Abstract
Mutations in the gene encoding copper/zinc superoxide dismutase enzyme produce an animal model of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (FALS), a fatal disorder characterized by paralysis. Overexpression of the proto-oncogenebcl-2delayed onset of motor neuron disease and prolonged survival in transgenic mice expressing the FALS-linked mutation in which glycine is substituted by alanine at position 93. It did not, however, alter the duration of the disease. Overexpression ofbcl-2also attenuated the magnitude of spinal cord motor neuron degeneration in the FALS-transgenic mice.
References
51
Referenced
384
- L. P. Rowland in Merritt's Textbook of Neurology L. P. Rowland Ed. (Williams & Wilkins Philadelphia PA 1995) pp. 742–749.
-
D. R. Rosen et al. Nature 362 59 (1993).
(
10.1038/364362c0
) -
H.-X. Deng et al. Science 261 1047 (1993).
(
10.1126/science.8351519
) -
S. Przedborski et al. Neurodegeneration 5 57 (1996).
(
10.1006/neur.1996.0008
) -
D. R. Borchelt et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 91 8292 (1994).
(
10.1073/pnas.91.17.8292
) -
D. R. Borchelt et al. J. Biol. Chem. 270 3234 (1995).
(
10.1074/jbc.270.7.3234
) -
M. E. Gurney et al. Science 264 1772 (1994).
(
10.1126/science.8209258
) -
P. C. Wong et al. Neuron 14 1105 (1995);
(
10.1016/0896-6273(95)90259-7
) -
Ripps M. E., Huntley G. W., Hof P. R., Morrison J. H., Gordon J. W., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 92, 689 (1995).
(
10.1073/pnas.92.3.689
) / Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. by Ripps M. E. (1995) -
R. G. Miller and R. Sufit Neurology 48 (suppl. 4) S28 (1997).
(
10.1212/WNL.48.4_Suppl_4.28S
) -
Merry D. E., Korsmeyer S. J., Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 20, 245 (1997).
(
10.1146/annurev.neuro.20.1.245
) / Annu. Rev. Neurosci. by Merry D. E. (1997) -
L.-T. Zhong et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 90 4533 (1993).
(
10.1073/pnas.90.10.4533
) -
Jacobson M. D., Raff M. C., Nature 374, 814 (1995);
(
10.1038/374814a0
) / Nature by Jacobson M. D. (1995) - ; S. Shimizu et al. ibid. p. 811.
-
J.-C. Martinou et al. Neuron 13 1017 (1994).
(
10.1016/0896-6273(94)90266-6
) -
Dubois-Dauphin M., Frankowski H., Tsujimoto Y., Huarte J., Martinou J.-C., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 91, 2459 (1994).
(
10.1073/pnas.91.8.3309
) / Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. by Dubois-Dauphin M. (1994) -
Y. Sagot et al. J. Neurosci. 15 7727 (1995).
(
10.1523/JNEUROSCI.15-11-07727.1995
) -
Mu X., He J., Anderson D. W., Trojanowski J. Q., Springer J. E., Ann. Neurol. 40, 379 (1996).
(
10.1002/ana.410400307
) / Ann. Neurol. by Mu X. (1996) -
Troost D., Aten J., Morsink F., De Jong J. M. B. V., Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol. 21, 498 (1995).
(
10.1111/j.1365-2990.1995.tb01096.x
) / Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol. by Troost D. (1995) - M. E. Gurney unpublished data.
- We confirmed that transgenic G93A mice from Jackson Laboratory (Bar Harbor ME) harbor the point mutation GGT → GCT in codon 93 of the human Cu/Zn-SOD gene using specific primers for exon 4 (2) followed by a standard sequencing method.
- Each mouse pup was genotyped at postnatal days 2 to 6 by activity gel to detect human Cu/Zn-SOD activity by single-strain conformational polymorphism (SSCP) to detect the human Cu/Zn-SOD G93A mutant transgene and by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect the human BCL-2 transgene. Activity gel was performed on hemolysates (40) and SSCP (2) and PCR (14) were performed on purified genomic DNA (QIAamp; Qiagen Chatsworth CA) prepared from 200 μl of blood and 1 cm of tail. All genotyping was performed at least twice for each pup. After completion of the genotyping each pup was given an arbitrary code and from then on was assessed for clinical and morphological characteristics by investigators blinded to the genotype; the blind was broken only at the end of the study.
- Transection of the facial nerve was performed in 2-day-old pups and the extent of the lesion was assessed 1 week later in Nissl-stained tissue sections from the facial nucleus (14). Values are means + SEM ( n = three mice per group). Statistical analyses were performed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA).
- SOD activity was measured in whole spinal cord tissue homogenates prepared as in (23) and assayed as in (41). Values are means ± SEM ( n = three mice per group). Statistical analyses were performed by one-way ANOVA.
-
V. Kostic et al. Ann. Neurol. 41 497 (1997).
(
10.1002/ana.410410413
) -
Gurney M. E., Yamamoto H., Kwon Y., J. Neurosci. 12, 3241 (1992).
(
10.1523/JNEUROSCI.12-08-03241.1992
) / J. Neurosci. by Gurney M. E. (1992) 10.1038/385434a0
-
Virgo L., De Belleroche J., Brain Res. 676, 196 (1995);
(
10.1016/0006-8993(95)00052-R
) / Brain Res. by Virgo L. (1995) -
; P. H. Tu et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 93 3155 (1996).
(
10.1073/pnas.93.7.3155
) - Rothstein J. D., Adv. Neurol. 68, 7 (1995). / Adv. Neurol. by Rothstein J. D. (1995)
-
Beckman J. S., Carson M., Smith C. D., Koppenol W. H., Nature 364, 584 (1993).
(
10.1038/364584a0
) / Nature by Beckman J. S. (1993) -
Brown R. H., Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 5, 841 (1995).
(
10.1016/0959-4388(95)80114-6
) / Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. by Brown R. H. (1995) -
Yoshiyama Y., Yamada T., Asanuma K., Asahi T., Acta Neuropathol. 88, 207 (1994).
(
10.1007/BF00293395
) / Acta Neuropathol. by Yoshiyama Y. (1994) -
S. Rabizadeh et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 92 3024 (1995).
(
10.1073/pnas.92.7.3024
) -
M. A. Mena et al. J. Neurochem. 69 21 (1997).
(
10.1111/j.1477-8947.1997.tb00674.x
) -
D. J. Kane et al. Science 262 1274 (1993).
(
10.1126/science.8235659
) -
M. E. Gurney et al. Ann. Neurol. 39 147 (1996).
(
10.1002/ana.410390203
) -
T. L. Deckwerth et al. Neuron 17 401 (1996).
(
10.1016/S0896-6273(00)80173-7
) -
A. Webb et al. Lancet 349 1137 (1997).
(
10.1016/S0140-6736(96)11103-X
) - A. M. Chinnaiyen et al. J. Biol. Chem. 271 4573 (1996);
-
Coslulich S. C., Green S., Clarke P. R., Curr. Biol. 6, 997 (1996);
(
10.1016/S0960-9822(02)00644-9
) / Curr. Biol. by Coslulich S. C. (1996) -
Park D. S., Stephanis L., Yan C. Y. I., Farinelli S. E., Greene L. A., J. Biol. Chem. 271, 21898 (1996);
(
10.1074/jbc.271.36.21898
) / J. Biol. Chem. by Park D. S. (1996) -
; S. Shimizu et al. J. Neurosci. 16 5654 (1996).
(
10.1523/JNEUROSCI.16-18-05654.1996
) -
D. W. Nicholson Nature Biotechnol. 14 297 (1996).
(
10.1038/nbt0396-297
) -
de Bilbao F., Dubois-Dauphin M., Neuroreport 7, 3051 (1996);
(
10.1097/00001756-199611250-00051
) / Neuroreport by de Bilbao F. (1996) - ; H. Hara et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 94 2007 (1997).
-
S. Przedborski et al. J. Neurochem. 67 1383 (1996).
(
10.1046/j.1471-4159.1996.67041383.x
) -
S. Przedborski et al. Ann. Neurol. 39 158 (1996).
(
10.1002/ana.410390204
) -
S. Przedborski et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 93 4565 (1996).
(
10.1073/pnas.93.10.4565
) - For spinal cord morphology mice (three to seven per group) were prepared (22) and stainings and cell counts were done as in (23) at the cervical (C7) and the lumbar (L3) levels; the lumbar counts (not shown) revealed changes similar to those in cervical counts. We determined cross-sectional areas using a computerized image-analysis system as in (42) by digitizing 50 to 200 random motor neurons per mouse ( n = three mice per group). For myelinated peripheral axon counts about 2 cm of phrenic nerve was dissected out and immersed in 4% paraformaldehyde/1% glutaraldehyde in 0.1 M phosphate buffer (overnight). Then nerve samples were processed as in (15). Two-micrometer-thick sections were collected at 0.5 cm from the entry of the nerve into the diaphragm and were stained with toluidine blue before light microscopy examination (×800 to 1000). For end plate counts gluteus muscle was dissected out (24) and stained for silver and cholinesterase (24). The muscles mounted between two cover slips for viewing were coded and scored without knowledge of age or genotype of the following as in A. Y. Chiu et al. [ Mol. Cell. Neurosci. 6 349 (1995)]: (i) normal end plates innervated by a single myelinated axon (ii) denervated end plates identified by cholinesterase staining that were not contacted by an axon and (iii) end plates that were in the process of reinnervation. End plates undergoing reinnervation were contacted by one or more unmyelinated nodal sprouts that could be traced back to the intramuscular nerve or by two or more myelinated axons. At least 100 end plates per muscle were scored.
- We thank A. B. Naini and R. Yokoyama for performing the SOD assays M. Schoenebeck for preparing phrenic nerve sections M. Gurney for kindly providing the information about the number of copies in the transgenic G93A mice and the G1H mice and R. E. Burke and C. M. Troy for their insightful comments on the manuscript. This work was supported by the Muscular Dystrophy Association the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (grant NS01724) the Swiss National Foundation (grant 31-4331695) the Lowenstein Foundation and the Parkinson's Disease Foundation. S.P. is a recipient of the Irving A. Hansen Memorial Foundation Award and the Cotzias Award from the American Parkinson Disease Association.
Dates
Type | When |
---|---|
Created | 23 years, 1 month ago (July 27, 2002, 5:44 a.m.) |
Deposited | 8 months, 3 weeks ago (Dec. 8, 2024, 1:34 p.m.) |
Indexed | 1 month, 1 week ago (July 25, 2025, 6:24 a.m.) |
Issued | 28 years, 1 month ago (July 25, 1997) |
Published | 28 years, 1 month ago (July 25, 1997) |
Published Print | 28 years, 1 month ago (July 25, 1997) |
@article{Kostic_1997, title={Bcl-2: Prolonging Life in a Transgenic Mouse Model of Familial Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis}, volume={277}, ISSN={1095-9203}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.277.5325.559}, DOI={10.1126/science.277.5325.559}, number={5325}, journal={Science}, publisher={American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)}, author={Kostic, Vladimir and Jackson-Lewis, Vernice and de Bilbao, Fabienne and Dubois-Dauphin, Michel and Przedborski, Serge}, year={1997}, month=jul, pages={559–563} }