DOI: 10.1126/science.270.5235.450. Lithoautotrophic Microbial Ecosystems in Deep Basalt Aquifers

Lithoautotrophic Microbial Ecosystems in Deep Basalt Aquifers

10.1126/science.270.5235.450

Crossref journal-article

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

Science (221)

Abstract

Bacterial communities were detected in deep crystalline rock aquifers within the Columbia River Basalt Group (CRB). CRB ground waters contained up to 60 μM dissolved H 2 and autotrophic microorganisms outnumbered heterotrophs. Stable carbon isotope measurements implied that autotrophic methanogenesis dominated this ecosystem and was coupled to the depletion of dissolved inorganic carbon. In laboratory experiments, H 2 , a potential energy source for bacteria, was produced by reactions between crushed basalt and anaerobic water. Microcosms containing only crushed basalt and ground water supported microbial growth. These results suggest that the CRB contains a lithoautotrophic microbial ecosystem that is independent of photosynthetic primary production.

Bibliography

Stevens, T. O., & McKinley, J. P. (1995). Lithoautotrophic Microbial Ecosystems in Deep Basalt Aquifers. Science, 270(5235), 450â455.

Authors 2

Todd O. Stevens (first)
James P. McKinley (additional)

References 55 Referenced 560

Consultation Draft Site Characterization Plan Reference Repository Location Hanford Site Washington (1988).
Geomicrobiology Journal 7 1 (1988).
Journal of Microbiological Methods 21 3 (1995).
Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Microbiology of the Deep Subsurface (1990).
ABRAJANO T.A., METHANE HYDROGEN GAS SEEPS, ZAMBALES OPHIOLITE, PHILIPPINES - DEEP OR SHALLOW ORIGIN, CHEMICAL GEOLOGY 71, 211 (1988). (10.1016/0009-2541(88)90116-7) / CHEMICAL GEOLOGY / METHANE HYDROGEN GAS SEEPS, ZAMBALES OPHIOLITE, PHILIPPINES - DEEP OR SHALLOW ORIGIN by ABRAJANO T.A. (1988)
ALLEN C.C., RHOSDBWIDP053 US DEP (1985). / RHOSDBWIDP053 US DEP by ALLEN C.C. (1985)
ANGINO E.E., HYDROGEN AND NITROGEN - ORIGIN, DISTRIBUTION, AND ABUNDANCE, A FOLLOW-UP, OIL & GAS JOURNAL 82, 142 (1984). / OIL & GAS JOURNAL / HYDROGEN AND NITROGEN - ORIGIN, DISTRIBUTION, AND ABUNDANCE, A FOLLOW-UP by ANGINO E.E. (1984)
APPS J.A., 1984 LAWR BERK LAB U 13, (1985). / 1984 LAWR BERK LAB U by APPS J.A. (1985)
BALCH W.E., NEW APPROACH TO CULTIVATION OF METHANOGENIC BACTERIA - 2-MERCAPTOETHANESULFONIC ACID (HS-COM)-DEPENDENT GROWTH OF METHANOBACTERIUM-RUMINANTIUM IN A PRESSURIZED ATMOSPHERE, APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY 32, 781 (1976). (10.1128/aem.32.6.781-791.1976) / APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY / NEW APPROACH TO CULTIVATION OF METHANOGENIC BACTERIA - 2-MERCAPTOETHANESULFONIC ACID (HS-COM)-DEPENDENT GROWTH OF METHANOBACTERIUM-RUMINANTIUM IN A PRESSURIZED ATMOSPHERE by BALCH W.E. (1976)
BARNES I, PRESENT DAY SERPENTINIZATION IN NEW-CALEDONIA, OMAN AND YUGOSLAVIA, GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA 42, 144 (1978). (10.1016/0016-7037(78)90225-9) / GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA / PRESENT DAY SERPENTINIZATION IN NEW-CALEDONIA, OMAN AND YUGOSLAVIA by BARNES I (1978)
BARNES I, RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FLUIDS IN SOME FRESH ALPINE-TYPE ULTRAMAFICS AND POSSIBLE MODERN SERPENTINIZATION, WESTERN UNITED STATES, GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN 80, 1947 (1969). (10.1130/0016-7606(1969)80[1947:TRBFIS]2.0.CO;2) / GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN / RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FLUIDS IN SOME FRESH ALPINE-TYPE ULTRAMAFICS AND POSSIBLE MODERN SERPENTINIZATION, WESTERN UNITED STATES by BARNES I (1969)
BENGSTON S, EARLY LIFE EARTH (1994). / EARLY LIFE EARTH by BENGSTON S (1994)
BJORNSTAD B.N., GENERATION OF HYDROGEN GAS A RESULT OF DRILLING WITHIN THE SATURATED ZONE, GROUND WATER MONITORING AND REMEDIATION 14, 140 (1994). (10.1111/j.1745-6592.1994.tb00492.x) / GROUND WATER MONITORING AND REMEDIATION / GENERATION OF HYDROGEN GAS A RESULT OF DRILLING WITHIN THE SATURATED ZONE by BJORNSTAD B.N. (1994)
BOSTON P.J., ON THE POSSIBILITY OF CHEMOSYNTHETIC ECOSYSTEMS IN SUBSURFACE HABITATS ON MARS, ICARUS 95, 300 (1992). (10.1016/0019-1035(92)90045-9) / ICARUS / ON THE POSSIBILITY OF CHEMOSYNTHETIC ECOSYSTEMS IN SUBSURFACE HABITATS ON MARS by BOSTON P.J. (1992)
BROWN D.A., MINERALS ASSOCIATED WITH BIOFILMS OCCURRING ON EXPOSED ROCK IN A GRANITIC UNDERGROUND RESEARCH LABORATORY, APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY 60, 3182 (1994). (10.1128/aem.60.9.3182-3191.1994) / APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY / MINERALS ASSOCIATED WITH BIOFILMS OCCURRING ON EXPOSED ROCK IN A GRANITIC UNDERGROUND RESEARCH LABORATORY by BROWN D.A. (1994)
BUSWELL A.M., J AM WATER WORKS ASS 29, 1978 (1937). (10.1002/j.1551-8833.1937.tb19511.x) / J AM WATER WORKS ASS by BUSWELL A.M. (1937)
CHAPELLE F.H., RATES OF MICROBIAL-METABOLISM IN DEEP COASTAL-PLAIN AQUIFERS, APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY 56, 1865 (1990). (10.1128/aem.56.6.1865-1874.1990) / APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY / RATES OF MICROBIAL-METABOLISM IN DEEP COASTAL-PLAIN AQUIFERS by CHAPELLE F.H. (1990)
COVENEY R.M., SERPENTINIZATION AND THE ORIGIN OF HYDROGEN GAS IN KANSAS, AAPG BULLETIN-AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF PETROLEUM GEOLOGISTS 71, 39 (1987). / AAPG BULLETIN-AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF PETROLEUM GEOLOGISTS / SERPENTINIZATION AND THE ORIGIN OF HYDROGEN GAS IN KANSAS by COVENEY R.M. (1987)
DRAKE H.L., ACETOGENESIS (1994). (10.1007/978-1-4615-1777-1) / ACETOGENESIS by DRAKE H.L. (1994)
EARLY T.O., RHOSDBWIDP061 US DEP (1986). / RHOSDBWIDP061 US DEP by EARLY T.O. (1986)
FRITZ P, WATER ROCK INTERACTI: 793. / WATER ROCK INTERACTI by FRITZ P
GAMES L.M., ENV BIOGEOCHEMISTRY 1, 51 (1976). / ENV BIOGEOCHEMISTRY by GAMES L.M. (1976)
GOEBEL E.D., GEOLOGY, COMPOSITION, ISOTOPES OF NATURALLY OCURRING H-2-N-2 RICH GAS FROM WELLS NEAR JUNCTION-CITY, KANSAS, OIL & GAS JOURNAL 82, 215 (1984). / OIL & GAS JOURNAL / GEOLOGY, COMPOSITION, ISOTOPES OF NATURALLY OCURRING H-2-N-2 RICH GAS FROM WELLS NEAR JUNCTION-CITY, KANSAS by GOEBEL E.D. (1984)
GOLD T, THE DEEP, HOT BIOSPHERE, PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 89, 6045 (1992). (10.1073/pnas.89.13.6045) / PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA / THE DEEP, HOT BIOSPHERE by GOLD T (1992)
HEARN P.P., P US GEOL SURV WORKS 63, (1990). / P US GEOL SURV WORKS by HEARN P.P. (1990)
HOLLAND H.D., CHEM EVOLUTION ATMOS (1984). / CHEM EVOLUTION ATMOS by HOLLAND H.D. (1984)
JOHNSON V.G., METHANE IN COLUMBIA RIVER BASALT AQUIFERS - ISOTOPIC AND GEOHYDROLOGIC EVIDENCE FOR A DEEP COAL-BED GAS-SOURCE IN THE COLUMBIA BASIN, WASHINGTON, AAPG BULLETIN-AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF PETROLEUM GEOLOGISTS 77, 1192 (1993). / AAPG BULLETIN-AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF PETROLEUM GEOLOGISTS / METHANE IN COLUMBIA RIVER BASALT AQUIFERS - ISOTOPIC AND GEOHYDROLOGIC EVIDENCE FOR A DEEP COAL-BED GAS-SOURCE IN THE COLUMBIA BASIN, WASHINGTON by JOHNSON V.G. (1993)
KUZNETSOV S.I., INTRO GEOLOGICAL MIC (1963). / INTRO GEOLOGICAL MIC by KUZNETSOV S.I. (1963)
LOVLEY D.R., USE OF DISSOLVED H(2) CONCENTRATIONS TO DETERMINE DISTRIBUTION OF MICROBIALLY CATALYZED REDOX REACTIONS IN ANOXIC GROUNDWATER, ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 28, 1205 (1994). (10.1021/es00056a005) / ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY / USE OF DISSOLVED H(2) CONCENTRATIONS TO DETERMINE DISTRIBUTION OF MICROBIALLY CATALYZED REDOX REACTIONS IN ANOXIC GROUNDWATER by LOVLEY D.R. (1994)
LOVLEY D.R., HYDROGEN CONCENTRATIONS AS AN INDICATOR OF THE PREDOMINANT TERMINAL ELECTRON-ACCEPTING REACTIONS IN AQUATIC SEDIMENTS, GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA 52, 2993 (1988). (10.1016/0016-7037(88)90163-9) / GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA / HYDROGEN CONCENTRATIONS AS AN INDICATOR OF THE PREDOMINANT TERMINAL ELECTRON-ACCEPTING REACTIONS IN AQUATIC SEDIMENTS by LOVLEY D.R. (1988)
MACKAY C.P., NASA SP530 (1995). / NASA SP530 by MACKAY C.P. (1995)
MADSEN E.L., AQUATIC MICROBIOLOGY 167, (1993). / AQUATIC MICROBIOLOGY by MADSEN E.L. (1993)
MCKAY C.P., ADV SPACE RES 12, 231 (1992). (10.1016/0273-1177(92)90177-Y) / ADV SPACE RES by MCKAY C.P. (1992)
MCKINLEY J.P. unpublished data.
MOLCHANOV V.I., DOKL AKAD NAUK SSSR 182, 192 (1968). / DOKL AKAD NAUK SSSR by MOLCHANOV V.I. (1968)
NEAL C, HYDROGEN GENERATION FROM MANTLE SOURCE ROCKS IN OMAN, EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCE LETTERS 66, 315 (1983). (10.1016/0012-821X(83)90144-9) / EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCE LETTERS / HYDROGEN GENERATION FROM MANTLE SOURCE ROCKS IN OMAN by NEAL C (1983)
NESBITT H.W., LOW-TEMPERATURE ALTERATION PROCESSES AFFECTING ULTRAMAFIC BODIES, GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA 42, 403 (1978). (10.1016/0016-7037(78)90271-5) / GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA / LOW-TEMPERATURE ALTERATION PROCESSES AFFECTING ULTRAMAFIC BODIES by NESBITT H.W. (1978)
PEDERSEN K, THE DEEP SUBTERRANEAN BIOSPHERE, EARTH-SCIENCE REVIEWS 34, 243 (1993). (10.1016/0012-8252(93)90058-F) / EARTH-SCIENCE REVIEWS / THE DEEP SUBTERRANEAN BIOSPHERE by PEDERSEN K (1993)
PEDERSEN K, INCORPORATION OF CO2 AND INTRODUCED ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS BY BACTERIAL-POPULATIONS IN GROUNDWATER FROM THE DEEP CRYSTALLINE BEDROCK OF THE STRIPA MINE, JOURNAL OF GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY 138, 369 (1992). (10.1099/00221287-138-2-369) / JOURNAL OF GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY / INCORPORATION OF CO2 AND INTRODUCED ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS BY BACTERIAL-POPULATIONS IN GROUNDWATER FROM THE DEEP CRYSTALLINE BEDROCK OF THE STRIPA MINE by PEDERSEN K (1992)
PEDERSEN K, DISTRIBUTION AND ACTIVITY OF BACTERIA IN DEEP GRANITIC GROUNDWATERS OF SOUTHEASTERN SWEDEN, MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 20, 37 (1990). (10.1007/BF02543865) / MICROBIAL ECOLOGY / DISTRIBUTION AND ACTIVITY OF BACTERIA IN DEEP GRANITIC GROUNDWATERS OF SOUTHEASTERN SWEDEN by PEDERSEN K (1990)
PEDERSEN K, ASSIMILATION OF CO2 AND INTRODUCED ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS BY BACTERIAL COMMUNITIES IN GROUNDWATER FROM SOUTHEASTERN SWEDEN DEEP CRYSTALLINE BEDROCK, MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 23, 1 (1992). (10.1007/BF00165903) / MICROBIAL ECOLOGY / ASSIMILATION OF CO2 AND INTRODUCED ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS BY BACTERIAL COMMUNITIES IN GROUNDWATER FROM SOUTHEASTERN SWEDEN DEEP CRYSTALLINE BEDROCK by PEDERSEN K (1992)
PHELPS T.J., COMPARISON BETWEEN GEOCHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL ESTIMATES OF SUBSURFACE MICROBIAL ACTIVITIES, MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 28, 335 (1994). (10.1007/BF00662027) / MICROBIAL ECOLOGY / COMPARISON BETWEEN GEOCHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL ESTIMATES OF SUBSURFACE MICROBIAL ACTIVITIES by PHELPS T.J. (1994)
RAMDOHR P.A., NEUES JAHRB MINERAL 107, 241 (1967). / NEUES JAHRB MINERAL by RAMDOHR P.A. (1967)
SCHOPF J.W., EARTHS EARLIEST BIOS (1983). / EARTHS EARLIEST BIOS by SCHOPF J.W. (1983)
SCHOPF J.W., PROTEROZOIC BIOSPHER (1992). (10.1017/CBO9780511601064) / PROTEROZOIC BIOSPHER by SCHOPF J.W. (1992)
SHERWOODLOLLAR B, GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC 57, 5087 (1993). (10.1016/0016-7037(93)90610-9) / GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC by SHERWOODLOLLAR B (1993)
SHERWOODLOLLAR B, GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC 57, 5073 (1993). (10.1016/0016-7037(93)90609-Z) / GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC by SHERWOODLOLLAR B (1993)
SQUYRES S.W., EARLY MARS - HOW WARM AND HOW WET, SCIENCE 265, 744 (1994). (10.1126/science.265.5173.744) / SCIENCE / EARLY MARS - HOW WARM AND HOW WET by SQUYRES S.W. (1994)
STEVENS T.O., BACTERIA ASSOCIATED WITH DEEP, ALKALINE, ANAEROBIC GROUNDWATERS IN SOUTHEAST WASHINGTON, MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 25, 35 (1993). (10.1007/BF00182128) / MICROBIAL ECOLOGY / BACTERIA ASSOCIATED WITH DEEP, ALKALINE, ANAEROBIC GROUNDWATERS IN SOUTHEAST WASHINGTON by STEVENS T.O. (1993)
STEVENS T.O. unpublished data.
WHITICAR M.J., BIOGENIC METHANE FORMATION IN MARINE AND FRESH-WATER ENVIRONMENTS - CO2 REDUCTION VS ACETATE FERMENTATION ISOTOPE EVIDENCE, GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA 50, 693 (1986). (10.1016/0016-7037(86)90346-7) / GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA / BIOGENIC METHANE FORMATION IN MARINE AND FRESH-WATER ENVIRONMENTS - CO2 REDUCTION VS ACETATE FERMENTATION ISOTOPE EVIDENCE by WHITICAR M.J. (1986)
WIGLEY TML, MASS-TRANSFER AND CARBON ISOTOPE EVOLUTION IN NATURAL-WATER SYSTEMS, GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA 42, 1117 (1978). (10.1016/0016-7037(78)90108-4) / GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA / MASS-TRANSFER AND CARBON ISOTOPE EVOLUTION IN NATURAL-WATER SYSTEMS by WIGLEY TML (1978)
WIGLEY TML, CORRECTION, GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA 43, 1395 (1979). / GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA / CORRECTION by WIGLEY TML (1979)
ZEHNDER AJB, BIOL ANAEROBIC MICRO (1988). / BIOL ANAEROBIC MICRO by ZEHNDER AJB (1988)
ZOBELL C.E., MICROBIAL TRANSFORMATION OF MOLECULAR HYDROGEN IN MARINE SEDIMENTS, WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO PETROLEUM, AAPG BULLETIN-AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF PETROLEUM GEOLOGISTS 31, 1709 (1947). / AAPG BULLETIN-AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF PETROLEUM GEOLOGISTS / MICROBIAL TRANSFORMATION OF MOLECULAR HYDROGEN IN MARINE SEDIMENTS, WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO PETROLEUM by ZOBELL C.E. (1947)

Dates

Type	When
Created	18 years, 10 months ago (Oct. 27, 2006, 2:19 p.m.)
Deposited	1 year, 7 months ago (Jan. 12, 2024, 4:21 p.m.)
Indexed	3 weeks, 4 days ago (Aug. 7, 2025, 4:55 a.m.)
Issued	29 years, 10 months ago (Oct. 20, 1995)
Published	29 years, 10 months ago (Oct. 20, 1995)
Published Print	29 years, 10 months ago (Oct. 20, 1995)

Funders 0

None

BibTeX

@article{Stevens_1995, title={Lithoautotrophic Microbial Ecosystems in Deep Basalt Aquifers}, volume={270}, ISSN={1095-9203}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.270.5235.450}, DOI={10.1126/science.270.5235.450}, number={5235}, journal={Science}, publisher={American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)}, author={Stevens, Todd O. and McKinley, James P.}, year={1995}, month=oct, pages={450–455} }

JSON

{
  "indexed": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2025,
        8,
        7
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2025-08-07T08:55:37Z",
    "timestamp": 1754556937324
  },
  "reference-count": 55,
  "publisher": "American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)",
  "issue": "5235",
  "content-domain": {
    "domain": [],
    "crossmark-restriction": false
  },
  "published-print": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        1995,
        10,
        20
      ]
    ]
  },
  "abstract": "<jats:p>\n            Bacterial communities were detected in deep crystalline rock aquifers within the Columbia River Basalt Group (CRB). CRB ground waters contained up to 60 \u03bcM dissolved H\n            <jats:sub>2</jats:sub>\n            and autotrophic microorganisms outnumbered heterotrophs. Stable carbon isotope measurements implied that autotrophic methanogenesis dominated this ecosystem and was coupled to the depletion of dissolved inorganic carbon. In laboratory experiments, H\n            <jats:sub>2</jats:sub>\n            , a potential energy source for bacteria, was produced by reactions between crushed basalt and anaerobic water. Microcosms containing only crushed basalt and ground water supported microbial growth. These results suggest that the CRB contains a lithoautotrophic microbial ecosystem that is independent of photosynthetic primary production.\n          </jats:p>",
  "DOI": "10.1126/science.270.5235.450",
  "type": "journal-article",
  "created": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2006,
        10,
        27
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2006-10-27T18:19:42Z",
    "timestamp": 1161973182000
  },
  "page": "450-455",
  "source": "Crossref",
  "is-referenced-by-count": 560,
  "title": "Lithoautotrophic Microbial Ecosystems in Deep Basalt Aquifers",
  "prefix": "10.1126",
  "volume": "270",
  "author": [
    {
      "given": "Todd O.",
      "family": "Stevens",
      "sequence": "first",
      "affiliation": [
        {
          "name": "Pacific Northwest Laboratory, Post Office Box 999, Richland, WA 99352, USA.or"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "given": "James P.",
      "family": "McKinley",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": [
        {
          "name": "Pacific Northwest Laboratory, Post Office Box 999, Richland, WA 99352, USA.or"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "member": "221",
  "reference": [
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_2_2",
      "unstructured": "Consultation Draft Site Characterization Plan Reference Repository Location Hanford Site Washington (1988)."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_3_2",
      "unstructured": "Geomicrobiology Journal 7 1 (1988)."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_4_2",
      "unstructured": "Journal of Microbiological Methods 21 3 (1995)."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_5_2",
      "unstructured": "Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Microbiology of the Deep Subsurface (1990)."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_6_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "211",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0009-2541(88)90116-7",
      "article-title": "METHANE HYDROGEN GAS SEEPS, ZAMBALES OPHIOLITE, PHILIPPINES - DEEP OR SHALLOW ORIGIN",
      "volume": "71",
      "author": "ABRAJANO T.A.",
      "year": "1988",
      "unstructured": "ABRAJANO T.A., METHANE HYDROGEN GAS SEEPS, ZAMBALES OPHIOLITE, PHILIPPINES - DEEP OR SHALLOW ORIGIN, CHEMICAL GEOLOGY 71, 211 (1988).",
      "journal-title": "CHEMICAL GEOLOGY"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_7_2",
      "author": "ALLEN C.C.",
      "year": "1985",
      "unstructured": "ALLEN C.C., RHOSDBWIDP053 US DEP (1985).",
      "journal-title": "RHOSDBWIDP053 US DEP"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_8_2",
      "first-page": "142",
      "article-title": "HYDROGEN AND NITROGEN - ORIGIN, DISTRIBUTION, AND ABUNDANCE, A FOLLOW-UP",
      "volume": "82",
      "author": "ANGINO E.E.",
      "year": "1984",
      "unstructured": "ANGINO E.E., HYDROGEN AND NITROGEN - ORIGIN, DISTRIBUTION, AND ABUNDANCE, A FOLLOW-UP, OIL & GAS JOURNAL 82, 142 (1984).",
      "journal-title": "OIL & GAS JOURNAL"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_9_2",
      "volume": "13",
      "author": "APPS J.A.",
      "year": "1985",
      "unstructured": "APPS J.A., 1984 LAWR BERK LAB U 13, (1985).",
      "journal-title": "1984 LAWR BERK LAB U"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_10_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "781",
      "DOI": "10.1128/aem.32.6.781-791.1976",
      "article-title": "NEW APPROACH TO CULTIVATION OF METHANOGENIC BACTERIA - 2-MERCAPTOETHANESULFONIC ACID (HS-COM)-DEPENDENT GROWTH OF METHANOBACTERIUM-RUMINANTIUM IN A PRESSURIZED ATMOSPHERE",
      "volume": "32",
      "author": "BALCH W.E.",
      "year": "1976",
      "unstructured": "BALCH W.E., NEW APPROACH TO CULTIVATION OF METHANOGENIC BACTERIA - 2-MERCAPTOETHANESULFONIC ACID (HS-COM)-DEPENDENT GROWTH OF METHANOBACTERIUM-RUMINANTIUM IN A PRESSURIZED ATMOSPHERE, APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY 32, 781 (1976).",
      "journal-title": "APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_11_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "144",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0016-7037(78)90225-9",
      "article-title": "PRESENT DAY SERPENTINIZATION IN NEW-CALEDONIA, OMAN AND YUGOSLAVIA",
      "volume": "42",
      "author": "BARNES I",
      "year": "1978",
      "unstructured": "BARNES I, PRESENT DAY SERPENTINIZATION IN NEW-CALEDONIA, OMAN AND YUGOSLAVIA, GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA 42, 144 (1978).",
      "journal-title": "GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_12_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1947",
      "DOI": "10.1130/0016-7606(1969)80[1947:TRBFIS]2.0.CO;2",
      "article-title": "RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FLUIDS IN SOME FRESH ALPINE-TYPE ULTRAMAFICS AND POSSIBLE MODERN SERPENTINIZATION, WESTERN UNITED STATES",
      "volume": "80",
      "author": "BARNES I",
      "year": "1969",
      "unstructured": "BARNES I, RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FLUIDS IN SOME FRESH ALPINE-TYPE ULTRAMAFICS AND POSSIBLE MODERN SERPENTINIZATION, WESTERN UNITED STATES, GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN 80, 1947 (1969).",
      "journal-title": "GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_13_2",
      "author": "BENGSTON S",
      "year": "1994",
      "unstructured": "BENGSTON S, EARLY LIFE EARTH (1994).",
      "journal-title": "EARLY LIFE EARTH"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_14_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "140",
      "DOI": "10.1111/j.1745-6592.1994.tb00492.x",
      "article-title": "GENERATION OF HYDROGEN GAS A RESULT OF DRILLING WITHIN THE SATURATED ZONE",
      "volume": "14",
      "author": "BJORNSTAD B.N.",
      "year": "1994",
      "unstructured": "BJORNSTAD B.N., GENERATION OF HYDROGEN GAS A RESULT OF DRILLING WITHIN THE SATURATED ZONE, GROUND WATER MONITORING AND REMEDIATION 14, 140 (1994).",
      "journal-title": "GROUND WATER MONITORING AND REMEDIATION"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_15_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "300",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0019-1035(92)90045-9",
      "article-title": "ON THE POSSIBILITY OF CHEMOSYNTHETIC ECOSYSTEMS IN SUBSURFACE HABITATS ON MARS",
      "volume": "95",
      "author": "BOSTON P.J.",
      "year": "1992",
      "unstructured": "BOSTON P.J., ON THE POSSIBILITY OF CHEMOSYNTHETIC ECOSYSTEMS IN SUBSURFACE HABITATS ON MARS, ICARUS 95, 300 (1992).",
      "journal-title": "ICARUS"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_16_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "3182",
      "DOI": "10.1128/aem.60.9.3182-3191.1994",
      "article-title": "MINERALS ASSOCIATED WITH BIOFILMS OCCURRING ON EXPOSED ROCK IN A GRANITIC UNDERGROUND RESEARCH LABORATORY",
      "volume": "60",
      "author": "BROWN D.A.",
      "year": "1994",
      "unstructured": "BROWN D.A., MINERALS ASSOCIATED WITH BIOFILMS OCCURRING ON EXPOSED ROCK IN A GRANITIC UNDERGROUND RESEARCH LABORATORY, APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY 60, 3182 (1994).",
      "journal-title": "APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_17_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1978",
      "DOI": "10.1002/j.1551-8833.1937.tb19511.x",
      "volume": "29",
      "author": "BUSWELL A.M.",
      "year": "1937",
      "unstructured": "BUSWELL A.M., J AM WATER WORKS ASS 29, 1978 (1937).",
      "journal-title": "J AM WATER WORKS ASS"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_18_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1865",
      "DOI": "10.1128/aem.56.6.1865-1874.1990",
      "article-title": "RATES OF MICROBIAL-METABOLISM IN DEEP COASTAL-PLAIN AQUIFERS",
      "volume": "56",
      "author": "CHAPELLE F.H.",
      "year": "1990",
      "unstructured": "CHAPELLE F.H., RATES OF MICROBIAL-METABOLISM IN DEEP COASTAL-PLAIN AQUIFERS, APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY 56, 1865 (1990).",
      "journal-title": "APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_19_2",
      "first-page": "39",
      "article-title": "SERPENTINIZATION AND THE ORIGIN OF HYDROGEN GAS IN KANSAS",
      "volume": "71",
      "author": "COVENEY R.M.",
      "year": "1987",
      "unstructured": "COVENEY R.M., SERPENTINIZATION AND THE ORIGIN OF HYDROGEN GAS IN KANSAS, AAPG BULLETIN-AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF PETROLEUM GEOLOGISTS 71, 39 (1987).",
      "journal-title": "AAPG BULLETIN-AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF PETROLEUM GEOLOGISTS"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_20_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "DOI": "10.1007/978-1-4615-1777-1",
      "author": "DRAKE H.L.",
      "year": "1994",
      "unstructured": "DRAKE H.L., ACETOGENESIS (1994).",
      "journal-title": "ACETOGENESIS"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_21_2",
      "author": "EARLY T.O.",
      "year": "1986",
      "unstructured": "EARLY T.O., RHOSDBWIDP061 US DEP (1986).",
      "journal-title": "RHOSDBWIDP061 US DEP"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_22_2",
      "first-page": "793",
      "author": "FRITZ P",
      "unstructured": "FRITZ P, WATER ROCK INTERACTI: 793.",
      "journal-title": "WATER ROCK INTERACTI"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_23_2",
      "first-page": "51",
      "volume": "1",
      "author": "GAMES L.M.",
      "year": "1976",
      "unstructured": "GAMES L.M., ENV BIOGEOCHEMISTRY 1, 51 (1976).",
      "journal-title": "ENV BIOGEOCHEMISTRY"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_24_2",
      "first-page": "215",
      "article-title": "GEOLOGY, COMPOSITION, ISOTOPES OF NATURALLY OCURRING H-2-N-2 RICH GAS FROM WELLS NEAR JUNCTION-CITY, KANSAS",
      "volume": "82",
      "author": "GOEBEL E.D.",
      "year": "1984",
      "unstructured": "GOEBEL E.D., GEOLOGY, COMPOSITION, ISOTOPES OF NATURALLY OCURRING H-2-N-2 RICH GAS FROM WELLS NEAR JUNCTION-CITY, KANSAS, OIL & GAS JOURNAL 82, 215 (1984).",
      "journal-title": "OIL & GAS JOURNAL"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_25_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "6045",
      "DOI": "10.1073/pnas.89.13.6045",
      "article-title": "THE DEEP, HOT BIOSPHERE",
      "volume": "89",
      "author": "GOLD T",
      "year": "1992",
      "unstructured": "GOLD T, THE DEEP, HOT BIOSPHERE, PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 89, 6045 (1992).",
      "journal-title": "PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_26_2",
      "volume": "63",
      "author": "HEARN P.P.",
      "year": "1990",
      "unstructured": "HEARN P.P., P US GEOL SURV WORKS 63, (1990).",
      "journal-title": "P US GEOL SURV WORKS"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_27_2",
      "author": "HOLLAND H.D.",
      "year": "1984",
      "unstructured": "HOLLAND H.D., CHEM EVOLUTION ATMOS (1984).",
      "journal-title": "CHEM EVOLUTION ATMOS"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_28_2",
      "first-page": "1192",
      "article-title": "METHANE IN COLUMBIA RIVER BASALT AQUIFERS - ISOTOPIC AND GEOHYDROLOGIC EVIDENCE FOR A DEEP COAL-BED GAS-SOURCE IN THE COLUMBIA BASIN, WASHINGTON",
      "volume": "77",
      "author": "JOHNSON V.G.",
      "year": "1993",
      "unstructured": "JOHNSON V.G., METHANE IN COLUMBIA RIVER BASALT AQUIFERS - ISOTOPIC AND GEOHYDROLOGIC EVIDENCE FOR A DEEP COAL-BED GAS-SOURCE IN THE COLUMBIA BASIN, WASHINGTON, AAPG BULLETIN-AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF PETROLEUM GEOLOGISTS 77, 1192 (1993).",
      "journal-title": "AAPG BULLETIN-AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF PETROLEUM GEOLOGISTS"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_29_2",
      "author": "KUZNETSOV S.I.",
      "year": "1963",
      "unstructured": "KUZNETSOV S.I., INTRO GEOLOGICAL MIC (1963).",
      "journal-title": "INTRO GEOLOGICAL MIC"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_30_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1205",
      "DOI": "10.1021/es00056a005",
      "article-title": "USE OF DISSOLVED H(2) CONCENTRATIONS TO DETERMINE DISTRIBUTION OF MICROBIALLY CATALYZED REDOX REACTIONS IN ANOXIC GROUNDWATER",
      "volume": "28",
      "author": "LOVLEY D.R.",
      "year": "1994",
      "unstructured": "LOVLEY D.R., USE OF DISSOLVED H(2) CONCENTRATIONS TO DETERMINE DISTRIBUTION OF MICROBIALLY CATALYZED REDOX REACTIONS IN ANOXIC GROUNDWATER, ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 28, 1205 (1994).",
      "journal-title": "ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_31_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "2993",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0016-7037(88)90163-9",
      "article-title": "HYDROGEN CONCENTRATIONS AS AN INDICATOR OF THE PREDOMINANT TERMINAL ELECTRON-ACCEPTING REACTIONS IN AQUATIC SEDIMENTS",
      "volume": "52",
      "author": "LOVLEY D.R.",
      "year": "1988",
      "unstructured": "LOVLEY D.R., HYDROGEN CONCENTRATIONS AS AN INDICATOR OF THE PREDOMINANT TERMINAL ELECTRON-ACCEPTING REACTIONS IN AQUATIC SEDIMENTS, GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA 52, 2993 (1988).",
      "journal-title": "GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_32_2",
      "author": "MACKAY C.P.",
      "year": "1995",
      "unstructured": "MACKAY C.P., NASA SP530 (1995).",
      "journal-title": "NASA SP530"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_33_2",
      "volume": "167",
      "author": "MADSEN E.L.",
      "year": "1993",
      "unstructured": "MADSEN E.L., AQUATIC MICROBIOLOGY 167, (1993).",
      "journal-title": "AQUATIC MICROBIOLOGY"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_34_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "231",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0273-1177(92)90177-Y",
      "volume": "12",
      "author": "MCKAY C.P.",
      "year": "1992",
      "unstructured": "MCKAY C.P., ADV SPACE RES 12, 231 (1992).",
      "journal-title": "ADV SPACE RES"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_35_2",
      "unstructured": "MCKINLEY J.P. unpublished data."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_36_2",
      "first-page": "192",
      "volume": "182",
      "author": "MOLCHANOV V.I.",
      "year": "1968",
      "unstructured": "MOLCHANOV V.I., DOKL AKAD NAUK SSSR 182, 192 (1968).",
      "journal-title": "DOKL AKAD NAUK SSSR"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_37_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "315",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0012-821X(83)90144-9",
      "article-title": "HYDROGEN GENERATION FROM MANTLE SOURCE ROCKS IN OMAN",
      "volume": "66",
      "author": "NEAL C",
      "year": "1983",
      "unstructured": "NEAL C, HYDROGEN GENERATION FROM MANTLE SOURCE ROCKS IN OMAN, EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCE LETTERS 66, 315 (1983).",
      "journal-title": "EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCE LETTERS"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_38_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "403",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0016-7037(78)90271-5",
      "article-title": "LOW-TEMPERATURE ALTERATION PROCESSES AFFECTING ULTRAMAFIC BODIES",
      "volume": "42",
      "author": "NESBITT H.W.",
      "year": "1978",
      "unstructured": "NESBITT H.W., LOW-TEMPERATURE ALTERATION PROCESSES AFFECTING ULTRAMAFIC BODIES, GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA 42, 403 (1978).",
      "journal-title": "GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_39_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "243",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0012-8252(93)90058-F",
      "article-title": "THE DEEP SUBTERRANEAN BIOSPHERE",
      "volume": "34",
      "author": "PEDERSEN K",
      "year": "1993",
      "unstructured": "PEDERSEN K, THE DEEP SUBTERRANEAN BIOSPHERE, EARTH-SCIENCE REVIEWS 34, 243 (1993).",
      "journal-title": "EARTH-SCIENCE REVIEWS"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_40_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "369",
      "DOI": "10.1099/00221287-138-2-369",
      "article-title": "INCORPORATION OF CO2 AND INTRODUCED ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS BY BACTERIAL-POPULATIONS IN GROUNDWATER FROM THE DEEP CRYSTALLINE BEDROCK OF THE STRIPA MINE",
      "volume": "138",
      "author": "PEDERSEN K",
      "year": "1992",
      "unstructured": "PEDERSEN K, INCORPORATION OF CO2 AND INTRODUCED ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS BY BACTERIAL-POPULATIONS IN GROUNDWATER FROM THE DEEP CRYSTALLINE BEDROCK OF THE STRIPA MINE, JOURNAL OF GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY 138, 369 (1992).",
      "journal-title": "JOURNAL OF GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_41_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "37",
      "DOI": "10.1007/BF02543865",
      "article-title": "DISTRIBUTION AND ACTIVITY OF BACTERIA IN DEEP GRANITIC GROUNDWATERS OF SOUTHEASTERN SWEDEN",
      "volume": "20",
      "author": "PEDERSEN K",
      "year": "1990",
      "unstructured": "PEDERSEN K, DISTRIBUTION AND ACTIVITY OF BACTERIA IN DEEP GRANITIC GROUNDWATERS OF SOUTHEASTERN SWEDEN, MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 20, 37 (1990).",
      "journal-title": "MICROBIAL ECOLOGY"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_42_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1",
      "DOI": "10.1007/BF00165903",
      "article-title": "ASSIMILATION OF CO2 AND INTRODUCED ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS BY BACTERIAL COMMUNITIES IN GROUNDWATER FROM SOUTHEASTERN SWEDEN DEEP CRYSTALLINE BEDROCK",
      "volume": "23",
      "author": "PEDERSEN K",
      "year": "1992",
      "unstructured": "PEDERSEN K, ASSIMILATION OF CO2 AND INTRODUCED ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS BY BACTERIAL COMMUNITIES IN GROUNDWATER FROM SOUTHEASTERN SWEDEN DEEP CRYSTALLINE BEDROCK, MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 23, 1 (1992).",
      "journal-title": "MICROBIAL ECOLOGY"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_43_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "335",
      "DOI": "10.1007/BF00662027",
      "article-title": "COMPARISON BETWEEN GEOCHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL ESTIMATES OF SUBSURFACE MICROBIAL ACTIVITIES",
      "volume": "28",
      "author": "PHELPS T.J.",
      "year": "1994",
      "unstructured": "PHELPS T.J., COMPARISON BETWEEN GEOCHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL ESTIMATES OF SUBSURFACE MICROBIAL ACTIVITIES, MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 28, 335 (1994).",
      "journal-title": "MICROBIAL ECOLOGY"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_44_2",
      "first-page": "241",
      "volume": "107",
      "author": "RAMDOHR P.A.",
      "year": "1967",
      "unstructured": "RAMDOHR P.A., NEUES JAHRB MINERAL 107, 241 (1967).",
      "journal-title": "NEUES JAHRB MINERAL"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_45_2",
      "author": "SCHOPF J.W.",
      "year": "1983",
      "unstructured": "SCHOPF J.W., EARTHS EARLIEST BIOS (1983).",
      "journal-title": "EARTHS EARLIEST BIOS"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_46_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "DOI": "10.1017/CBO9780511601064",
      "author": "SCHOPF J.W.",
      "year": "1992",
      "unstructured": "SCHOPF J.W., PROTEROZOIC BIOSPHER (1992).",
      "journal-title": "PROTEROZOIC BIOSPHER"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_47_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "5087",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0016-7037(93)90610-9",
      "volume": "57",
      "author": "SHERWOODLOLLAR B",
      "year": "1993",
      "unstructured": "SHERWOODLOLLAR B, GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC 57, 5087 (1993).",
      "journal-title": "GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_48_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "5073",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0016-7037(93)90609-Z",
      "volume": "57",
      "author": "SHERWOODLOLLAR B",
      "year": "1993",
      "unstructured": "SHERWOODLOLLAR B, GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC 57, 5073 (1993).",
      "journal-title": "GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM AC"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_49_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "744",
      "DOI": "10.1126/science.265.5173.744",
      "article-title": "EARLY MARS - HOW WARM AND HOW WET",
      "volume": "265",
      "author": "SQUYRES S.W.",
      "year": "1994",
      "unstructured": "SQUYRES S.W., EARLY MARS - HOW WARM AND HOW WET, SCIENCE 265, 744 (1994).",
      "journal-title": "SCIENCE"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_50_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "35",
      "DOI": "10.1007/BF00182128",
      "article-title": "BACTERIA ASSOCIATED WITH DEEP, ALKALINE, ANAEROBIC GROUNDWATERS IN SOUTHEAST WASHINGTON",
      "volume": "25",
      "author": "STEVENS T.O.",
      "year": "1993",
      "unstructured": "STEVENS T.O., BACTERIA ASSOCIATED WITH DEEP, ALKALINE, ANAEROBIC GROUNDWATERS IN SOUTHEAST WASHINGTON, MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 25, 35 (1993).",
      "journal-title": "MICROBIAL ECOLOGY"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_51_2",
      "unstructured": "STEVENS T.O. unpublished data."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_52_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "693",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0016-7037(86)90346-7",
      "article-title": "BIOGENIC METHANE FORMATION IN MARINE AND FRESH-WATER ENVIRONMENTS - CO2 REDUCTION VS ACETATE FERMENTATION ISOTOPE EVIDENCE",
      "volume": "50",
      "author": "WHITICAR M.J.",
      "year": "1986",
      "unstructured": "WHITICAR M.J., BIOGENIC METHANE FORMATION IN MARINE AND FRESH-WATER ENVIRONMENTS - CO2 REDUCTION VS ACETATE FERMENTATION ISOTOPE EVIDENCE, GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA 50, 693 (1986).",
      "journal-title": "GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_53_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1117",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0016-7037(78)90108-4",
      "article-title": "MASS-TRANSFER AND CARBON ISOTOPE EVOLUTION IN NATURAL-WATER SYSTEMS",
      "volume": "42",
      "author": "WIGLEY TML",
      "year": "1978",
      "unstructured": "WIGLEY TML, MASS-TRANSFER AND CARBON ISOTOPE EVOLUTION IN NATURAL-WATER SYSTEMS, GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA 42, 1117 (1978).",
      "journal-title": "GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_54_2",
      "first-page": "1395",
      "article-title": "CORRECTION",
      "volume": "43",
      "author": "WIGLEY TML",
      "year": "1979",
      "unstructured": "WIGLEY TML, CORRECTION, GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA 43, 1395 (1979).",
      "journal-title": "GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_55_2",
      "author": "ZEHNDER AJB",
      "year": "1988",
      "unstructured": "ZEHNDER AJB, BIOL ANAEROBIC MICRO (1988).",
      "journal-title": "BIOL ANAEROBIC MICRO"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_56_2",
      "first-page": "1709",
      "article-title": "MICROBIAL TRANSFORMATION OF MOLECULAR HYDROGEN IN MARINE SEDIMENTS, WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO PETROLEUM",
      "volume": "31",
      "author": "ZOBELL C.E.",
      "year": "1947",
      "unstructured": "ZOBELL C.E., MICROBIAL TRANSFORMATION OF MOLECULAR HYDROGEN IN MARINE SEDIMENTS, WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO PETROLEUM, AAPG BULLETIN-AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF PETROLEUM GEOLOGISTS 31, 1709 (1947).",
      "journal-title": "AAPG BULLETIN-AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF PETROLEUM GEOLOGISTS"
    }
  ],
  "container-title": "Science",
  "original-title": [],
  "language": "en",
  "link": [
    {
      "URL": "https://www.science.org/doi/pdf/10.1126/science.270.5235.450",
      "content-type": "unspecified",
      "content-version": "vor",
      "intended-application": "similarity-checking"
    }
  ],
  "deposited": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2024,
        1,
        12
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2024-01-12T21:21:54Z",
    "timestamp": 1705094514000
  },
  "score": 1,
  "resource": {
    "primary": {
      "URL": "https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.270.5235.450"
    }
  },
  "subtitle": [],
  "short-title": [],
  "issued": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        1995,
        10,
        20
      ]
    ]
  },
  "references-count": 55,
  "journal-issue": {
    "issue": "5235",
    "published-print": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          1995,
          10,
          20
        ]
      ]
    }
  },
  "alternative-id": [
    "10.1126/science.270.5235.450"
  ],
  "URL": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.270.5235.450",
  "relation": {},
  "ISSN": [
    "0036-8075",
    "1095-9203"
  ],
  "subject": [],
  "container-title-short": "Science",
  "published": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        1995,
        10,
        20
      ]
    ]
  }
}