DOI: 10.1126/science.288.5465.462. Orbital Physics in Transition-Metal Oxides

Orbital Physics in Transition-Metal Oxides

10.1126/science.288.5465.462

Crossref journal-article

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

Science (221)

Abstract

An electron in a solid, that is, bound to or nearly localized on the specific atomic site, has three attributes: charge, spin, and orbital. The orbital represents the shape of the electron cloud in solid. In transition-metal oxides with anisotropic-shaped d-orbital electrons, the Coulomb interaction between the electrons (strong electron correlation effect) is of importance for understanding their metal-insulator transitions and properties such as high-temperature superconductivity and colossal magnetoresistance. The orbital degree of freedom occasionally plays an important role in these phenomena, and its correlation and/or order-disorder transition causes a variety of phenomena through strong coupling with charge, spin, and lattice dynamics. An overview is given here on this “orbital physics,” which will be a key concept for the science and technology of correlated electrons.

Bibliography

Tokura, Y., & Nagaosa, N. (2000). Orbital Physics in Transition-Metal Oxides. Science, 288(5465), 462â468.

Authors 2

Y. Tokura (first)
N. Nagaosa (additional)

References 68 Referenced 2,267

Kugel K. I., Khomskii D. I., Sov. Phys. JETP 52, 501 (1981). / Sov. Phys. JETP by Kugel K. I. (1981)
10.1016/S0031-8914(34)90023-9
P. W. Anderson in Solid State Physics F. Seitz and D. Turnbull Eds. (Academic Press New York 1963) vol. 14 p. 99.
Kanamori J., J. Phys. Chem. Solids 10, 87 (1959). (10.1016/0022-3697(59)90061-7) / J. Phys. Chem. Solids by Kanamori J. (1959)
J. B. Goodenough Magnetism and Chemical Bond (Interscience New York 1963).
10.1098/rspa.1937.0142
J. Kanamori J. Appl. Phys. 31 (suppl.) 14S (1960). (10.1063/1.1984590)
Gehring G. A., Gehring K. A., Rep. Prog. Phys. 38, 1 (1975). (10.1088/0034-4885/38/1/001) / Rep. Prog. Phys. by Gehring G. A. (1975)
10.1103/PhysRev.82.403
10.1103/PhysRev.100.675
For a review see for example Y. Tokura Ed. Colossal Magnetoresistive Oxides (Gordon and Breach Science New York 2000) and references therein.
For a review on theories of manganese oxides see for example an article by A. J. Millis in (11) pp. 53–86.
Solovyev I., Hamada N., Terakura K., Phys. Rev. Lett. 76, 4825 (1996). (10.1103/PhysRevLett.76.4825) / Phys. Rev. Lett. by Solovyev I. (1996)
Mizokawa T., Fujimori A., Phys. Rev. B 54, 5368 (1996). (10.1103/PhysRevB.54.5368) / Phys. Rev. B by Mizokawa T. (1996)
Ishihara S., Inoue J., Maekawa S., Phys. Rev. B 55, 8280 (1997). (10.1103/PhysRevB.55.8280) / Phys. Rev. B by Ishihara S. (1997)
10.1126/science.270.5238.961
Kawano H., et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 78, 4253 (1997). (10.1103/PhysRevLett.78.4253) / Phys. Rev. Lett. by Kawano H. (1997)
Kuwahara H., Okuda T., Tomioka Y., Asamitsu A., Tokura Y., Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 4316 (1999). (10.1103/PhysRevLett.82.4316) / Phys. Rev. Lett. by Kuwahara H. (1999)
Kajimoto R., et al., Phys. Rev. B 60, 9506 (1999). (10.1103/PhysRevB.60.9506) / Phys. Rev. B by Kajimoto R. (1999)
Maezono R., Ishihara S., Nagaosa N., Phys. Rev. B 58, 11583 (1998). (10.1103/PhysRevB.58.11583) / Phys. Rev. B by Maezono R. (1998)
Konishi Y., et al., J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 68, 3790 (1999). (10.1143/JPSJ.68.3790) / J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. by Konishi Y. (1999)
M. v. Zimmermann et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 83 4872 (1999).
Goodenough J. B., Phys. Rev. 100, 564 (1955). (10.1103/PhysRev.100.564) / Phys. Rev. by Goodenough J. B. (1955)
Anisimov V. I., Elfimov I. S., Korotin M. A., Terakura K., Phys. Rev. B 55, 15494 (1997). (10.1103/PhysRevB.55.15494) / Phys. Rev. B by Anisimov V. I. (1997)
Solovyev I., Terakura K., Phys. Rev. Lett. 83, 2825 (1999). (10.1103/PhysRevLett.83.2825) / Phys. Rev. Lett. by Solovyev I. (1999)
Brink J., Khaliullin G., Khomskii D., Phys. Rev. Lett. 83, 5118 (1999). (10.1103/PhysRevLett.83.5118) / Phys. Rev. Lett. by Brink J. (1999)
Murakami Y., et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 80, 1932 (1998). (10.1103/PhysRevLett.80.1932) / Phys. Rev. Lett. by Murakami Y. (1998)
Ishikawa T., Ookura K., Tokura Y., Phys. Rev. B 59, 8367 (1999). (10.1103/PhysRevB.59.8367) / Phys. Rev. B by Ishikawa T. (1999)
Damay F., Martin C., Maignan A., Raveau B., J. Appl. Phys. 82, 6181 (1997). (10.1063/1.366543) / J. Appl. Phys. by Damay F. (1997)
Tokura Y., Kuwahara H., Moritomo Y., Tomioka Y., Asamitsu A., Phys. Rev. Lett. 76, 3184 (1996). (10.1103/PhysRevLett.76.3184) / Phys. Rev. Lett. by Tokura Y. (1996)
10.1103/PhysRevLett.83.4393
10.1103/PhysRevLett.83.4389
Yamamoto K., Kimura T., Ishikawa T., Katsufuji T., Tokura Y., J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 68, 2538 (1999). (10.1143/JPSJ.68.2538) / J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. by Yamamoto K. (1999)
Tomioka Y., et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 70, 3609 (1997). (10.1063/1.119248) / Appl. Phys. Lett. by Tomioka Y. (1997)
E. Saitoh Y. Tomioka T. Kimura Y. Tokura unpublished data.
10.1103/PhysRevLett.81.192
Okimoto Y., et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 75, 109 (1995). (10.1103/PhysRevLett.75.109) / Phys. Rev. Lett. by Okimoto Y. (1995)
Sarma D. D., et al., Phys. Rev. B 53, 6873 (1996). (10.1103/PhysRevB.53.6873) / Phys. Rev. B by Sarma D. D. (1996)
Okuda T., et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 81, 3203 (1998). (10.1103/PhysRevLett.81.3203) / Phys. Rev. Lett. by Okuda T. (1998)
Woodfield B. F., Wilson M. L., Byers J. M., Phys. Rev. Lett. 78, 3201 (1997). (10.1103/PhysRevLett.78.3201) / Phys. Rev. Lett. by Woodfield B. F. (1997)
Ishihara S., Yamanaka M., Nagaosa N., Phys. Rev. B 56, 686 (1997). (10.1103/PhysRevB.56.686) / Phys. Rev. B by Ishihara S. (1997)
Mack F., Horsch P., Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 3160 (1999). (10.1103/PhysRevLett.82.3160) / Phys. Rev. Lett. by Mack F. (1999)
Motome Y., Imada M., Phys. Rev. B 60, 7921 (1999). (10.1103/PhysRevB.60.7921) / Phys. Rev. B by Motome Y. (1999)
Shiba H., Shiina R., Takahashi A., J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 66, 941 (1997). (10.1143/JPSJ.66.941) / J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. by Shiba H. (1997)
10.1126/science.283.5410.2034
Gorkov L. P., Kresin V. Z., J. Supercond. 12, 243 (1999). (10.1023/A:1007756022087) / J. Supercond. by Gorkov L. P. (1999)
Nagaev E. L., Phys. Rev. B 58, 2415 (1998). (10.1103/PhysRevB.58.2415) / Phys. Rev. B by Nagaev E. L. (1998)
Castellani C., Natoli C. R., Ranninnger J., Phys. Rev. B 18, 4945 (1978). (10.1103/PhysRevB.18.4945) / Phys. Rev. B by Castellani C. (1978)
T. M. Rice in Spectroscopy of Mott Insulators and Correlated Materials A. Fujimori and Y. Tokura Eds. (Springer Berlin 1995) pp. 221–229. (10.1007/978-3-642-57834-2_20)
Bao W., Phys. Rev. Lett. 78, 507 (1997). (10.1103/PhysRevLett.78.507) / Phys. Rev. Lett. by Bao W. (1997)
S. Yu. Ezhov
Anisimov V. I., Khomskii D. I., Sawatzky G. A., Phys. Rev. Lett. 83, 4136 (1999). (10.1103/PhysRevLett.83.364) / Phys. Rev. Lett. by Anisimov V. I. (1999)
Sawada H., Terakura K., Phys. Rev. B 58, 6831 (1998). (10.1103/PhysRevB.58.6831) / Phys. Rev. B by Sawada H. (1998)
Ren Y., et al., Nature 396, 441 (1998). (10.1038/24802) / Nature by Ren Y. (1998)
Korotin M. A., et al., Phys. Rev. B 54, 5309 (1996). (10.1103/PhysRevB.54.5309) / Phys. Rev. B by Korotin M. A. (1996)
Yamaguchi S., Okimoto Y., Tokura Y., Phys. Rev. B 54, R8666 (1997). (10.1103/PhysRevB.55.R8666) / Phys. Rev. B by Yamaguchi S. (1997)
Li Y. Q., Ma M., Shi D. N., Zhang F. C., Phys. Rev. Lett. 81, 3527 (1998). (10.1103/PhysRevLett.81.3527) / Phys. Rev. Lett. by Li Y. Q. (1998)
Nersesyan A. A., Tsvelik A. M., Phys. Rev. Lett. 78, 3939 (1997). (10.1103/PhysRevLett.78.3939) / Phys. Rev. Lett. by Nersesyan A. A. (1997)
Kolezhuk A. K., Mikeska H.-J., Phys. Rev. Lett. 80, 2709 (1998). (10.1103/PhysRevLett.80.2709) / Phys. Rev. Lett. by Kolezhuk A. K. (1998)
Yamashita Y., Shibata N., Ueda K., Phys. Rev. B 58, 9114 (1998). (10.1103/PhysRevB.58.9114) / Phys. Rev. B by Yamashita Y. (1998)
Frischmuth B., Mila F., Troyer M., Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 835 (1999). (10.1103/PhysRevLett.82.835) / Phys. Rev. Lett. by Frischmuth B. (1999)
Azaria P., Gogolin A. O., Lecheminant P., Nersesyan A. A., Phys. Rev. Lett. 83, 624 (1999). (10.1103/PhysRevLett.83.624) / Phys. Rev. Lett. by Azaria P. (1999)
C. Itoi S. Qin I. Affleck E-print available at xxx.lanl.gov/abs/cond-mat/9910109.
10.1103/PhysRevLett.78.2799
Pen H. F., van den Brink J., Khomskii D. I., Sawatzky G. A., Phys. Rev. Lett. 78, 1323 (1997). (10.1103/PhysRevLett.78.1323) / Phys. Rev. Lett. by Pen H. F. (1997)
10.1126/science.280.5371.1925
10.1038/386813a0
The authors thank T. Fujiwara M. Izumi S. Ishihara M. Kawasaki G. Khaliullin D. Khomskii S. Maekawa R. Maezono Y. Murakami Y. Okimoto T. Okuda E. Saitoh K. Terakura H. Yoshizawa J. Zaanen and F. C. Zhang for valuable discussions and collaborations. This work was supported by the Center of Excellence and Priority Areas Grants from the Ministry of Education Science and Culture of Japan and by the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization.

Dates

Type	When
Created	23 years, 1 month ago (July 27, 2002, 5:40 a.m.)
Deposited	1 year, 7 months ago (Jan. 13, 2024, 5:03 a.m.)
Indexed	13 hours, 51 minutes ago (Aug. 28, 2025, 8:46 a.m.)
Issued	25 years, 4 months ago (April 21, 2000)
Published	25 years, 4 months ago (April 21, 2000)
Published Print	25 years, 4 months ago (April 21, 2000)

Funders 0

None

BibTeX

@article{Tokura_2000, title={Orbital Physics in Transition-Metal Oxides}, volume={288}, ISSN={1095-9203}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.288.5465.462}, DOI={10.1126/science.288.5465.462}, number={5465}, journal={Science}, publisher={American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)}, author={Tokura, Y. and Nagaosa, N.}, year={2000}, month=apr, pages={462–468} }

JSON

{
  "indexed": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2025,
        8,
        28
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2025-08-28T12:46:53Z",
    "timestamp": 1756385213492
  },
  "reference-count": 68,
  "publisher": "American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)",
  "issue": "5465",
  "content-domain": {
    "domain": [],
    "crossmark-restriction": false
  },
  "published-print": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2000,
        4,
        21
      ]
    ]
  },
  "abstract": "<jats:p>An electron in a solid, that is, bound to or nearly localized on the specific atomic site, has three attributes: charge, spin, and orbital. The orbital represents the shape of the electron cloud in solid. In transition-metal oxides with anisotropic-shaped d-orbital electrons, the Coulomb interaction between the electrons (strong electron correlation effect) is of importance for understanding their metal-insulator transitions and properties such as high-temperature superconductivity and colossal magnetoresistance. The orbital degree of freedom occasionally plays an important role in these phenomena, and its correlation and/or order-disorder transition causes a variety of phenomena through strong coupling with charge, spin, and lattice dynamics. An overview is given here on this \u201corbital physics,\u201d which will be a key concept for the science and technology of correlated electrons.</jats:p>",
  "DOI": "10.1126/science.288.5465.462",
  "type": "journal-article",
  "created": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2002,
        7,
        27
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2002-07-27T09:40:21Z",
    "timestamp": 1027762821000
  },
  "page": "462-468",
  "source": "Crossref",
  "is-referenced-by-count": 2267,
  "title": "Orbital Physics in Transition-Metal Oxides",
  "prefix": "10.1126",
  "volume": "288",
  "author": [
    {
      "given": "Y.",
      "family": "Tokura",
      "sequence": "first",
      "affiliation": [
        {
          "name": "Department of Applied Physics, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan."
        },
        {
          "name": "Joint Research Center for Atom Technology, Tsukuba 305-0046, Japan."
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "given": "N.",
      "family": "Nagaosa",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": [
        {
          "name": "Department of Applied Physics, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan."
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "member": "221",
  "reference": [
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_1_2_2",
      "first-page": "501",
      "volume": "52",
      "author": "Kugel K. I.",
      "year": "1981",
      "unstructured": "Kugel K. I., Khomskii D. I., Sov. Phys. JETP 52, 501 (1981).",
      "journal-title": "Sov. Phys. JETP"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_1_3_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0031-8914(34)90023-9"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_1_4_2",
      "unstructured": "P. W. Anderson in Solid State Physics F. Seitz and D. Turnbull Eds. (Academic Press New York 1963) vol. 14 p. 99."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_1_5_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "87",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0022-3697(59)90061-7",
      "volume": "10",
      "author": "Kanamori J.",
      "year": "1959",
      "unstructured": "Kanamori J., J. Phys. Chem. Solids 10, 87 (1959).",
      "journal-title": "J. Phys. Chem. Solids"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_1_6_2",
      "unstructured": "J. B. Goodenough Magnetism and Chemical Bond (Interscience New York 1963)."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_1_7_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1098/rspa.1937.0142"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_1_8_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "unstructured": "J. Kanamori J. Appl. Phys. 31 (suppl.) 14S (1960).",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.1984590"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_1_9_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1",
      "DOI": "10.1088/0034-4885/38/1/001",
      "volume": "38",
      "author": "Gehring G. A.",
      "year": "1975",
      "unstructured": "Gehring G. A., Gehring K. A., Rep. Prog. Phys. 38, 1 (1975).",
      "journal-title": "Rep. Prog. Phys."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_1_10_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRev.82.403"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_1_11_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRev.100.675"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_1_12_2",
      "unstructured": "For a review see for example Y. Tokura Ed. Colossal Magnetoresistive Oxides (Gordon and Breach Science New York 2000) and references therein."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_1_13_2",
      "unstructured": "For a review on theories of manganese oxides see for example an article by A. J. Millis in (11) pp. 53\u201386."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_1_14_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "4825",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevLett.76.4825",
      "volume": "76",
      "author": "Solovyev I.",
      "year": "1996",
      "unstructured": "Solovyev I., Hamada N., Terakura K., Phys. Rev. Lett. 76, 4825 (1996).",
      "journal-title": "Phys. Rev. Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_1_15_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "5368",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevB.54.5368",
      "volume": "54",
      "author": "Mizokawa T.",
      "year": "1996",
      "unstructured": "Mizokawa T., Fujimori A., Phys. Rev. B 54, 5368 (1996).",
      "journal-title": "Phys. Rev. B"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_1_16_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "8280",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevB.55.8280",
      "volume": "55",
      "author": "Ishihara S.",
      "year": "1997",
      "unstructured": "Ishihara S., Inoue J., Maekawa S., Phys. Rev. B 55, 8280 (1997).",
      "journal-title": "Phys. Rev. B"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_1_17_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1126/science.270.5238.961"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_1_18_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "4253",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevLett.78.4253",
      "volume": "78",
      "author": "Kawano H.",
      "year": "1997",
      "unstructured": "Kawano H., et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 78, 4253 (1997).",
      "journal-title": "Phys. Rev. Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_1_19_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "4316",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevLett.82.4316",
      "volume": "82",
      "author": "Kuwahara H.",
      "year": "1999",
      "unstructured": "Kuwahara H., Okuda T., Tomioka Y., Asamitsu A., Tokura Y., Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 4316 (1999).",
      "journal-title": "Phys. Rev. Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_1_20_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "9506",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevB.60.9506",
      "volume": "60",
      "author": "Kajimoto R.",
      "year": "1999",
      "unstructured": "Kajimoto R., et al., Phys. Rev. B 60, 9506 (1999).",
      "journal-title": "Phys. Rev. B"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_1_21_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "11583",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevB.58.11583",
      "volume": "58",
      "author": "Maezono R.",
      "year": "1998",
      "unstructured": "Maezono R., Ishihara S., Nagaosa N., Phys. Rev. B 58, 11583 (1998).",
      "journal-title": "Phys. Rev. B"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_1_22_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "3790",
      "DOI": "10.1143/JPSJ.68.3790",
      "volume": "68",
      "author": "Konishi Y.",
      "year": "1999",
      "unstructured": "Konishi Y., et al., J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 68, 3790 (1999).",
      "journal-title": "J. Phys. Soc. Jpn."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_1_23_2",
      "unstructured": "M. v. Zimmermann et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 83 4872 (1999)."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_1_24_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "564",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRev.100.564",
      "volume": "100",
      "author": "Goodenough J. B.",
      "year": "1955",
      "unstructured": "Goodenough J. B., Phys. Rev. 100, 564 (1955).",
      "journal-title": "Phys. Rev."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_1_25_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "15494",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevB.55.15494",
      "volume": "55",
      "author": "Anisimov V. I.",
      "year": "1997",
      "unstructured": "Anisimov V. I., Elfimov I. S., Korotin M. A., Terakura K., Phys. Rev. B 55, 15494 (1997).",
      "journal-title": "Phys. Rev. B"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_1_26_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "2825",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevLett.83.2825",
      "volume": "83",
      "author": "Solovyev I.",
      "year": "1999",
      "unstructured": "Solovyev I., Terakura K., Phys. Rev. Lett. 83, 2825 (1999).",
      "journal-title": "Phys. Rev. Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_1_27_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "5118",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevLett.83.5118",
      "volume": "83",
      "author": "Brink J.",
      "year": "1999",
      "unstructured": "Brink J., Khaliullin G., Khomskii D., Phys. Rev. Lett. 83, 5118 (1999).",
      "journal-title": "Phys. Rev. Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_1_28_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1932",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevLett.80.1932",
      "volume": "80",
      "author": "Murakami Y.",
      "year": "1998",
      "unstructured": "Murakami Y., et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 80, 1932 (1998).",
      "journal-title": "Phys. Rev. Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_1_29_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "8367",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevB.59.8367",
      "volume": "59",
      "author": "Ishikawa T.",
      "year": "1999",
      "unstructured": "Ishikawa T., Ookura K., Tokura Y., Phys. Rev. B 59, 8367 (1999).",
      "journal-title": "Phys. Rev. B"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_1_30_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "6181",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.366543",
      "volume": "82",
      "author": "Damay F.",
      "year": "1997",
      "unstructured": "Damay F., Martin C., Maignan A., Raveau B., J. Appl. Phys. 82, 6181 (1997).",
      "journal-title": "J. Appl. Phys."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_1_31_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "3184",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevLett.76.3184",
      "volume": "76",
      "author": "Tokura Y.",
      "year": "1996",
      "unstructured": "Tokura Y., Kuwahara H., Moritomo Y., Tomioka Y., Asamitsu A., Phys. Rev. Lett. 76, 3184 (1996).",
      "journal-title": "Phys. Rev. Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_1_32_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevLett.83.4393"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_1_33_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevLett.83.4389"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_1_34_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "2538",
      "DOI": "10.1143/JPSJ.68.2538",
      "volume": "68",
      "author": "Yamamoto K.",
      "year": "1999",
      "unstructured": "Yamamoto K., Kimura T., Ishikawa T., Katsufuji T., Tokura Y., J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 68, 2538 (1999).",
      "journal-title": "J. Phys. Soc. Jpn."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_1_35_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "3609",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.119248",
      "volume": "70",
      "author": "Tomioka Y.",
      "year": "1997",
      "unstructured": "Tomioka Y., et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 70, 3609 (1997).",
      "journal-title": "Appl. Phys. Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_1_36_2",
      "unstructured": "E. Saitoh Y. Tomioka T. Kimura Y. Tokura unpublished data."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_1_37_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevLett.81.192"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_1_38_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "109",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevLett.75.109",
      "volume": "75",
      "author": "Okimoto Y.",
      "year": "1995",
      "unstructured": "Okimoto Y., et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 75, 109 (1995).",
      "journal-title": "Phys. Rev. Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_1_39_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "6873",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevB.53.6873",
      "volume": "53",
      "author": "Sarma D. D.",
      "year": "1996",
      "unstructured": "Sarma D. D., et al., Phys. Rev. B 53, 6873 (1996).",
      "journal-title": "Phys. Rev. B"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_1_40_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "3203",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevLett.81.3203",
      "volume": "81",
      "author": "Okuda T.",
      "year": "1998",
      "unstructured": "Okuda T., et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 81, 3203 (1998).",
      "journal-title": "Phys. Rev. Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_1_41_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "3201",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevLett.78.3201",
      "volume": "78",
      "author": "Woodfield B. F.",
      "year": "1997",
      "unstructured": "Woodfield B. F., Wilson M. L., Byers J. M., Phys. Rev. Lett. 78, 3201 (1997).",
      "journal-title": "Phys. Rev. Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_1_42_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "686",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevB.56.686",
      "volume": "56",
      "author": "Ishihara S.",
      "year": "1997",
      "unstructured": "Ishihara S., Yamanaka M., Nagaosa N., Phys. Rev. B 56, 686 (1997).",
      "journal-title": "Phys. Rev. B"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_1_43_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "3160",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevLett.82.3160",
      "volume": "82",
      "author": "Mack F.",
      "year": "1999",
      "unstructured": "Mack F., Horsch P., Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 3160 (1999).",
      "journal-title": "Phys. Rev. Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_1_44_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "7921",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevB.60.7921",
      "volume": "60",
      "author": "Motome Y.",
      "year": "1999",
      "unstructured": "Motome Y., Imada M., Phys. Rev. B 60, 7921 (1999).",
      "journal-title": "Phys. Rev. B"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_1_45_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "941",
      "DOI": "10.1143/JPSJ.66.941",
      "volume": "66",
      "author": "Shiba H.",
      "year": "1997",
      "unstructured": "Shiba H., Shiina R., Takahashi A., J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 66, 941 (1997).",
      "journal-title": "J. Phys. Soc. Jpn."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_1_46_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1126/science.283.5410.2034"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_1_47_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "243",
      "DOI": "10.1023/A:1007756022087",
      "volume": "12",
      "author": "Gorkov L. P.",
      "year": "1999",
      "unstructured": "Gorkov L. P., Kresin V. Z., J. Supercond. 12, 243 (1999).",
      "journal-title": "J. Supercond."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_1_48_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "2415",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevB.58.2415",
      "volume": "58",
      "author": "Nagaev E. L.",
      "year": "1998",
      "unstructured": "Nagaev E. L., Phys. Rev. B 58, 2415 (1998).",
      "journal-title": "Phys. Rev. B"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_1_49_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "4945",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevB.18.4945",
      "volume": "18",
      "author": "Castellani C.",
      "year": "1978",
      "unstructured": "Castellani C., Natoli C. R., Ranninnger J., Phys. Rev. B 18, 4945 (1978).",
      "journal-title": "Phys. Rev. B"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_1_50_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "unstructured": "T. M. Rice in Spectroscopy of Mott Insulators and Correlated Materials A. Fujimori and Y. Tokura Eds. (Springer Berlin 1995) pp. 221\u2013229.",
      "DOI": "10.1007/978-3-642-57834-2_20"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_1_51_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "507",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevLett.78.507",
      "volume": "78",
      "author": "Bao W.",
      "year": "1997",
      "unstructured": "Bao W., Phys. Rev. Lett. 78, 507 (1997).",
      "journal-title": "Phys. Rev. Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_1_52_2",
      "unstructured": "S. Yu. Ezhov"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_1_52_3",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "4136",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevLett.83.364",
      "volume": "83",
      "author": "Anisimov V. I.",
      "year": "1999",
      "unstructured": "Anisimov V. I., Khomskii D. I., Sawatzky G. A., Phys. Rev. Lett. 83, 4136 (1999).",
      "journal-title": "Phys. Rev. Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_1_53_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "6831",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevB.58.6831",
      "volume": "58",
      "author": "Sawada H.",
      "year": "1998",
      "unstructured": "Sawada H., Terakura K., Phys. Rev. B 58, 6831 (1998).",
      "journal-title": "Phys. Rev. B"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_1_54_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "441",
      "DOI": "10.1038/24802",
      "volume": "396",
      "author": "Ren Y.",
      "year": "1998",
      "unstructured": "Ren Y., et al., Nature 396, 441 (1998).",
      "journal-title": "Nature"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_1_55_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "5309",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevB.54.5309",
      "volume": "54",
      "author": "Korotin M. A.",
      "year": "1996",
      "unstructured": "Korotin M. A., et al., Phys. Rev. B 54, 5309 (1996).",
      "journal-title": "Phys. Rev. B"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_1_56_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "R8666",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevB.55.R8666",
      "volume": "54",
      "author": "Yamaguchi S.",
      "year": "1997",
      "unstructured": "Yamaguchi S., Okimoto Y., Tokura Y., Phys. Rev. B 54, R8666 (1997).",
      "journal-title": "Phys. Rev. B"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_1_57_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "3527",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevLett.81.3527",
      "volume": "81",
      "author": "Li Y. Q.",
      "year": "1998",
      "unstructured": "Li Y. Q., Ma M., Shi D. N., Zhang F. C., Phys. Rev. Lett. 81, 3527 (1998).",
      "journal-title": "Phys. Rev. Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_1_58_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "3939",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevLett.78.3939",
      "volume": "78",
      "author": "Nersesyan A. A.",
      "year": "1997",
      "unstructured": "Nersesyan A. A., Tsvelik A. M., Phys. Rev. Lett. 78, 3939 (1997).",
      "journal-title": "Phys. Rev. Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_1_59_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "2709",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevLett.80.2709",
      "volume": "80",
      "author": "Kolezhuk A. K.",
      "year": "1998",
      "unstructured": "Kolezhuk A. K., Mikeska H.-J., Phys. Rev. Lett. 80, 2709 (1998).",
      "journal-title": "Phys. Rev. Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_1_60_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "9114",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevB.58.9114",
      "volume": "58",
      "author": "Yamashita Y.",
      "year": "1998",
      "unstructured": "Yamashita Y., Shibata N., Ueda K., Phys. Rev. B 58, 9114 (1998).",
      "journal-title": "Phys. Rev. B"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_1_61_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "835",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevLett.82.835",
      "volume": "82",
      "author": "Frischmuth B.",
      "year": "1999",
      "unstructured": "Frischmuth B., Mila F., Troyer M., Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 835 (1999).",
      "journal-title": "Phys. Rev. Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_1_62_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "624",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevLett.83.624",
      "volume": "83",
      "author": "Azaria P.",
      "year": "1999",
      "unstructured": "Azaria P., Gogolin A. O., Lecheminant P., Nersesyan A. A., Phys. Rev. Lett. 83, 624 (1999).",
      "journal-title": "Phys. Rev. Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_1_63_2",
      "unstructured": "C. Itoi S. Qin I. Affleck E-print available at xxx.lanl.gov/abs/cond-mat/9910109."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_1_64_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevLett.78.2799"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_1_65_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1323",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevLett.78.1323",
      "volume": "78",
      "author": "Pen H. F.",
      "year": "1997",
      "unstructured": "Pen H. F., van den Brink J., Khomskii D. I., Sawatzky G. A., Phys. Rev. Lett. 78, 1323 (1997).",
      "journal-title": "Phys. Rev. Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_1_66_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1126/science.280.5371.1925"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_1_67_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1038/386813a0"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_1_68_2",
      "unstructured": "The authors thank T. Fujiwara M. Izumi S. Ishihara M. Kawasaki G. Khaliullin D. Khomskii S. Maekawa R. Maezono Y. Murakami Y. Okimoto T. Okuda E. Saitoh K. Terakura H. Yoshizawa J. Zaanen and F. C. Zhang for valuable discussions and collaborations. This work was supported by the Center of Excellence and Priority Areas Grants from the Ministry of Education Science and Culture of Japan and by the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization."
    }
  ],
  "container-title": "Science",
  "original-title": [],
  "language": "en",
  "link": [
    {
      "URL": "https://www.science.org/doi/pdf/10.1126/science.288.5465.462",
      "content-type": "unspecified",
      "content-version": "vor",
      "intended-application": "similarity-checking"
    }
  ],
  "deposited": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2024,
        1,
        13
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2024-01-13T10:03:24Z",
    "timestamp": 1705140204000
  },
  "score": 1,
  "resource": {
    "primary": {
      "URL": "https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.288.5465.462"
    }
  },
  "subtitle": [],
  "short-title": [],
  "issued": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2000,
        4,
        21
      ]
    ]
  },
  "references-count": 68,
  "journal-issue": {
    "issue": "5465",
    "published-print": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          2000,
          4,
          21
        ]
      ]
    }
  },
  "alternative-id": [
    "10.1126/science.288.5465.462"
  ],
  "URL": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.288.5465.462",
  "relation": {},
  "ISSN": [
    "0036-8075",
    "1095-9203"
  ],
  "subject": [],
  "container-title-short": "Science",
  "published": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2000,
        4,
        21
      ]
    ]
  }
}