007/BF00498777) / ARCHIV FUR KLINISCHE UND EXPERIMENTELLE DERMATOLOGIE (1969)
SCHUBERT, C, MAST-CELLS AND MACROPHAGES IN EARLY RELAPSING PSORIASIS, ARCHIVES OF DERMATOLOGICAL RESEARCH 277: 352 (1985). (10.1007/BF00509232) / ARCHIVES OF DERMATOLOGICAL RESEARCH (1985)
SHIPLEY, G.D., REVERSIBLE INHIBITION OF NORMAL HUMAN PROKERATINOCYTE PROLIFERATION BY TYPE-BETA TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR-GROWTH INHIBITOR IN SERUM-FREE MEDIUM, CANCER RESEARCH 46: 2068 (1986). / CANCER RESEARCH (1986)
SQUIER, C.A., PERMEABILITY OF KERATINIZED AND NONKERATINIZED ORAL EPITHELIUM TO HORSERADISH-PEROXIDASE, JOURNAL OF ULTRASTRUCTURE RESEARCH 43: 160 (1973). (10.1016/S0022-5320(73)90076-2) / JOURNAL OF ULTRASTRUCTURE RESEARCH (1973)
Todaro, G. J., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 77: 5258 (1980). / Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (1980)
TORUNIOWA, B, MAST-CELLS IN THE INITIAL-STAGES OF PSORIASIS, ARCHIVES OF DERMATOLOGICAL RESEARCH 280: 189 (1988). (10.1007/BF00513956) / ARCHIVES OF DERMATOLOGICAL RESEARCH (1988)
VOORHEES, J.J., ARCHIVES OF DERMATOLOGY 105: 701 (1972). / ARCHIVES OF DERMATOLOGY (1972)
WEINSTEIN, G.D., CELL KINETIC BASIS FOR PATHO-PHYSIOLOGY OF PSORIASIS, JOURNAL OF INVESTIGATIVE DERMATOLOGY 85: 579 (1985). (10.1111/1523-1747.ep12283594) / JOURNAL OF INVESTIGATIVE DERMATOLOGY (1985)
Wright, N. A., Psoriasis: Cell Proliferation: 147 (1983). / Psoriasis: Cell Proliferation (1983)

Dates

Type	When
Created	18 years, 10 months ago (Oct. 5, 2006, 5:21 p.m.)
Deposited	1 year, 7 months ago (Jan. 13, 2024, 4:20 a.m.)
Indexed	3 weeks, 3 days ago (Aug. 1, 2025, 11:59 p.m.)
Issued	36 years, 6 months ago (Feb. 10, 1989)
Published	36 years, 6 months ago (Feb. 10, 1989)
Published Print	36 years, 6 months ago (Feb. 10, 1989)

Funders 0

None

BibTeX

@article{Elder_1989, title={Overexpression of Transforming Growth Factor α in Psoriatic Epidermis}, volume={243}, ISSN={1095-9203}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.2916128}, DOI={10.1126/science.2916128}, number={4892}, journal={Science}, publisher={American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)}, author={Elder, James T. and Fisher, Gary J. and Lindquist, Patricia B. and Bennett, Gregory L. and Pittelkow, Mark R. and Coffey, Robert J. and Ellingsworth, Larry and Derynck, Rik and Voorhees, John J.}, year={1989}, month=feb, pages={811–814} }

JSON

{
  "indexed": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2025,
        8,
        2
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2025-08-02T03:59:00Z",
    "timestamp": 1754107140701
  },
  "reference-count": 51,
  "publisher": "American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)",
  "issue": "4892",
  "content-domain": {
    "domain": [],
    "crossmark-restriction": false
  },
  "published-print": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        1989,
        2,
        10
      ]
    ]
  },
  "abstract": "<jats:p>Transforming growth factor \u03b1 (TGF-\u03b1) is produced by and required for the growth of epithelial cells and is angiogenic in vivo. Since epidermal hyperplasia and angiogenesis are hallmarks of psoriasis, TGF-\u03b1 gene expression was analyzed in epidermal biopsies of normal and psoriatic skin. TGF-\u03b1 messenger RNA and protein are much more abundant in lesional psoriatic epidermis than in normal-appearing skin of psoriatic patients or in normal epidermis. In contrast, messenger RNA levels of transforming growth factor \u03b21 (TGF-\u03b21), which inhibits epithelial cell growth, are not significantly different in normal, uninvolved, and lesional psoriatic epidermis. Thus, psoriatic epidermal hyperplasia may involve increased expression of a keratinocyte mitogen (TGF-\u03b1) rather than deficient expression of a growth inhibitor (TGF-\u03b21).</jats:p>",
  "DOI": "10.1126/science.2916128",
  "type": "journal-article",
  "created": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2006,
        10,
        5
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2006-10-05T21:21:28Z",
    "timestamp": 1160083288000
  },
  "page": "811-814",
  "source": "Crossref",
  "is-referenced-by-count": 434,
  "title": "Overexpression of Transforming Growth Factor \u03b1 in Psoriatic Epidermis",
  "prefix": "10.1126",
  "volume": "243",
  "author": [
    {
      "given": "James T.",
      "family": "Elder",
      "sequence": "first",
      "affiliation": [
        {
          "name": "Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109."
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "given": "Gary J.",
      "family": "Fisher",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": [
        {
          "name": "Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109."
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "given": "Patricia B.",
      "family": "Lindquist",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": [
        {
          "name": "Department of Developmental Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080."
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "given": "Gregory L.",
      "family": "Bennett",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": [
        {
          "name": "Department of Developmental Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080."
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "given": "Mark R.",
      "family": "Pittelkow",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": [
        {
          "name": "Department of Dermatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905."
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "suffix": "Jr.",
      "given": "Robert J.",
      "family": "Coffey",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": [
        {
          "name": "Department of Medicine (Gastroenterology), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37203."
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "given": "Larry",
      "family": "Ellingsworth",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": [
        {
          "name": "Collagen Corporation, Palo Alto, CA 94303."
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "given": "Rik",
      "family": "Derynck",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": [
        {
          "name": "Department of Developmental Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080."
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "given": "John J.",
      "family": "Voorhees",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": [
        {
          "name": "Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109."
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "member": "221",
  "reference": [
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_1_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "363",
      "DOI": "10.1038/331363a0",
      "volume": "331",
      "year": "1988",
      "unstructured": "AKHURST, R.J., LOCALIZED PRODUCTION OF TGF-BETA MESSENGER-RNA IN TUMOR PROMOTER-STIMULATED MOUSE EPIDERMIS, NATURE 331: 363 (1988).",
      "journal-title": "NATURE"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_2_1",
      "first-page": "6020",
      "volume": "84",
      "year": "1987",
      "unstructured": "ASSOIAN, R.K., EXPRESSION AND SECRETION OF TYPE-BETA TRANSFORMING GROWTH-FACTOR BY ACTIVATED HUMAN MACROPHAGES, PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 84: 6020 (1987).",
      "journal-title": "PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_3_1",
      "first-page": "1408",
      "volume": "69",
      "year": "1972",
      "unstructured": "AVIV, H, PURIFICATION OF BIOLOGICALLY-ACTIVE GLOBIN MESSENGER-RNA BY CHROMATOGRAPHY ON OLIGOTHYMIDYLIC-ACID-CELLULOSE, PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 69: 1408 (1972).",
      "journal-title": "PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_4_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "190",
      "DOI": "10.1111/1523-1747.ep12276718",
      "volume": "92",
      "year": "1989",
      "unstructured": "Baadsgaard, O., Journal of Investigative Dermatology 92: 190 (1989).",
      "journal-title": "Journal of Investigative Dermatology"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_5_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "37",
      "DOI": "10.1111/j.1365-2133.1984.tb07309.x",
      "volume": "110",
      "year": "1984",
      "unstructured": "BAKER, B.S., T-CELL SUBPOPULATIONS IN THE BLOOD AND SKIN OF PATIENTS WITH PSORIASIS, BRITISH JOURNAL OF DERMATOLOGY 110: 37 (1984).",
      "journal-title": "BRITISH JOURNAL OF DERMATOLOGY"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_6_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1226",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0190-9622(87)70161-3",
      "volume": "16",
      "year": "1987",
      "unstructured": "BARNHILL, R.L., ANGIOGENESIS AND THE SKIN, JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF DERMATOLOGY 16: 1226 (1987).",
      "journal-title": "JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF DERMATOLOGY"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_7_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1131",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0092-8674(87)90179-6",
      "volume": "50",
      "year": "1987",
      "unstructured": "BARRANDON, Y, CELL-MIGRATION IS ESSENTIAL FOR SUSTAINED GROWTH OF KERATINOCYTE COLONIES - THE ROLES OF TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR-ALPHA AND EPIDERMAL GROWTH-FACTOR, CELL 50: 1131 (1987).",
      "journal-title": "CELL"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_8_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "8427",
      "DOI": "10.1093/nar/14.21.8427",
      "volume": "14",
      "year": "1986",
      "unstructured": "BELL, G.I., HUMAN EPIDERMAL GROWTH-FACTOR PRECURSOR - CDNA SEQUENCE, EXPRESSION INVITRO AND GENE ORGANIZATION, NUCLEIC ACIDS RESEARCH 14: 8427 (1986).",
      "journal-title": "NUCLEIC ACIDS RESEARCH"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_9_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "9",
      "DOI": "10.1007/BF00582862",
      "volume": "258",
      "year": "1977",
      "unstructured": "BRAUNFALCO, O, DERMAL INFLAMMATORY REACTION IN INITIAL PSORIATIC LESIONS, ARCHIVES OF DERMATOLOGICAL RESEARCH 258: 9 (1977).",
      "journal-title": "ARCHIVES OF DERMATOLOGICAL RESEARCH"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_10_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "12",
      "DOI": "10.1111/1523-1747.ep12497850",
      "volume": "78",
      "year": "1982",
      "unstructured": "BRAVERMAN, I.M., ROLE OF THE MICRO-CIRCULATION IN THE TREATMENT AND PATHOGENESIS OF PSORIASIS, JOURNAL OF INVESTIGATIVE DERMATOLOGY 78: 12 (1982).",
      "journal-title": "JOURNAL OF INVESTIGATIVE DERMATOLOGY"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_11_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "429",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0092-8674(87)90194-2",
      "volume": "48",
      "year": "1987",
      "unstructured": "BRINGMAN, T.S., DIFFERENT TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR-ALPHA SPECIES ARE DERIVED FROM A GLYCOSYLATED AND PALMITOYLATED TRANSMEMBRANE PRECURSOR, CELL 48: 429 (1987).",
      "journal-title": "CELL"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_12_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1261",
      "DOI": "10.1210/endo-90-5-1261",
      "volume": "90",
      "year": "1972",
      "unstructured": "BYYNY, R.L., RADIOIMMUNOASSAY OF EPIDERMAL GROWTH-FACTOR, ENDOCRINOLOGY 90: 1261 (1972).",
      "journal-title": "ENDOCRINOLOGY"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_13_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "820",
      "DOI": "10.1038/328820a0",
      "volume": "328",
      "year": "1987",
      "unstructured": "CHEN, W.S., REQUIREMENT FOR INTRINSIC PROTEIN TYROSINE KINASE IN THE IMMEDIATE AND LATE ACTIONS OF THE EGF RECEPTOR, NATURE 328: 820 (1987).",
      "journal-title": "NATURE"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_14_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1021/bi00591a005"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_15_1",
      "first-page": "327",
      "volume": "89",
      "year": "1973",
      "unstructured": "CHRISTOPHERS, E, BRITISH JOURNAL OF DERMATOLOGY 89: 327 (1973).",
      "journal-title": "BRITISH JOURNAL OF DERMATOLOGY"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_16_1",
      "first-page": "1596",
      "volume": "48",
      "year": "1988",
      "unstructured": "COFFEY, R.J., GROWTH MODULATION OF MOUSE KERATINOCYTES BY TRANSFORMING GROWTH-FACTORS, CANCER RESEARCH 48: 1596 (1988).",
      "journal-title": "CANCER RESEARCH"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_17_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "817",
      "DOI": "10.1038/328817a0",
      "volume": "328",
      "year": "1987",
      "unstructured": "COFFEY, R.J., PRODUCTION AND AUTOINDUCTION OF TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR-ALPHA IN HUMAN KERATINOCYTES, NATURE 328: 817 (1987).",
      "journal-title": "NATURE"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_18_1",
      "first-page": "707",
      "volume": "47",
      "year": "1987",
      "unstructured": "DERYNCK, R, SYNTHESIS OF MESSENGER-RNAS FOR TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR-ALPHA AND FACTOR-BETA AND THE EPIDERMAL GROWTH-FACTOR RECEPTOR BY HUMAN-TUMORS, CANCER RESEARCH 47: 707 (1987).",
      "journal-title": "CANCER RESEARCH"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_19_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "287",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0092-8674(84)90550-6",
      "volume": "38",
      "year": "1984",
      "unstructured": "DERYNCK, R, HUMAN TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR-ALPHA - PRECURSOR STRUCTURE AND EXPRESSION IN ESCHERICHIA-COLI, CELL 38: 287 (1984).",
      "journal-title": "CELL"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_20_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "701",
      "DOI": "10.1038/316701a0",
      "volume": "316",
      "year": "1985",
      "unstructured": "DERYNCK, R, HUMAN TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR-BETA COMPLEMENTARY-DNA SEQUENCE AND EXPRESSION IN NORMAL AND TRANSFORMED-CELLS, NATURE 316: 701 (1985).",
      "journal-title": "NATURE"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_21_1",
      "first-page": "105",
      "volume": "20",
      "year": "1988",
      "unstructured": "ELDER, J. T. T., TRANSPLANTATION PROCEEDINGS 20 4: 105 (1988).",
      "journal-title": "TRANSPLANTATION PROCEEDINGS"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_22_1",
      "unstructured": "ELDER T unpublished data."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_23_1",
      "first-page": "246",
      "volume": "94",
      "year": "1965",
      "unstructured": "FARBER, E.M., ARCHIVES OF DERMATOLOGY 94: 246 (1965).",
      "journal-title": "ARCHIVES OF DERMATOLOGY"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_24_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "6",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0003-2697(83)90418-9",
      "volume": "132",
      "year": "1983",
      "unstructured": "FINEBERG, A.P., ANAL BIOCHEM 132: 6 (1983).",
      "journal-title": "ANAL BIOCHEM"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_25_1",
      "first-page": "558",
      "volume": "90",
      "year": "1988",
      "unstructured": "FISHER, G, JOURNAL OF INVESTIGATIVE DERMATOLOGY 90: 558 (1988).",
      "journal-title": "JOURNAL OF INVESTIGATIVE DERMATOLOGY"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_26_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "53",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0304-4165(84)90009-6",
      "volume": "798",
      "year": "1984",
      "unstructured": "GENTLEMAN, S, PROTEIN TYROSINE KINASE AND PROTEIN PHOSPHOTYROSINE PHOSPHATASE IN NORMAL AND PSORIATIC SKIN, BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 798: 53 (1984).",
      "journal-title": "BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_27_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "670",
      "DOI": "10.1084/jem.167.2.670",
      "volume": "167",
      "year": "1988",
      "unstructured": "GOTTLIEB, A.B., DETECTION OF TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR-ALPHA IN NORMAL, MALIGNANT, AND HYPERPROLIFERATIVE HUMAN KERATINOCYTES, JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE 167: 670 (1988).",
      "journal-title": "JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_28_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "9630",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0021-9258(17)39284-0",
      "volume": "260",
      "year": "1985",
      "unstructured": "GRANDCHAMP, B, ACCUMULATION OF PORPHOBILINOGEN DEAMINASE, UROPORPHYRINOGEN DECARBOXYLASE, AND ALPHA-GLOBIN AND BETA-GLOBIN MESSENGER-RNAS DURING DIFFERENTIATION OF MOUSE ERYTHROLEUKEMIC CELLS - EFFECTS OF SUCCINYLACETONE, JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY 260: 9630 (1985).",
      "journal-title": "JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_29_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "220",
      "DOI": "10.1111/1523-1747.ep12525380",
      "volume": "88",
      "year": "1987",
      "unstructured": "HORN, F, DECREASED PROTEIN-KINASE-C ACTIVITY IN PSORIATIC VERSUS NORMAL EPIDERMIS, JOURNAL OF INVESTIGATIVE DERMATOLOGY 88: 220 (1987).",
      "journal-title": "JOURNAL OF INVESTIGATIVE DERMATOLOGY"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_30_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "839",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0092-8674(86)90006-1",
      "volume": "44",
      "year": "1986",
      "unstructured": "LIN, C.R., PROTEIN-KINASE-C PHOSPHORYLATION AT THR-654 OF THE UNOCCUPIED EGF RECEPTOR AND EGF BINDING REGULATE FUNCTIONAL RECEPTOR LOSS BY INDEPENDENT MECHANISMS, CELL 44: 839 (1986).",
      "journal-title": "CELL"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_31_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "285",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0092-8674(88)90390-X",
      "volume": "53",
      "year": "1988",
      "unstructured": "MADTES, D.K., INDUCTION OF TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR-ALPHA IN ACTIVATED HUMAN ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES, CELL 53: 285 (1988).",
      "journal-title": "CELL"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_32_1",
      "first-page": "584",
      "volume": "90",
      "year": "1988",
      "unstructured": "MALHOTRA, R, JOURNAL OF INVESTIGATIVE DERMATOLOGY 90: 584 (1988).",
      "journal-title": "JOURNAL OF INVESTIGATIVE DERMATOLOGY"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_33_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "296",
      "DOI": "10.1111/1523-1747.ep12340429",
      "volume": "83",
      "year": "1984",
      "unstructured": "MANSBRIDGE, J.N., EVIDENCE FOR AN ALTERNATIVE PATHWAY OF KERATINOCYTE MATURATION IN PSORIASIS FROM AN ANTIGEN FOUND IN PSORIATIC BUT NOT NORMAL EPIDERMIS, JOURNAL OF INVESTIGATIVE DERMATOLOGY 83: 296 (1984).",
      "journal-title": "JOURNAL OF INVESTIGATIVE DERMATOLOGY"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_34_1",
      "first-page": "4684",
      "volume": "80",
      "year": "1983",
      "unstructured": "Marquardt, H., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 80: 4684 (1983).",
      "journal-title": "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_35_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "13614",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0021-9258(17)43959-7",
      "volume": "258",
      "year": "1983",
      "unstructured": "MASSAGUE, J, EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR-LIKE TRANSFORMING GROWTH-FACTOR .2. INTERACTION WITH EPIDERMAL GROWTH-FACTOR RECEPTORS IN HUMAN-PLACENTA MEMBRANES AND A431 CELLS, JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY 258: 13614 (1983).",
      "journal-title": "JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_36_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "260",
      "DOI": "10.1111/1523-1747.ep12285389",
      "volume": "86",
      "year": "1986",
      "unstructured": "NANNEY, L.B., ALTERED [I-125] EPIDERMAL GROWTH-FACTOR BINDING AND RECEPTOR DISTRIBUTION IN PSORIASIS, JOURNAL OF INVESTIGATIVE DERMATOLOGY 86: 260 (1986).",
      "journal-title": "JOURNAL OF INVESTIGATIVE DERMATOLOGY"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_37_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1126/science.3257584"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_38_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "199",
      "DOI": "10.1097/00000372-197900130-00002",
      "volume": "1",
      "year": "1979",
      "unstructured": "RAGAZ, A, AM J DERMATOPATH 1: 199 (1979).",
      "journal-title": "AM J DERMATOPATH"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_39_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1126/science.3041594"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_40_1",
      "first-page": "3494",
      "volume": "77",
      "year": "1980",
      "unstructured": "Roberts, A. B., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 77: 3494 (1980).",
      "journal-title": "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_41_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "151",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0190-9622(88)80063-X",
      "volume": "18",
      "year": "1988",
      "unstructured": "ROSENBERG, E.W., THE KOEBNER PHENOMENON AND THE MICROBIAL BASIS OF PSORIASIS, JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF DERMATOLOGY 18: 151 (1988).",
      "journal-title": "JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF DERMATOLOGY"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_42_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1126/science.2422759"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_43_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "78",
      "DOI": "10.1007/BF00498777",
      "volume": "235",
      "year": "1969",
      "unstructured": "SCHREINER, E, ARCHIV FUR KLINISCHE UND EXPERIMENTELLE DERMATOLOGIE 235: 78 (1969).",
      "journal-title": "ARCHIV FUR KLINISCHE UND EXPERIMENTELLE DERMATOLOGIE"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_44_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "352",
      "DOI": "10.1007/BF00509232",
      "volume": "277",
      "year": "1985",
      "unstructured": "SCHUBERT, C, MAST-CELLS AND MACROPHAGES IN EARLY RELAPSING PSORIASIS, ARCHIVES OF DERMATOLOGICAL RESEARCH 277: 352 (1985).",
      "journal-title": "ARCHIVES OF DERMATOLOGICAL RESEARCH"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_45_1",
      "first-page": "2068",
      "volume": "46",
      "year": "1986",
      "unstructured": "SHIPLEY, G.D., REVERSIBLE INHIBITION OF NORMAL HUMAN PROKERATINOCYTE PROLIFERATION BY TYPE-BETA TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR-GROWTH INHIBITOR IN SERUM-FREE MEDIUM, CANCER RESEARCH 46: 2068 (1986).",
      "journal-title": "CANCER RESEARCH"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_46_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "160",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0022-5320(73)90076-2",
      "volume": "43",
      "year": "1973",
      "unstructured": "SQUIER, C.A., PERMEABILITY OF KERATINIZED AND NONKERATINIZED ORAL EPITHELIUM TO HORSERADISH-PEROXIDASE, JOURNAL OF ULTRASTRUCTURE RESEARCH 43: 160 (1973).",
      "journal-title": "JOURNAL OF ULTRASTRUCTURE RESEARCH"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_47_1",
      "first-page": "5258",
      "volume": "77",
      "year": "1980",
      "unstructured": "Todaro, G. J., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 77: 5258 (1980).",
      "journal-title": "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_48_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "189",
      "DOI": "10.1007/BF00513956",
      "volume": "280",
      "year": "1988",
      "unstructured": "TORUNIOWA, B, MAST-CELLS IN THE INITIAL-STAGES OF PSORIASIS, ARCHIVES OF DERMATOLOGICAL RESEARCH 280: 189 (1988).",
      "journal-title": "ARCHIVES OF DERMATOLOGICAL RESEARCH"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_49_1",
      "first-page": "701",
      "volume": "105",
      "year": "1972",
      "unstructured": "VOORHEES, J.J., ARCHIVES OF DERMATOLOGY 105: 701 (1972).",
      "journal-title": "ARCHIVES OF DERMATOLOGY"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_50_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "579",
      "DOI": "10.1111/1523-1747.ep12283594",
      "volume": "85",
      "year": "1985",
      "unstructured": "WEINSTEIN, G.D., CELL KINETIC BASIS FOR PATHO-PHYSIOLOGY OF PSORIASIS, JOURNAL OF INVESTIGATIVE DERMATOLOGY 85: 579 (1985).",
      "journal-title": "JOURNAL OF INVESTIGATIVE DERMATOLOGY"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_51_1",
      "first-page": "147",
      "year": "1983",
      "unstructured": "Wright, N. A., Psoriasis: Cell Proliferation: 147 (1983).",
      "journal-title": "Psoriasis: Cell Proliferation"
    }
  ],
  "container-title": "Science",
  "original-title": [],
  "language": "en",
  "link": [
    {
      "URL": "https://www.science.org/doi/pdf/10.1126/science.2916128",
      "content-type": "unspecified",
      "content-version": "vor",
      "intended-application": "similarity-checking"
    }
  ],
  "deposited": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2024,
        1,
        13
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2024-01-13T09:20:10Z",
    "timestamp": 1705137610000
  },
  "score": 1,
  "resource": {
    "primary": {
      "URL": "https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.2916128"
    }
  },
  "subtitle": [],
  "short-title": [],
  "issued": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        1989,
        2,
        10
      ]
    ]
  },
  "references-count": 51,
  "journal-issue": {
    "issue": "4892",
    "published-print": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          1989,
          2,
          10
        ]
      ]
    }
  },
  "alternative-id": [
    "10.1126/science.2916128"
  ],
  "URL": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.2916128",
  "relation": {},
  "ISSN": [
    "0036-8075",
    "1095-9203"
  ],
  "subject": [],
  "container-title-short": "Science",
  "published": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        1989,
        2,
        10
      ]
    ]
  }
}