DOI: 10.1126/science.281.5381.1312. Caspases: Enemies Within

10.1126/science.281.5381.1312

Crossref journal-article

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

Science (221)

Abstract

REVIEW Apoptosis, an evolutionarily conserved form of cell suicide, requires specialized machinery. The central component of this machinery is a proteolytic system involving a family of proteases called caspases. These enzymes participate in a cascade that is triggered in response to proapoptotic signals and culminates in cleavage of a set of proteins, resulting in disassembly of the cell. Understanding caspase regulation is intimately linked to the ability to rationally manipulate apoptosis for therapeutic gain.

Bibliography

Thornberry, N. A., & Lazebnik, Y. (1998). Caspases: Enemies Within. Science, 281(5381), 1312â1316.

Authors 2

Nancy A. Thornberry (first)
Yuri Lazebnik (additional)

References 50 Referenced 5,434

Kerr J. F. R., Wyllie A. M., Currie A. R., Br. J. Cancer 24, 239 (1972). (10.1038/bjc.1972.33) / Br. J. Cancer by Kerr J. F. R. (1972)
10.1016/0092-8674(93)90485-9
10.1038/356768a0
10.1016/S0968-0004(97)01085-2
10.1016/0092-8674(94)90303-4
10.1038/370270a0
Rotonda J., et al., Nature Struct. Biol. 3, 619 (1996). (10.1038/nsb0796-619) / Nature Struct. Biol. by Rotonda J. (1996)
The only other eukaryotic protease known to have a similar specificity is the serine protease granzyme B a mediator of granule-dependent cytotoxic T lymphocyte–mediated apoptosis.
Thornberry N. A., et al., J. Biol. Chem. 272, 17907 (1997). (10.1074/jbc.272.29.17907) / J. Biol. Chem. by Thornberry N. A. (1997)
Porter A. G., Ng P., Janicke R. U., Bioessays 19, 501 (1997). (10.1002/bies.950190609) / Bioessays by Porter A. G. (1997)
10.1101/gad.12.11.1551
10.1038/34112
10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80197-X
10.1038/36889
10.1126/science.278.5345.1966
Adams J. M., Cory S., ibid. 281, 1322 (1998). / ibid. by Adams J. M. (1998)
Takahashi A., et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 93, 8395 (1996). (10.1073/pnas.93.16.8395) / Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. by Takahashi A. (1996)
Orth K., Chinnaiyan A. M., Garg M., Froelich C. J., Dixit V. M., J. Biol. Chem. 271, 16443 (1996). (10.1074/jbc.271.28.16443) / J. Biol. Chem. by Orth K. (1996)
10.1126/science.278.5336.294
Wen L. P., et al., J. Biol. Chem. 272, 26056 (1997). (10.1074/jbc.272.41.26056) / J. Biol. Chem. by Wen L. P. (1997)
10.1126/science.276.5318.1571
Rheaume E., et al., EMBO J. 16, 6346 (1997). (10.1093/emboj/16.21.6346) / EMBO J. by Rheaume E. (1997)
Cryns V. L., et al., J. Biol. Chem. 272, 29449 (1997). (10.1074/jbc.272.47.29449) / J. Biol. Chem. by Cryns V. L. (1997)
10.1038/356397a0
Beltrami E., Jesty J., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 92, 8744 (1995). (10.1073/pnas.92.19.8744) / Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. by Beltrami E. (1995)
10.1126/science.281.5381.1305
R. Hakem et al. Cell in press.
K. Kuida et al. ibid. in press.
Boldin M., Goncharov T., Goltsev Y., Wallach D., ibid. 85, 803 (1996). / ibid. by Boldin M. (1996)
M. Muzio et al. ibid. p. 817.
P. Li et al. ibid. 91 479 (1997).
Muzio M., Stockwell B. R., Stennicke H. R., Salvesen G. S., Dixit V. M., J. Biol. Chem. 273, 2926 (1998). (10.1074/jbc.273.5.2926) / J. Biol. Chem. by Muzio M. (1998)
Gu Y., et al., EMBO J. 14, 1923 (1995). (10.1002/j.1460-2075.1995.tb07184.x) / EMBO J. by Gu Y. (1995)
Yang X. L., Chang H. Y., Baltimore D., Mol. Cell 1, 319 (1998). (10.1016/S1097-2765(00)80032-5) / Mol. Cell by Yang X. L. (1998)
Shu H. B., Halpin D. R., Goeddel D. V., Immunity 6, 751 (1997). (10.1016/S1074-7613(00)80450-1) / Immunity by Shu H. B. (1997)
Irmler M., et al., Nature 388, 190 (1997). (10.1038/40657) / Nature by Irmler M. (1997)
Koseki T., Inohara N., Chen S., Nunez G., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95, 5156 (1998). (10.1073/pnas.95.9.5156) / Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. by Koseki T. (1998)
10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80085-9
10.1126/science.281.5381.1309
Ray C. A., et al., Cell 69, 597 (1992). (10.1016/0092-8674(92)90223-Y) / Cell by Ray C. A. (1992)
10.1126/science.7569933
10.1038/377248a0
Uren A. G., Coulson E. J., Vaux D. L., Trends Biochem. Sci. 23, 159 (1998). (10.1016/S0968-0004(98)01198-0) / Trends Biochem. Sci. by Uren A. G. (1998)
Deveraux Q. L., Takahashi R., Salvesen G. S., Reed J. C., Nature 388, 300 (1997). (10.1038/40901) / Nature by Deveraux Q. L. (1997)
Deveraux Q. L., et al., EMBO J. 17, 2215 (1998). (10.1093/emboj/17.8.2215) / EMBO J. by Deveraux Q. L. (1998)
Seshagiri S., Miller L. K., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 94, 13606 (1997). (10.1073/pnas.94.25.13606) / Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. by Seshagiri S. (1997)
Davidson F. F., Steller H., Nature 391, 587 (1998). (10.1038/35385) / Nature by Davidson F. F. (1998)
Thornberry N. A., Chem. Biol. 5, R97 (1998). (10.1016/S1074-5521(98)90615-9) / Chem. Biol. by Thornberry N. A. (1998)
10.1126/science.281.5381.1317
Y.L. is a Pew Scholar. We thank D. Vanderwall for help in preparing Fig. 1B. Because of space limitations it was not possible to include a comprehensive list of references for all of the work discussed.

Dates

Type	When
Created	23 years, 1 month ago (July 27, 2002, 5:43 a.m.)
Deposited	1 year, 7 months ago (Jan. 12, 2024, 10:19 p.m.)
Indexed	2 days, 13 hours ago (Aug. 30, 2025, 12:50 p.m.)
Issued	27 years ago (Aug. 28, 1998)
Published	27 years ago (Aug. 28, 1998)
Published Print	27 years ago (Aug. 28, 1998)

Funders 0

None

BibTeX

@article{Thornberry_1998, title={Caspases: Enemies Within}, volume={281}, ISSN={1095-9203}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.281.5381.1312}, DOI={10.1126/science.281.5381.1312}, number={5381}, journal={Science}, publisher={American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)}, author={Thornberry, Nancy A. and Lazebnik, Yuri}, year={1998}, month=aug, pages={1312–1316} }

JSON

{
  "indexed": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2025,
        8,
        30
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2025-08-30T16:50:58Z",
    "timestamp": 1756572658942
  },
  "reference-count": 50,
  "publisher": "American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)",
  "issue": "5381",
  "content-domain": {
    "domain": [],
    "crossmark-restriction": false
  },
  "published-print": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        1998,
        8,
        28
      ]
    ]
  },
  "abstract": "<jats:p>REVIEW</jats:p>\n          <jats:p>Apoptosis, an evolutionarily conserved form of cell suicide, requires specialized machinery. The central component of this machinery is a proteolytic system involving a family of proteases called caspases. These enzymes participate in a cascade that is triggered in response to proapoptotic signals and culminates in cleavage of a set of proteins, resulting in disassembly of the cell. Understanding caspase regulation is intimately linked to the ability to rationally manipulate apoptosis for therapeutic gain.</jats:p>",
  "DOI": "10.1126/science.281.5381.1312",
  "type": "journal-article",
  "created": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2002,
        7,
        27
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2002-07-27T09:43:20Z",
    "timestamp": 1027763000000
  },
  "page": "1312-1316",
  "source": "Crossref",
  "is-referenced-by-count": 5434,
  "title": "Caspases: Enemies Within",
  "prefix": "10.1126",
  "volume": "281",
  "author": [
    {
      "given": "Nancy A.",
      "family": "Thornberry",
      "sequence": "first",
      "affiliation": [
        {
          "name": "N. A. Thornberry is in the Department of Biochemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, R80W-250, Post Office Box 2000, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA. Y. Lazebnik is at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA."
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "given": "Yuri",
      "family": "Lazebnik",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": [
        {
          "name": "N. A. Thornberry is in the Department of Biochemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, R80W-250, Post Office Box 2000, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA. Y. Lazebnik is at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA."
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "member": "221",
  "reference": [
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_1_2_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "239",
      "DOI": "10.1038/bjc.1972.33",
      "volume": "24",
      "author": "Kerr J. F. R.",
      "year": "1972",
      "unstructured": "Kerr J. F. R., Wyllie A. M., Currie A. R., Br. J. Cancer 24, 239 (1972).",
      "journal-title": "Br. J. Cancer"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_1_3_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0092-8674(93)90485-9"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_1_4_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1038/356768a0"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_1_5_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0968-0004(97)01085-2"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_1_6_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0092-8674(94)90303-4"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_1_7_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1038/370270a0"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_1_8_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "619",
      "DOI": "10.1038/nsb0796-619",
      "volume": "3",
      "author": "Rotonda J.",
      "year": "1996",
      "unstructured": "Rotonda J., et al., Nature Struct. Biol. 3, 619 (1996).",
      "journal-title": "Nature Struct. Biol."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_1_9_2",
      "unstructured": "The only other eukaryotic protease known to have a similar specificity is the serine protease granzyme B a mediator of granule-dependent cytotoxic T lymphocyte\u2013mediated apoptosis."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_1_10_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "17907",
      "DOI": "10.1074/jbc.272.29.17907",
      "volume": "272",
      "author": "Thornberry N. A.",
      "year": "1997",
      "unstructured": "Thornberry N. A., et al., J. Biol. Chem. 272, 17907 (1997).",
      "journal-title": "J. Biol. Chem."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_1_11_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "501",
      "DOI": "10.1002/bies.950190609",
      "volume": "19",
      "author": "Porter A. G.",
      "year": "1997",
      "unstructured": "Porter A. G., Ng P., Janicke R. U., Bioessays 19, 501 (1997).",
      "journal-title": "Bioessays"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_1_12_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1101/gad.12.11.1551"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_1_13_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1038/34112"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_1_14_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80197-X"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_1_15_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1038/36889"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_1_16_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1126/science.278.5345.1966"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_1_17_2",
      "first-page": "1322",
      "volume": "281",
      "author": "Adams J. M.",
      "year": "1998",
      "unstructured": "Adams J. M., Cory S., ibid. 281, 1322 (1998).",
      "journal-title": "ibid."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_1_18_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "8395",
      "DOI": "10.1073/pnas.93.16.8395",
      "volume": "93",
      "author": "Takahashi A.",
      "year": "1996",
      "unstructured": "Takahashi A., et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 93, 8395 (1996).",
      "journal-title": "Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_1_19_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "16443",
      "DOI": "10.1074/jbc.271.28.16443",
      "volume": "271",
      "author": "Orth K.",
      "year": "1996",
      "unstructured": "Orth K., Chinnaiyan A. M., Garg M., Froelich C. J., Dixit V. M., J. Biol. Chem. 271, 16443 (1996).",
      "journal-title": "J. Biol. Chem."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_1_20_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1126/science.278.5336.294"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_1_21_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "26056",
      "DOI": "10.1074/jbc.272.41.26056",
      "volume": "272",
      "author": "Wen L. P.",
      "year": "1997",
      "unstructured": "Wen L. P., et al., J. Biol. Chem. 272, 26056 (1997).",
      "journal-title": "J. Biol. Chem."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_1_22_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1126/science.276.5318.1571"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_1_23_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "6346",
      "DOI": "10.1093/emboj/16.21.6346",
      "volume": "16",
      "author": "Rheaume E.",
      "year": "1997",
      "unstructured": "Rheaume E., et al., EMBO J. 16, 6346 (1997).",
      "journal-title": "EMBO J."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_1_24_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "29449",
      "DOI": "10.1074/jbc.272.47.29449",
      "volume": "272",
      "author": "Cryns V. L.",
      "year": "1997",
      "unstructured": "Cryns V. L., et al., J. Biol. Chem. 272, 29449 (1997).",
      "journal-title": "J. Biol. Chem."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_1_25_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1038/356397a0"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_1_26_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "8744",
      "DOI": "10.1073/pnas.92.19.8744",
      "volume": "92",
      "author": "Beltrami E.",
      "year": "1995",
      "unstructured": "Beltrami E., Jesty J., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 92, 8744 (1995).",
      "journal-title": "Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_1_27_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1126/science.281.5381.1305"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_1_28_2",
      "unstructured": "R. Hakem et al. Cell in press."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_1_29_2",
      "unstructured": "K. Kuida et al. ibid. in press."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_1_30_2",
      "first-page": "803",
      "volume": "85",
      "author": "Boldin M.",
      "year": "1996",
      "unstructured": "Boldin M., Goncharov T., Goltsev Y., Wallach D., ibid. 85, 803 (1996).",
      "journal-title": "ibid."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_1_31_2",
      "unstructured": "M. Muzio et al. ibid. p. 817."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_1_32_2",
      "unstructured": "P. Li et al. ibid. 91 479 (1997)."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_1_33_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "2926",
      "DOI": "10.1074/jbc.273.5.2926",
      "volume": "273",
      "author": "Muzio M.",
      "year": "1998",
      "unstructured": "Muzio M., Stockwell B. R., Stennicke H. R., Salvesen G. S., Dixit V. M., J. Biol. Chem. 273, 2926 (1998).",
      "journal-title": "J. Biol. Chem."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_1_34_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1923",
      "DOI": "10.1002/j.1460-2075.1995.tb07184.x",
      "volume": "14",
      "author": "Gu Y.",
      "year": "1995",
      "unstructured": "Gu Y., et al., EMBO J. 14, 1923 (1995).",
      "journal-title": "EMBO J."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_1_35_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "319",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S1097-2765(00)80032-5",
      "volume": "1",
      "author": "Yang X. L.",
      "year": "1998",
      "unstructured": "Yang X. L., Chang H. Y., Baltimore D., Mol. Cell 1, 319 (1998).",
      "journal-title": "Mol. Cell"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_1_36_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "751",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S1074-7613(00)80450-1",
      "volume": "6",
      "author": "Shu H. B.",
      "year": "1997",
      "unstructured": "Shu H. B., Halpin D. R., Goeddel D. V., Immunity 6, 751 (1997).",
      "journal-title": "Immunity"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_1_37_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "190",
      "DOI": "10.1038/40657",
      "volume": "388",
      "author": "Irmler M.",
      "year": "1997",
      "unstructured": "Irmler M., et al., Nature 388, 190 (1997).",
      "journal-title": "Nature"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_1_38_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "5156",
      "DOI": "10.1073/pnas.95.9.5156",
      "volume": "95",
      "author": "Koseki T.",
      "year": "1998",
      "unstructured": "Koseki T., Inohara N., Chen S., Nunez G., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95, 5156 (1998).",
      "journal-title": "Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_1_39_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80085-9"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_1_40_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1126/science.281.5381.1309"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_1_41_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "597",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0092-8674(92)90223-Y",
      "volume": "69",
      "author": "Ray C. A.",
      "year": "1992",
      "unstructured": "Ray C. A., et al., Cell 69, 597 (1992).",
      "journal-title": "Cell"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_1_42_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1126/science.7569933"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_1_43_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1038/377248a0"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_1_44_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "159",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0968-0004(98)01198-0",
      "volume": "23",
      "author": "Uren A. G.",
      "year": "1998",
      "unstructured": "Uren A. G., Coulson E. J., Vaux D. L., Trends Biochem. Sci. 23, 159 (1998).",
      "journal-title": "Trends Biochem. Sci."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_1_45_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "300",
      "DOI": "10.1038/40901",
      "volume": "388",
      "author": "Deveraux Q. L.",
      "year": "1997",
      "unstructured": "Deveraux Q. L., Takahashi R., Salvesen G. S., Reed J. C., Nature 388, 300 (1997).",
      "journal-title": "Nature"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_1_46_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "2215",
      "DOI": "10.1093/emboj/17.8.2215",
      "volume": "17",
      "author": "Deveraux Q. L.",
      "year": "1998",
      "unstructured": "Deveraux Q. L., et al., EMBO J. 17, 2215 (1998).",
      "journal-title": "EMBO J."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_1_47_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "13606",
      "DOI": "10.1073/pnas.94.25.13606",
      "volume": "94",
      "author": "Seshagiri S.",
      "year": "1997",
      "unstructured": "Seshagiri S., Miller L. K., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 94, 13606 (1997).",
      "journal-title": "Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_1_48_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "587",
      "DOI": "10.1038/35385",
      "volume": "391",
      "author": "Davidson F. F.",
      "year": "1998",
      "unstructured": "Davidson F. F., Steller H., Nature 391, 587 (1998).",
      "journal-title": "Nature"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_1_49_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "R97",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S1074-5521(98)90615-9",
      "volume": "5",
      "author": "Thornberry N. A.",
      "year": "1998",
      "unstructured": "Thornberry N. A., Chem. Biol. 5, R97 (1998).",
      "journal-title": "Chem. Biol."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_1_50_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1126/science.281.5381.1317"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_1_51_2",
      "unstructured": "Y.L. is a Pew Scholar. We thank D. Vanderwall for help in preparing Fig. 1B. Because of space limitations it was not possible to include a comprehensive list of references for all of the work discussed."
    }
  ],
  "container-title": "Science",
  "original-title": [],
  "language": "en",
  "link": [
    {
      "URL": "https://www.science.org/doi/pdf/10.1126/science.281.5381.1312",
      "content-type": "unspecified",
      "content-version": "vor",
      "intended-application": "similarity-checking"
    }
  ],
  "deposited": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2024,
        1,
        13
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2024-01-13T03:19:43Z",
    "timestamp": 1705115983000
  },
  "score": 1,
  "resource": {
    "primary": {
      "URL": "https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.281.5381.1312"
    }
  },
  "subtitle": [],
  "short-title": [],
  "issued": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        1998,
        8,
        28
      ]
    ]
  },
  "references-count": 50,
  "journal-issue": {
    "issue": "5381",
    "published-print": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          1998,
          8,
          28
        ]
      ]
    }
  },
  "alternative-id": [
    "10.1126/science.281.5381.1312"
  ],
  "URL": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.281.5381.1312",
  "relation": {},
  "ISSN": [
    "0036-8075",
    "1095-9203"
  ],
  "subject": [],
  "container-title-short": "Science",
  "published": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        1998,
        8,
        28
      ]
    ]
  }
}