The Interstellar Carbon Budget and the Role of Carbon in Dust and Large Molecules
10.1126/science.270.5241.1455
Crossref journal-article
American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
Science (221)
Abstract

Published data on stellar composition show that carbon in the sun is substantially more abundant than in other stars. A carbon abundance of 225 carbon atoms per 10 6 hydrogen atoms is representative of galactic stars, whereas published values for the sun range from 350 to 470 carbon atoms per 10 6 hydrogen atoms. Other elements are also present in enhanced quantities in the solar system, consistent with suggestions that a supernova event was closely associated with the formation of the solar system. The overabundance of carbon in the solar system has many important implications, including new constraints on nucleosynthesis models for supernovae and substantial modification of the so-called “cosmic” composition normally adopted in discussions of galactic and interstellar abundances. A reduction in the galactic carbon budget, as suggested by the stellar composition data, strongly constrains the quantity of carbon that is available for the formation of interstellar dust, and some dust models now appear implausible because they require more carbon than is available.

Bibliography

Snow, T. P., & Witt, A. N. (1995). The Interstellar Carbon Budget and the Role of Carbon in Dust and Large Molecules. Science, 270(5241), 1455–1460.

Authors 2
  1. Theodore P. Snow (first)
  2. Adolf N. Witt (additional)
References 94 Referenced 145
  1. AANNESTAD P.A., ULTRAVIOLET EXTINCTION TO 10.8 INVERSE MICRONS, ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL 443, 653 (1995). (10.1086/175557) / ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL / ULTRAVIOLET EXTINCTION TO 10.8 INVERSE MICRONS by AANNESTAD P.A. (1995)
  2. ADAMSON A.J., THE 3.4-MU-M INTERSTELLAR ABSORPTION FEATURE IN CYG-OB2 NO 12, MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY 243, 400 (1990). / MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY / THE 3.4-MU-M INTERSTELLAR ABSORPTION FEATURE IN CYG-OB2 NO 12 by ADAMSON A.J. (1990)
  3. ADELMAN S.J., ELEMENTAL ABUNDANCES OF THE B6 IV-STAR XI OCTANTIS, PUBLICATIONS OF THE ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY OF THE PACIFIC 105, 327 (1993). (10.1086/133158) / PUBLICATIONS OF THE ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY OF THE PACIFIC / ELEMENTAL ABUNDANCES OF THE B6 IV-STAR XI OCTANTIS by ADELMAN S.J. (1993)
  4. ALLAMANDOLA L.J., POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS AND THE UNIDENTIFIED INFRARED-EMISSION BANDS - AUTO EXHAUST ALONG THE MILKY-WAY, ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL 290, L25 (1985). (10.1086/184435) / ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL / POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS AND THE UNIDENTIFIED INFRARED-EMISSION BANDS - AUTO EXHAUST ALONG THE MILKY-WAY by ALLAMANDOLA L.J. (1985)
  5. ALLAMANDOLA L.J., INTERSTELLAR POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS - THE INFRARED-EMISSION BANDS, THE EXCITATION EMISSION MECHANISM, AND THE ASTROPHYSICAL IMPLICATIONS, ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL SUPPLEMENT SERIES 71, 733 (1989). (10.1086/191396) / ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL SUPPLEMENT SERIES / INTERSTELLAR POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS - THE INFRARED-EMISSION BANDS, THE EXCITATION EMISSION MECHANISM, AND THE ASTROPHYSICAL IMPLICATIONS by ALLAMANDOLA L.J. (1989)
  6. AMARI S, LARGE O-18 EXCESSES IN CIRCUMSTELLAR GRAPHITE GRAINS FROM THE MURCHISON METEORITE - INDICATION OF A MASSIVE-STAR ORIGIN, ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL 447, L147 (1995). (10.1086/309573) / ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL / LARGE O-18 EXCESSES IN CIRCUMSTELLAR GRAPHITE GRAINS FROM THE MURCHISON METEORITE - INDICATION OF A MASSIVE-STAR ORIGIN by AMARI S (1995)
  7. ANDERS E, ABUNDANCES OF THE ELEMENTS - METEORITIC AND SOLAR, GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA 53, 197 (1989). (10.1016/0016-7037(89)90286-X) / GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA / ABUNDANCES OF THE ELEMENTS - METEORITIC AND SOLAR by ANDERS E (1989)
  8. ANDERS E, INTERSTELLAR GRAINS IN PRIMITIVE METEORITES - DIAMOND, SILICON-CARBIDE, AND GRAPHITE, METEORITICS 28, 490 (1993). (10.1111/j.1945-5100.1993.tb00274.x) / METEORITICS / INTERSTELLAR GRAINS IN PRIMITIVE METEORITES - DIAMOND, SILICON-CARBIDE, AND GRAPHITE by ANDERS E (1993)
  9. BALDWIN J.A., PHYSICAL CONDITIONS IN THE ORION NEBULA AND AN ASSESSMENT OF ITS HELIUM ABUNDANCE, ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL 374, 580 (1991). (10.1086/170146) / ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL / PHYSICAL CONDITIONS IN THE ORION NEBULA AND AN ASSESSMENT OF ITS HELIUM ABUNDANCE by BALDWIN J.A. (1991)
  10. BOESGAARD A.M., METALLICITY IN GALACTIC CLUSTERS FROM HIGH SIGNAL-TO-NOISE SPECTROSCOPY, ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL 336, 798 (1989). (10.1086/167050) / ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL / METALLICITY IN GALACTIC CLUSTERS FROM HIGH SIGNAL-TO-NOISE SPECTROSCOPY by BOESGAARD A.M. (1989)
  11. BOHLIN R.C., SURVEY OF INTER-STELLAR H-I FROM L-ALPHA ABSORPTION-MEASUREMENTS. 2.ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL 224, 132 (1978). (10.1086/156357) / ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL / SURVEY OF INTER-STELLAR H-I FROM L-ALPHA ABSORPTION-MEASUREMENTS. 2. by BOHLIN R.C. (1978)
  12. BUCHMANN L, BETA-DELAYED ALPHA-SPECTRUM OF N-16 AND THE C-12(ALPHA,GAMMA)O-16 CROSS-SECTION AT LOW ENERGIES, PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 70, 726 (1993). (10.1103/PhysRevLett.70.726) / PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS / BETA-DELAYED ALPHA-SPECTRUM OF N-16 AND THE C-12(ALPHA,GAMMA)O-16 CROSS-SECTION AT LOW ENERGIES by BUCHMANN L (1993)
  13. BUSOLETTI E, APJ 321, L87 (1987). (10.1086/185011) / APJ by BUSOLETTI E (1987)
  14. CAMERON AGW, MASSIVE SUPERNOVAE, ORION GAMMA-RAYS, AND THE FORMATION OF THE SOLAR-SYSTEM, ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL 447, L53 (1995). / ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL / MASSIVE SUPERNOVAE, ORION GAMMA-RAYS, AND THE FORMATION OF THE SOLAR-SYSTEM by CAMERON AGW (1995)
  15. CAMERON AGW, ABUNDANCES OF ELEMENTS IN SOLAR SYSTEM, SPACE SCIENCE REVIEWS 15, 121 (1973). / SPACE SCIENCE REVIEWS / ABUNDANCES OF ELEMENTS IN SOLAR SYSTEM by CAMERON AGW (1973)
  16. CARDELLI J, IN PRESS ASTROPHYS J . / IN PRESS ASTROPHYS J by CARDELLI J
  17. CARDELLI J.A., 1ST RESULTS FROM THE GODDARD HIGH-RESOLUTION SPECTROGRAPH - ELEMENTAL ABUNDANCES IN THE DIFFUSE CLOUDS TOWARD ZETA-PERSEI, ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL 377, L57 (1991). (10.1086/186116) / ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL / 1ST RESULTS FROM THE GODDARD HIGH-RESOLUTION SPECTROGRAPH - ELEMENTAL ABUNDANCES IN THE DIFFUSE CLOUDS TOWARD ZETA-PERSEI by CARDELLI J.A. (1991)
  18. CARDELLI J.A., ABUNDANCE OF INTERSTELLAR CARBON TOWARD ZETA-OPHIUCHI, ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL 402, L17 (1993). (10.1086/186689) / ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL / ABUNDANCE OF INTERSTELLAR CARBON TOWARD ZETA-OPHIUCHI by CARDELLI J.A. (1993)
  19. CARIGI L, CHEMICAL EVOLUTION OF THE SOLAR NEIGHBORHOOD WITH YIELDS DEPENDENT ON METALLICITY, ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL 424, 181 (1994). (10.1086/173881) / ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL / CHEMICAL EVOLUTION OF THE SOLAR NEIGHBORHOOD WITH YIELDS DEPENDENT ON METALLICITY by CARIGI L (1994)
  20. CARLBERG R.G., THE AGE-VELOCITY-DISPERSION RELATION IN THE SOLAR NEIGHBORHOOD, ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL 294, 674 (1985). (10.1086/163337) / ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL / THE AGE-VELOCITY-DISPERSION RELATION IN THE SOLAR NEIGHBORHOOD by CARLBERG R.G. (1985)
  21. CHYBA C, ENDOGENOUS PRODUCTION, EXOGENOUS DELIVERY AND IMPACT-SHOCK SYNTHESIS OF ORGANIC-MOLECULES - AN INVENTORY FOR THE ORIGINS OF LIFE, NATURE 355, 125 (1992). (10.1038/355125a0) / NATURE / ENDOGENOUS PRODUCTION, EXOGENOUS DELIVERY AND IMPACT-SHOCK SYNTHESIS OF ORGANIC-MOLECULES - AN INVENTORY FOR THE ORIGINS OF LIFE by CHYBA C (1992)
  22. CUNHA K, CHEMICAL EVOLUTION OF THE ORION ASSOCIATION. 2. THE CARBON, NITROGEN, OXYGEN, SILICON, AND IRON ABUNDANCES OF MAIN-SEQUENCE-B STARS, ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL 426, 170 (1994). (10.1086/174053) / ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL / CHEMICAL EVOLUTION OF THE ORION ASSOCIATION. 2. THE CARBON, NITROGEN, OXYGEN, SILICON, AND IRON ABUNDANCES OF MAIN-SEQUENCE-B STARS by CUNHA K (1994)
  23. DESERT F.X., INTERSTELLAR DUST MODELS FOR EXTINCTION AND EMISSION, ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS 237, 215 (1990). / ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS / INTERSTELLAR DUST MODELS FOR EXTINCTION AND EMISSION by DESERT F.X. (1990)
  24. DRAINE B.T., OPTICAL-PROPERTIES OF INTERSTELLAR GRAPHITE AND SILICATE GRAINS, ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL 285, 89 (1984). (10.1086/162480) / ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL / OPTICAL-PROPERTIES OF INTERSTELLAR GRAPHITE AND SILICATE GRAINS by DRAINE B.T. (1984)
  25. DRAINE B.T., INTERSTELLAR DUST 313, (1989). / INTERSTELLAR DUST by DRAINE B.T. (1989)
  26. DULEY W.W., SIMPLE LINEAR POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBON MOLECULES AND THE INFRARED-EMISSION FEATURES - MOTHBALLS IN THE ORION RIDGE, ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL 351, L49 (1990). (10.1086/185677) / ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL / SIMPLE LINEAR POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBON MOLECULES AND THE INFRARED-EMISSION FEATURES - MOTHBALLS IN THE ORION RIDGE by DULEY W.W. (1990)
  27. DULEY W.W., DIFFUSE INTERSTELLAR 359, (1995). / DIFFUSE INTERSTELLAR by DULEY W.W. (1995)
  28. DULEY W.W., EVIDENCE FOR HYDROGENATED AMORPHOUS-CARBON IN THE RED RECTANGLE, MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY 215, 259 (1985). (10.1093/mnras/215.2.259) / MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY / EVIDENCE FOR HYDROGENATED AMORPHOUS-CARBON IN THE RED RECTANGLE by DULEY W.W. (1985)
  29. DULEY W.W., INTERSTELLAR EXTINCTION AND THE COMPOSITION OF DUST GRAINS, MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY 229, 203 (1987). (10.1093/mnras/229.2.203) / MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY / INTERSTELLAR EXTINCTION AND THE COMPOSITION OF DUST GRAINS by DULEY W.W. (1987)
  30. DULEY W.W., HYDROGENATED AMORPHOUS CARBON-COATED SILICATE PARTICLES AS A SOURCE OF INTERSTELLAR EXTINCTION, MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY 236, 709 (1989). (10.1093/mnras/236.4.709) / MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY / HYDROGENATED AMORPHOUS CARBON-COATED SILICATE PARTICLES AS A SOURCE OF INTERSTELLAR EXTINCTION by DULEY W.W. (1989)
  31. EDVARDSSON B, THE CHEMICAL EVOLUTION OF THE GALACTIC DISK. 1. ANALYSIS AND RESULTS, ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS 275, 101 (1993). / ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS / THE CHEMICAL EVOLUTION OF THE GALACTIC DISK. 1. ANALYSIS AND RESULTS by EDVARDSSON B (1993)
  32. FANG Z, MEASUREMENTS OF RADIATIVE-DECAY RATES OF THE 2S(2)2P(P-2(0))-2S2P(2)(P-4) INTERSYSTEM TRANSITIONS OF C-II, PHYSICAL REVIEW A 48, 1114 (1993). (10.1103/PhysRevA.48.1114) / PHYSICAL REVIEW A / MEASUREMENTS OF RADIATIVE-DECAY RATES OF THE 2S(2)2P(P-2(0))-2S2P(2)(P-4) INTERSYSTEM TRANSITIONS OF C-II by FANG Z (1993)
  33. FOING B.H., DETECTION OF 2 INTERSTELLAR ABSORPTION-BANDS COINCIDENT WITH SPECTRAL FEATURES OF C-60(+), NATURE 369, 296 (1994). (10.1038/369296a0) / NATURE / DETECTION OF 2 INTERSTELLAR ABSORPTION-BANDS COINCIDENT WITH SPECTRAL FEATURES OF C-60(+) by FOING B.H. (1994)
  34. FURTON D.G., ACTIVATION OF EXTENDED RED EMISSION PHOTOLUMINESCENCE IN CARBON SOLIDS BY EXPOSURE TO ATOMIC-HYDROGEN AND UV-RADIATION, ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL 415, L51 (1993). (10.1086/187030) / ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL / ACTIVATION OF EXTENDED RED EMISSION PHOTOLUMINESCENCE IN CARBON SOLIDS BY EXPOSURE TO ATOMIC-HYDROGEN AND UV-RADIATION by FURTON D.G. (1993)
  35. GIES D.R., CARBON, NITROGEN, AND OXYGEN ABUNDANCES IN EARLY B-TYPE STARS, ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL 387, 673 (1992). (10.1086/171116) / ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL / CARBON, NITROGEN, AND OXYGEN ABUNDANCES IN EARLY B-TYPE STARS by GIES D.R. (1992)
  36. GREVESSE N, VIBRATION-ROTATION BANDS OF CH IN THE SOLAR INFRARED-SPECTRUM AND THE SOLAR CARBON ABUNDANCE, ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS 242, 488 (1991). / ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS / VIBRATION-ROTATION BANDS OF CH IN THE SOLAR INFRARED-SPECTRUM AND THE SOLAR CARBON ABUNDANCE by GREVESSE N (1991)
  37. GREVESSE N, INFRARED SOLAR PHYSI 539, (1992). / INFRARED SOLAR PHYSI by GREVESSE N (1992)
  38. GREVESSE N, ORIGIN EVOLUTION ELE 15, (1993). / ORIGIN EVOLUTION ELE by GREVESSE N (1993)
  39. HOBBS L.M., THE INTER-STELLAR CARBON ABUNDANCE TOWARD DELTA-SCORPII, ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL 252, L21 (1982). (10.1086/183711) / ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL / THE INTER-STELLAR CARBON ABUNDANCE TOWARD DELTA-SCORPII by HOBBS L.M. (1982)
  40. HOLWEGER H, PHOTOSPHERIC BARIUM SPECTRUM - SOLAR ABUNDANCE AND COLLISION BROADENING OF BA II LINES BY HYDROGEN, SOLAR PHYSICS 39, 19 (1974). (10.1007/BF00154968) / SOLAR PHYSICS / PHOTOSPHERIC BARIUM SPECTRUM - SOLAR ABUNDANCE AND COLLISION BROADENING OF BA II LINES BY HYDROGEN by HOLWEGER H (1974)
  41. HONG S.S., A UNIFIED MODEL OF INTER-STELLAR GRAINS - A CONNECTION BETWEEN ALIGNMENT EFFICIENCY, GRAIN MODEL SIZE, AND COSMIC ABUNDANCE, ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS 88, 194 (1980). / ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS / A UNIFIED MODEL OF INTER-STELLAR GRAINS - A CONNECTION BETWEEN ALIGNMENT EFFICIENCY, GRAIN MODEL SIZE, AND COSMIC ABUNDANCE by HONG S.S. (1980)
  42. JENKINS E.B., SURVEY OF INTER-STELLAR C-I - INSIGHTS ON CARBON ABUNDANCES, UV GRAIN ALBEDOS, AND PRESSURES IN THE INTER-STELLAR MEDIUM, ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL 231, 55 (1979). (10.1086/157163) / ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL / SURVEY OF INTER-STELLAR C-I - INSIGHTS ON CARBON ABUNDANCES, UV GRAIN ALBEDOS, AND PRESSURES IN THE INTER-STELLAR MEDIUM by JENKINS E.B. (1979)
  43. JENKINS E.B., COPERNICUS OBSERVATIONS OF C-I - PRESSURES AND CARBON ABUNDANCES IN DIFFUSE INTERSTELLAR CLOUDS, ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL 270, 88 (1983). (10.1086/161100) / ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL / COPERNICUS OBSERVATIONS OF C-I - PRESSURES AND CARBON ABUNDANCES IN DIFFUSE INTERSTELLAR CLOUDS by JENKINS E.B. (1983)
  44. JOBLIN C, CONTRIBUTION OF POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBON MOLECULES TO THE INTERSTELLAR EXTINCTION CURVE, ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL 393, L79 (1992). (10.1086/186456) / ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL / CONTRIBUTION OF POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBON MOLECULES TO THE INTERSTELLAR EXTINCTION CURVE by JOBLIN C (1992)
  45. JONES A.P., CARBON-ATOM CLUSTERS IN RANDOM COVALENT NETWORKS - PAHS AS AN INTEGRAL COMPONENT OF INTERSTELLAR HAC, MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY 247, 305 (1990). / MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY / CARBON-ATOM CLUSTERS IN RANDOM COVALENT NETWORKS - PAHS AS AN INTEGRAL COMPONENT OF INTERSTELLAR HAC by JONES A.P. (1990)
  46. KILIAN J, CHEMICAL ABUNDANCES IN EARLY B-TYPE STARS. 4. HE, CNO, AND SI ABUNDANCES, ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS 262, 171 (1992). / ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS / CHEMICAL ABUNDANCES IN EARLY B-TYPE STARS. 4. HE, CNO, AND SI ABUNDANCES by KILIAN J (1992)
  47. KILIAN J, THE GALACTIC DISTRIBUTION OF CHEMICAL-ELEMENTS AS DERIVED FROM B-STARS IN OPEN CLUSTERS. 1. NGC-6231 - STELLAR PARAMETERS AND CHEMICAL ABUNDANCES, ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS 284, 437 (1994). / ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS / THE GALACTIC DISTRIBUTION OF CHEMICAL-ELEMENTS AS DERIVED FROM B-STARS IN OPEN CLUSTERS. 1. NGC-6231 - STELLAR PARAMETERS AND CHEMICAL ABUNDANCES by KILIAN J (1994)
  48. KILIANMONTENBRU J, ASTRON ASTROPHYS 291, 757 (1994). / ASTRON ASTROPHYS by KILIANMONTENBRU J (1994)
  49. LAMBERT D.L., ABUNDANCES OF ELEMENTS IN SOLAR PHOTOSPHERE. 8. REVISED ABUNDANCES OF CARBON, NITROGEN AND OXYGEN, MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY 182, 249 (1978). (10.1093/mnras/182.2.249) / MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY / ABUNDANCES OF ELEMENTS IN SOLAR PHOTOSPHERE. 8. REVISED ABUNDANCES OF CARBON, NITROGEN AND OXYGEN by LAMBERT D.L. (1978)
  50. LEGER A, PROPOSED IDENTIFICATION FOR THE (COMMON) CARRIER OF THE 4430-ANGSTROM AND 7565-ANGSTROM DIBS, ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS 293, L53 (1995). / ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS / PROPOSED IDENTIFICATION FOR THE (COMMON) CARRIER OF THE 4430-ANGSTROM AND 7565-ANGSTROM DIBS by LEGER A (1995)
  51. LENNON D.J., C-II EMISSION-LINES FORMED IN OPTICALLY THIN PLASMAS, ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL 294, 200 (1985). (10.1086/163287) / ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL / C-II EMISSION-LINES FORMED IN OPTICALLY THIN PLASMAS by LENNON D.J. (1985)
  52. LUCK R.E., OPEN CLUSTER CHEMICAL-COMPOSITION. 1. LATER TYPE STARS IN 8 CLUSTERS, ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL SUPPLEMENT SERIES 91, 309 (1994). (10.1086/191940) / ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL SUPPLEMENT SERIES / OPEN CLUSTER CHEMICAL-COMPOSITION. 1. LATER TYPE STARS IN 8 CLUSTERS by LUCK R.E. (1994)
  53. MALINIE G, INHOMOGENEOUS CHEMICAL EVOLUTION OF THE GALACTIC DISK, ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL 413, 633 (1993). (10.1086/173032) / ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL / INHOMOGENEOUS CHEMICAL EVOLUTION OF THE GALACTIC DISK by MALINIE G (1993)
  54. MATHIS J.S., SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF INTERSTELLAR GRAINS, ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL 217, 425 (1977). (10.1086/155591) / ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL / SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF INTERSTELLAR GRAINS by MATHIS J.S. (1977)
  55. MATHIS J.S., COMPOSITE INTERSTELLAR GRAINS, ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL 341, 808 (1989). (10.1086/167538) / ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL / COMPOSITE INTERSTELLAR GRAINS by MATHIS J.S. (1989)
  56. MATTEUCCI F, STOCHASTIC STAR FORMATION AND CHEMICAL EVOLUTION OF DWARF IRREGULAR GALAXIES, ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS 123, 121 (1983). / ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS / STOCHASTIC STAR FORMATION AND CHEMICAL EVOLUTION OF DWARF IRREGULAR GALAXIES by MATTEUCCI F (1983)
  57. MEYER D.M., THE ABUNDANCE OF INTERSTELLAR OXYGEN TOWARD ORION - EVIDENCE FOR RECENT INFALL, ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL 437, L59 (1994). (10.1086/187682) / ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL / THE ABUNDANCE OF INTERSTELLAR OXYGEN TOWARD ORION - EVIDENCE FOR RECENT INFALL by MEYER D.M. (1994)
  58. MORTON D.C., INTERSTELLAR ABSORPTION-LINES IN SPECTRUM OF ZETA OPHIUCHI, ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL 197, 85 (1975). (10.1086/153490) / ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL / INTERSTELLAR ABSORPTION-LINES IN SPECTRUM OF ZETA OPHIUCHI by MORTON D.C. (1975)
  59. OLIVE K.A., OB ASSOCIATIONS AND THE NON-UNIVERSALITY OF THE COSMIC ABUNDANCES - IMPLICATIONS FOR COSMIC-RAYS AND METEORITES, ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL 257, 276 (1982). (10.1086/159986) / ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL / OB ASSOCIATIONS AND THE NON-UNIVERSALITY OF THE COSMIC ABUNDANCES - IMPLICATIONS FOR COSMIC-RAYS AND METEORITES by OLIVE K.A. (1982)
  60. 10.1038/364025a0
  61. PAGEL BEJ, EVOLUTIONARY PHENOME: 201 (1989). / EVOLUTIONARY PHENOME by PAGEL BEJ (1989)
  62. PAGEL BEJ, METAL ABUNDANCES IN NEARBY STARS AND CHEMICAL HISTORY OF SOLAR NEIGHBORHOOD, MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY 172, 13 (1975). (10.1093/mnras/172.1.13) / MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY / METAL ABUNDANCES IN NEARBY STARS AND CHEMICAL HISTORY OF SOLAR NEIGHBORHOOD by PAGEL BEJ (1975)
  63. PAPOULAR R, THE VIS/UV SPECTRUM OF COALS AND THE INTERSTELLAR EXTINCTION CURVE, ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS 270, L5 (1993). / ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS / THE VIS/UV SPECTRUM OF COALS AND THE INTERSTELLAR EXTINCTION CURVE by PAPOULAR R (1993)
  64. PEIMBERT M, THE O++/H+ ABUNDANCE RATIO IN GASEOUS NEBULAE DERIVED FROM RECOMBINATION LINES, ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL 414, 626 (1993). (10.1086/173108) / ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL / THE O++/H+ ABUNDANCE RATIO IN GASEOUS NEBULAE DERIVED FROM RECOMBINATION LINES by PEIMBERT M (1993)
  65. PENDLETON Y.J., NEAR-INFRARED ABSORPTION-SPECTROSCOPY OF INTERSTELLAR HYDROCARBON GRAINS, ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL 437, 683 (1994). (10.1086/175031) / ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL / NEAR-INFRARED ABSORPTION-SPECTROSCOPY OF INTERSTELLAR HYDROCARBON GRAINS by PENDLETON Y.J. (1994)
  66. PUGET J.L., A NEW COMPONENT OF THE INTERSTELLAR MATTER - SMALL GRAINS AND LARGE AROMATIC-MOLECULES, ANNUAL REVIEW OF ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS 27, 161 (1989). (10.1146/annurev.aa.27.090189.001113) / ANNUAL REVIEW OF ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS / A NEW COMPONENT OF THE INTERSTELLAR MATTER - SMALL GRAINS AND LARGE AROMATIC-MOLECULES by PUGET J.L. (1989)
  67. REEVES H, PROTOSTARS PLANETS 399, (1978). / PROTOSTARS PLANETS by REEVES H (1978)
  68. ROLLESTON WRJ, THE CHEMICAL-COMPOSITION AT A GALACTOCENTRIC DISTANCE OF 13-KPC, ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS 284, 72 (1994). / ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS / THE CHEMICAL-COMPOSITION AT A GALACTOCENTRIC DISTANCE OF 13-KPC by ROLLESTON WRJ (1994)
  69. ROY J.R., DISPERSAL AND MIXING OF OXYGEN IN THE INTERSTELLAR-MEDIUM OF GAS-RICH GALAXIES, ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS 294, 432 (1995). / ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS / DISPERSAL AND MIXING OF OXYGEN IN THE INTERSTELLAR-MEDIUM OF GAS-RICH GALAXIES by ROY J.R. (1995)
  70. RUBIN R.H., AXISYMMETRICAL MODEL OF THE IONIZED-GAS IN THE ORION NEBULA, ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL 374, 564 (1991). (10.1086/170145) / ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL / AXISYMMETRICAL MODEL OF THE IONIZED-GAS IN THE ORION NEBULA by RUBIN R.H. (1991)
  71. RUBIN R.H., SILICON AND CARBON ABUNDANCES IN THE ORION NEBULA, ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL 413, 242 (1993). (10.1086/172992) / ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL / SILICON AND CARBON ABUNDANCES IN THE ORION NEBULA by RUBIN R.H. (1993)
  72. SALAMA F, THE ULTRAVIOLET AND VISIBLE SPECTRUM OF THE POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBON C10H8+ - POSSIBLE CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE DIFFUSE INTERSTELLAR BANDS AND TO THE ULTRAVIOLET VISIBLE EXTINCTION, ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL 395, 301 (1992). (10.1086/171652) / ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL / THE ULTRAVIOLET AND VISIBLE SPECTRUM OF THE POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBON C10H8+ - POSSIBLE CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE DIFFUSE INTERSTELLAR BANDS AND TO THE ULTRAVIOLET VISIBLE EXTINCTION by SALAMA F (1992)
  73. SALAMA F, IS A PYRENE-LIKE MOLECULAR ION THE CAUSE OF THE 4,430-ANGSTROM DIFFUSE INTERSTELLAR ABSORPTION-BAND, NATURE 358, 42 (1992). (10.1038/358042a0) / NATURE / IS A PYRENE-LIKE MOLECULAR ION THE CAUSE OF THE 4,430-ANGSTROM DIFFUSE INTERSTELLAR ABSORPTION-BAND by SALAMA F (1992)
  74. SANCISI R, GALACTIC RADIO ASTRO 115, (1974). / GALACTIC RADIO ASTRO by SANCISI R (1974)
  75. SANDFORD S.A., THE INTERSTELLAR C-H STRETCHING BAND NEAR 3.4 MICRONS - CONSTRAINTS ON THE COMPOSITION OF ORGANIC MATERIAL IN THE DIFFUSE INTERSTELLAR-MEDIUM, ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL 371, 607 (1991). (10.1086/169925) / ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL / THE INTERSTELLAR C-H STRETCHING BAND NEAR 3.4 MICRONS - CONSTRAINTS ON THE COMPOSITION OF ORGANIC MATERIAL IN THE DIFFUSE INTERSTELLAR-MEDIUM by SANDFORD S.A. (1991)
  76. SCHUSTER W.J., UVBY-BETA PHOTOMETRY OF HIGH-VELOCITY AND METAL-POOR STARS. 3. METALLICITIES AND AGES OF THE HALO STARS, ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS 222, 69 (1989). / ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS / UVBY-BETA PHOTOMETRY OF HIGH-VELOCITY AND METAL-POOR STARS. 3. METALLICITIES AND AGES OF THE HALO STARS by SCHUSTER W.J. (1989)
  77. SEARLE L, INFERENCES FROM COMPOSITION OF 2 DWARF BLUE GALAXIES, ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL 173, 25 (1972). (10.1086/151398) / ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL / INFERENCES FROM COMPOSITION OF 2 DWARF BLUE GALAXIES by SEARLE L (1972)
  78. SNOW T.P., ANALYSIS OF INTERSTELLAR MATERIAL IN LINE OF SIGHT TOWARD OMICRON PERSEI, ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL 204, 759 (1976). (10.1086/154223) / ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL / ANALYSIS OF INTERSTELLAR MATERIAL IN LINE OF SIGHT TOWARD OMICRON PERSEI by SNOW T.P. (1976)
  79. SNOW T.P., IN PRESS ASTROPHYS J . / IN PRESS ASTROPHYS J by SNOW T.P.
  80. SNOW T.P. unpublished data.
  81. SOFIA U.J., THE ABUNDANT ELEMENTS IN INTERSTELLAR DUST, ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL 430, 650 (1994). (10.1086/174438) / ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL / THE ABUNDANT ELEMENTS IN INTERSTELLAR DUST by SOFIA U.J. (1994)
  82. SORRELL W.H., THE LAMBDA-2175-A FEATURE FROM IRRADIATED GRAPHITIC PARTICLES, MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY 243, 570 (1990). / MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY / THE LAMBDA-2175-A FEATURE FROM IRRADIATED GRAPHITIC PARTICLES by SORRELL W.H. (1990)
  83. TIELENS AGG, DIFFUSE INTERSTELLAR (1995). (10.1007/978-94-011-0373-2) / DIFFUSE INTERSTELLAR by TIELENS AGG (1995)
  84. TIELENS AGG, INTERSTELLAR PROCESS: 397 (1987). (10.1007/978-94-009-3861-8_16) / INTERSTELLAR PROCESS by TIELENS AGG (1987)
  85. TINSLEY B.M., FUNDAM COSMIC PHYS 5, 587 (1980). / FUNDAM COSMIC PHYS by TINSLEY B.M. (1980)
  86. TOMKIN J, CARBON IN-FIELD F-DISK AND G-DISK DWARFS, ASTRONOMICAL JOURNAL 109, 2204 (1995). (10.1086/117446) / ASTRONOMICAL JOURNAL / CARBON IN-FIELD F-DISK AND G-DISK DWARFS by TOMKIN J (1995)
  87. TWAROG B.A., THE CHEMICAL EVOLUTION OF THE SOLAR NEIGHBORHOOD. 2. THE AGE-METALLICITY RELATION AND THE HISTORY OF STAR FORMATION IN THE GALACTIC DISK, ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL 242, 242 (1980). (10.1086/158460) / ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL / THE CHEMICAL EVOLUTION OF THE SOLAR NEIGHBORHOOD. 2. THE AGE-METALLICITY RELATION AND THE HISTORY OF STAR FORMATION IN THE GALACTIC DISK by TWAROG B.A. (1980)
  88. TWAROG B.A., PRIMARY NUCLEOSYNTHESIS IN THE GALACTIC DISK, ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL 261, 636 (1982). (10.1086/160375) / ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL / PRIMARY NUCLEOSYNTHESIS IN THE GALACTIC DISK by TWAROG B.A. (1982)
  89. WELTY D.E., THE INTERSTELLAR CARBON ABUNDANCE. 2. RHO-OPHIUCHI AND BETA-SCORPII, PUBLICATIONS OF THE ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY OF THE PACIFIC 98, 857 (1986). (10.1086/131834) / PUBLICATIONS OF THE ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY OF THE PACIFIC / THE INTERSTELLAR CARBON ABUNDANCE. 2. RHO-OPHIUCHI AND BETA-SCORPII by WELTY D.E. (1986)
  90. WHITTET DCB, DUST CHEM ASTRONOMY: 9 (1993). / DUST CHEM ASTRONOMY by WHITTET DCB (1993)
  91. WHITTET DCB, INTERSTELLAR GRAIN COMPOSITION - A MODEL BASED ON ELEMENTAL DEPLETIONS, MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY 210, 479 (1984). (10.1093/mnras/210.2.479) / MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY / INTERSTELLAR GRAIN COMPOSITION - A MODEL BASED ON ELEMENTAL DEPLETIONS by WHITTET DCB (1984)
  92. WHITTET DCB, INFRARED-SPECTROSCOPY OF DUST IN THE TAURUS DARK CLOUDS - SOLID CARBON-MONOXIDE, MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY 241, 707 (1989). (10.1093/mnras/241.4.707) / MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY / INFRARED-SPECTROSCOPY OF DUST IN THE TAURUS DARK CLOUDS - SOLID CARBON-MONOXIDE by WHITTET DCB (1989)
  93. WITHBROE G.L., NBS SP353 127, (1971). / NBS SP353 by WITHBROE G.L. (1971)
  94. ZHAO Z, ASTROPHYSICAL S-FACTOR OF C-12(ALPHA,GAMMA)O-16 FROM THE BETA-DELAYED ALPHA-PARTICLE EMISSION OF N-16, PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 70, 2066 (1993). (10.1103/PhysRevLett.70.2066) / PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS / ASTROPHYSICAL S-FACTOR OF C-12(ALPHA,GAMMA)O-16 FROM THE BETA-DELAYED ALPHA-PARTICLE EMISSION OF N-16 by ZHAO Z (1993)
Dates
Type When
Created 18 years, 9 months ago (Oct. 27, 2006, 2:19 p.m.)
Deposited 1 year, 7 months ago (Jan. 12, 2024, 4:39 p.m.)
Indexed 1 month, 2 weeks ago (July 7, 2025, 5:07 a.m.)
Issued 29 years, 8 months ago (Dec. 1, 1995)
Published 29 years, 8 months ago (Dec. 1, 1995)
Published Print 29 years, 8 months ago (Dec. 1, 1995)
Funders 0

None

@article{Snow_1995, title={The Interstellar Carbon Budget and the Role of Carbon in Dust and Large Molecules}, volume={270}, ISSN={1095-9203}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.270.5241.1455}, DOI={10.1126/science.270.5241.1455}, number={5241}, journal={Science}, publisher={American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)}, author={Snow, Theodore P. and Witt, Adolf N.}, year={1995}, month=dec, pages={1455–1460} }