DOI: 10.1126/science.275.5303.1097. Nanofabrication of Small Copper Clusters on Gold(111) Electrodes by a Scanning Tunneling Microscope

Nanofabrication of Small Copper Clusters on Gold(111) Electrodes by a Scanning Tunneling Microscope

10.1126/science.275.5303.1097

Crossref journal-article

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

Science (221)

Abstract

The use of scanning tunneling microscopy in an electrochemical environment as a tool for the nanoscale modification of gold electrodes was demonstrated. Small copper clusters, typically two to four atomic layers in height, were precisely positioned on a gold(111) electrode by a process in which copper was first deposited onto the tip of the scanning tunneling microscope, which then acted as a reservoir from which copper could be transferred to the surface during an appropriate approach of the tip to the surface. Tip approach and position were controlled externally by a microprocessor unit, allowing the fabrication of various patterns, cluster arrays, and “conducting wires” in a very flexible and convenient manner.

Authors 3

D. M. Kolb (first)
R. Ullmann (additional)
T. Will (additional)

References 20 Referenced 294

Binnig G., Rohrer H., Gerber Ch., Weibel E., Phys. Rev. Lett. 49, 57 (1982). (10.1103/PhysRevLett.49.57) / Phys. Rev. Lett. by Binnig G. (1982)
See for example C. F. Quate Highlights in Condensed Matter Physics and Future Prospects L. Esaki Ed. (NATO Advanced Study Institutes Plenum New York 1991) vol. B285 p. 573.
Becker R. S., Golovchenko J. A., Swartzentruber B. S., Nature 325, 419 (1987). (10.1038/325419a0) / Nature by Becker R. S. (1987)
Eigler D. M., Schweizer E. K., ibid. 344, 524 (1990). / ibid. by Eigler D. M. (1990)
Crommie M. F., Lutz C. P., Eigler D. M., Science 262, 218 (1992). (10.1126/science.262.5131.218) / Science by Crommie M. F. (1992)
Mamin H. J., Guethner P. H., Rugar D., Phys. Rev. Lett. 65, 2418 (1990). (10.1103/PhysRevLett.65.2418) / Phys. Rev. Lett. by Mamin H. J. (1990)
Mamin H. J., Chiang S., Birk H., Guethner P. H., Rugar D., J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 9, 1398 (1991). (10.1116/1.585205) / J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B by Mamin H. J. (1991)
Li W., Virtanen J. A., Penner R. M., Appl. Phys. Lett. 60, 1181 (1992). (10.1063/1.107398) / Appl. Phys. Lett. by Li W. (1992)
Li W., Virtanen J. A., Penner R. M., J. Phys. Chem. 96, 6529 (1992). (10.1021/j100195a005) / J. Phys. Chem. by Li W. (1992)
LaGraff J. R., Gewirth A. A., ibid. 98, 11246 (1994). / ibid. by LaGraff J. R. (1994)
Ullmann R., Will T., Kolb D. M., Chem. Phys. Lett. 209, 238 (1993). (10.1016/0009-2614(93)80100-4) / Chem. Phys. Lett. by Ullmann R. (1993)
Ullmann R., Will T., Kolb D. M., Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. 99, 1414 (1995). (10.1002/bbpc.199500094) / Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. by Ullmann R. (1995)
The potentials of tip and sample could be controlled independent of each other by means of a bipotentiostat. The tips used for modification and imaging were made from a Pt:Ir wire (80:20) by electrochemical etching and were subsequently coated with Apiezon wax to reduce the area in contact with the electrolyte thus reducing the faradaic current at the tip to <0.1 nA. The working electrodes were evaporated Au films on Robax AF45 glass (Berliner Glas KG) which after proper flame-annealing in an H 2 -air flame had (111) surfaces whose quality was similar to that of Au(111) single crystals.
Gomer R., IBM J. Res. Dev. 30, 428 (1986). (10.1147/rd.304.0428) / IBM J. Res. Dev. by Gomer R. (1986)
Ciraci S., Springer Ser. Surf. Sci. 29, 179 (1993). / Springer Ser. Surf. Sci. by Ciraci S. (1993)
Landman U., Luedtke W. D., ibid.207. / ibid. by Landman U.
Kuipers L., Hoogeman M. S., Frenken J. W. M., Surf. Sci. 340, 231 (1995). (10.1016/0039-6028(95)00702-4) / Surf. Sci. by Kuipers L. (1995)
Batina N., Will T., Kolb D. M., Faraday Discuss. Chem. Soc. 94, 93 (1992). (10.1039/fd9929400093) / Faraday Discuss. Chem. Soc. by Batina N. (1992)
We are currently examining the possibility of the formation of such structures on semiconducting substrates which would be of greater technological interest than deposition on metals (D. M. Kolb et al. in preparation).
Supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft through grant Ko 576/10-2. We thank R. Liske for developing the microprocessing unit.

Dates

Type	When
Created	23 years, 1 month ago (July 27, 2002, 5:50 a.m.)
Deposited	1 year, 7 months ago (Jan. 13, 2024, 12:19 a.m.)
Indexed	2 months ago (June 26, 2025, 10:23 a.m.)
Issued	28 years, 6 months ago (Feb. 21, 1997)
Published	28 years, 6 months ago (Feb. 21, 1997)
Published Print	28 years, 6 months ago (Feb. 21, 1997)

Funders 0

None

BibTeX

@article{Kolb_1997, title={Nanofabrication of Small Copper Clusters on Gold(111) Electrodes by a Scanning Tunneling Microscope}, volume={275}, ISSN={1095-9203}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.275.5303.1097}, DOI={10.1126/science.275.5303.1097}, number={5303}, journal={Science}, publisher={American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)}, author={Kolb, D. M. and Ullmann, R. and Will, T.}, year={1997}, month=feb, pages={1097–1099} }

JSON

{
  "indexed": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2025,
        6,
        26
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2025-06-26T14:23:04Z",
    "timestamp": 1750947784942
  },
  "reference-count": 20,
  "publisher": "American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)",
  "issue": "5303",
  "content-domain": {
    "domain": [],
    "crossmark-restriction": false
  },
  "published-print": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        1997,
        2,
        21
      ]
    ]
  },
  "abstract": "<jats:p>The use of scanning tunneling microscopy in an electrochemical environment as a tool for the nanoscale modification of gold electrodes was demonstrated. Small copper clusters, typically two to four atomic layers in height, were precisely positioned on a gold(111) electrode by a process in which copper was first deposited onto the tip of the scanning tunneling microscope, which then acted as a reservoir from which copper could be transferred to the surface during an appropriate approach of the tip to the surface. Tip approach and position were controlled externally by a microprocessor unit, allowing the fabrication of various patterns, cluster arrays, and \u201cconducting wires\u201d in a very flexible and convenient manner.</jats:p>",
  "DOI": "10.1126/science.275.5303.1097",
  "type": "journal-article",
  "created": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2002,
        7,
        27
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2002-07-27T09:50:14Z",
    "timestamp": 1027763414000
  },
  "page": "1097-1099",
  "source": "Crossref",
  "is-referenced-by-count": 294,
  "title": "Nanofabrication of Small Copper Clusters on Gold(111) Electrodes by a Scanning Tunneling Microscope",
  "prefix": "10.1126",
  "volume": "275",
  "author": [
    {
      "given": "D. M.",
      "family": "Kolb",
      "sequence": "first",
      "affiliation": [
        {
          "name": "Department of Electrochemistry, University of Ulm, 89069 Ulm, Germany."
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "given": "R.",
      "family": "Ullmann",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": [
        {
          "name": "Department of Electrochemistry, University of Ulm, 89069 Ulm, Germany."
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "given": "T.",
      "family": "Will",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": [
        {
          "name": "Department of Electrochemistry, University of Ulm, 89069 Ulm, Germany."
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "member": "221",
  "reference": [
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_1_2_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "57",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevLett.49.57",
      "volume": "49",
      "author": "Binnig G.",
      "year": "1982",
      "unstructured": "Binnig G., Rohrer H., Gerber Ch., Weibel E., Phys. Rev. Lett. 49, 57 (1982).",
      "journal-title": "Phys. Rev. Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_1_3_2",
      "unstructured": "See for example C. F. Quate Highlights in Condensed Matter Physics and Future Prospects L. Esaki Ed. (NATO Advanced Study Institutes Plenum New York 1991) vol. B285 p. 573."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_1_4_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "419",
      "DOI": "10.1038/325419a0",
      "volume": "325",
      "author": "Becker R. S.",
      "year": "1987",
      "unstructured": "Becker R. S., Golovchenko J. A., Swartzentruber B. S., Nature 325, 419 (1987).",
      "journal-title": "Nature"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_1_5_2",
      "first-page": "524",
      "volume": "344",
      "author": "Eigler D. M.",
      "year": "1990",
      "unstructured": "Eigler D. M., Schweizer E. K., ibid. 344, 524 (1990).",
      "journal-title": "ibid."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_1_6_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "218",
      "DOI": "10.1126/science.262.5131.218",
      "volume": "262",
      "author": "Crommie M. F.",
      "year": "1992",
      "unstructured": "Crommie M. F., Lutz C. P., Eigler D. M., Science 262, 218 (1992).",
      "journal-title": "Science"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_1_7_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "2418",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevLett.65.2418",
      "volume": "65",
      "author": "Mamin H. J.",
      "year": "1990",
      "unstructured": "Mamin H. J., Guethner P. H., Rugar D., Phys. Rev. Lett. 65, 2418 (1990).",
      "journal-title": "Phys. Rev. Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_1_8_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1398",
      "DOI": "10.1116/1.585205",
      "volume": "9",
      "author": "Mamin H. J.",
      "year": "1991",
      "unstructured": "Mamin H. J., Chiang S., Birk H., Guethner P. H., Rugar D., J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 9, 1398 (1991).",
      "journal-title": "J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_1_9_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1181",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.107398",
      "volume": "60",
      "author": "Li W.",
      "year": "1992",
      "unstructured": "Li W., Virtanen J. A., Penner R. M., Appl. Phys. Lett. 60, 1181 (1992).",
      "journal-title": "Appl. Phys. Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_1_10_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "6529",
      "DOI": "10.1021/j100195a005",
      "volume": "96",
      "author": "Li W.",
      "year": "1992",
      "unstructured": "Li W., Virtanen J. A., Penner R. M., J. Phys. Chem. 96, 6529 (1992).",
      "journal-title": "J. Phys. Chem."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_1_11_2",
      "first-page": "11246",
      "volume": "98",
      "author": "LaGraff J. R.",
      "year": "1994",
      "unstructured": "LaGraff J. R., Gewirth A. A., ibid. 98, 11246 (1994).",
      "journal-title": "ibid."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_1_12_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "238",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0009-2614(93)80100-4",
      "volume": "209",
      "author": "Ullmann R.",
      "year": "1993",
      "unstructured": "Ullmann R., Will T., Kolb D. M., Chem. Phys. Lett. 209, 238 (1993).",
      "journal-title": "Chem. Phys. Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_1_13_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1414",
      "DOI": "10.1002/bbpc.199500094",
      "volume": "99",
      "author": "Ullmann R.",
      "year": "1995",
      "unstructured": "Ullmann R., Will T., Kolb D. M., Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. 99, 1414 (1995).",
      "journal-title": "Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_1_14_2",
      "unstructured": "The potentials of tip and sample could be controlled independent of each other by means of a bipotentiostat. The tips used for modification and imaging were made from a Pt:Ir wire (80:20) by electrochemical etching and were subsequently coated with Apiezon wax to reduce the area in contact with the electrolyte thus reducing the faradaic current at the tip to <0.1 nA. The working electrodes were evaporated Au films on Robax AF45 glass (Berliner Glas KG) which after proper flame-annealing in an H 2 -air flame had (111) surfaces whose quality was similar to that of Au(111) single crystals."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_1_15_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "428",
      "DOI": "10.1147/rd.304.0428",
      "volume": "30",
      "author": "Gomer R.",
      "year": "1986",
      "unstructured": "Gomer R., IBM J. Res. Dev. 30, 428 (1986).",
      "journal-title": "IBM J. Res. Dev."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_1_16_2",
      "first-page": "179",
      "volume": "29",
      "author": "Ciraci S.",
      "year": "1993",
      "unstructured": "Ciraci S., Springer Ser. Surf. Sci. 29, 179 (1993).",
      "journal-title": "Springer Ser. Surf. Sci."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_1_17_2",
      "first-page": "207",
      "author": "Landman U.",
      "unstructured": "Landman U., Luedtke W. D., ibid.207.",
      "journal-title": "ibid."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_1_18_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "231",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0039-6028(95)00702-4",
      "volume": "340",
      "author": "Kuipers L.",
      "year": "1995",
      "unstructured": "Kuipers L., Hoogeman M. S., Frenken J. W. M., Surf. Sci. 340, 231 (1995).",
      "journal-title": "Surf. Sci."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_1_19_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "93",
      "DOI": "10.1039/fd9929400093",
      "volume": "94",
      "author": "Batina N.",
      "year": "1992",
      "unstructured": "Batina N., Will T., Kolb D. M., Faraday Discuss. Chem. Soc. 94, 93 (1992).",
      "journal-title": "Faraday Discuss. Chem. Soc."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_1_20_2",
      "unstructured": "We are currently examining the possibility of the formation of such structures on semiconducting substrates which would be of greater technological interest than deposition on metals (D. M. Kolb et al. in preparation)."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_1_21_2",
      "unstructured": "Supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft through grant Ko 576/10-2. We thank R. Liske for developing the microprocessing unit."
    }
  ],
  "container-title": "Science",
  "original-title": [],
  "language": "en",
  "link": [
    {
      "URL": "https://www.science.org/doi/pdf/10.1126/science.275.5303.1097",
      "content-type": "unspecified",
      "content-version": "vor",
      "intended-application": "similarity-checking"
    }
  ],
  "deposited": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2024,
        1,
        13
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2024-01-13T05:19:48Z",
    "timestamp": 1705123188000
  },
  "score": 1,
  "resource": {
    "primary": {
      "URL": "https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.275.5303.1097"
    }
  },
  "subtitle": [],
  "short-title": [],
  "issued": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        1997,
        2,
        21
      ]
    ]
  },
  "references-count": 20,
  "journal-issue": {
    "issue": "5303",
    "published-print": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          1997,
          2,
          21
        ]
      ]
    }
  },
  "alternative-id": [
    "10.1126/science.275.5303.1097"
  ],
  "URL": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.275.5303.1097",
  "relation": {},
  "ISSN": [
    "0036-8075",
    "1095-9203"
  ],
  "subject": [],
  "container-title-short": "Science",
  "published": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        1997,
        2,
        21
      ]
    ]
  }
}