Crossref journal-article
American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
Science (221)
Abstract

Electrodes with electrochemical dimensions as small as 10 angstroms have been fabricated and used for electrochemical studies. These nanometer-scale electrodes have enabled the measurement of electron-transfer rate constants, k het , that are two orders of magnitude faster than k het values accessible with any other electrochemical method.

Bibliography

Penner, R. M., Heben, M. J., Longin, T. L., & Lewis, N. S. (1990). Fabrication and Use of Nanometer-Sized Electrodes in Electrochemistry. Science, 250(4984), 1118–1121.

Authors 4
  1. Reginald M. Penner (first)
  2. Michael J. Heben (additional)
  3. Teresa L. Longin (additional)
  4. Nathan S. Lewis (additional)
References 62 Referenced 319
  1. ANDRIEUX, C.P., FAST SWEEP CYCLIC VOLTAMMETRY AT ULTRA-MICROELECTRODES - EVALUATION OF THE METHOD FOR FAST ELECTRON-TRANSFER KINETIC MEASUREMENTS, JOURNAL OF ELECTROANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 243: 321 (1988). (10.1016/0022-0728(88)80037-8) / JOURNAL OF ELECTROANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (1988)
  2. ANDRIEUX, C.P., FAST CHEMICAL STEPS COUPLED WITH OUTER-SPHERE ELECTRON TRANSFERS - APPLICATION OF FAST SCAN VOLTAMMETRY AT ULTRAMICROELECTRODES TO THE CLEAVAGE OF AROMATIC HALIDE ANION RADICALS IN THE MICROSECOND LIFETIME RANGE, JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY 92: 5987 (1988). (10.1021/j100332a030) / JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY (1988)
  3. ANDRIEUX, C.P., FAST POTENTIAL STEP TECHNIQUES AT ULTRAMICROELECTRODES - APPLICATION TO THE KINETIC CHARACTERIZATION OF ELECTROCHEMICALLY GENERATED SHORT-LIVED SPECIES, JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY 92: 5992 (1988). (10.1021/j100332a031) / JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY (1988)
  4. ANGELL, D.H., KINETICS OF FERROUS/FERRIC AND FERRO/FERRICYANIDE REACTIONS AT PLATINUM AND GOLD ELECTRODES .1. KINETICS AT BARE-METAL SURFACES, JOURNAL OF ELECTROANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 35: 55 (1972). (10.1016/S0022-0728(72)80294-8) / JOURNAL OF ELECTROANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (1972)
  5. BARD, A.J., ELECTROCHEMICAL METH: CH5 (1980). / ELECTROCHEMICAL METH (1980)
  6. BARR, S.W., THE DEPENDENCE OF THE KINETICS OF SOME SIMPLE OUTER-SPHERE ELECTRODE-REACTIONS ON THE NATURE OF THE ELECTRODE MATERIAL, JOURNAL OF ELECTROANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 111: 41 (1980). (10.1016/S0022-0728(80)80074-X) / JOURNAL OF ELECTROANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (1980)
  7. BOCK, C.R., APPLICATION OF ELECTRON-TRANSFER THEORY TO EXCITED-STATE REDOX PROCESSES, CHEMICAL PHYSICS LETTERS 61: 522 (1979). (10.1016/0009-2614(79)87164-X) / CHEMICAL PHYSICS LETTERS (1979)
  8. BOND, A.M., FAST ELECTRON-TRANSFER RATE FOR THE OXIDATION OF FERROCENE IN ACETONITRILE OR DICHLOROMETHANE AT PLATINUM DISK ULTRAMICROELECTRODES, ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 60: 1878 (1988). (10.1021/ac00169a008) / ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (1988)
  9. BOWER, W.J., J ELECTROANAL CHEM 262: 67 (1989). (10.1016/0022-0728(89)80012-9) / J ELECTROANAL CHEM (1989)
  10. BRUNSCHWIG, B.S., THE ROLE OF INNER-SPHERE CONFIGURATION CHANGES IN ELECTRON-EXCHANGE REACTIONS OF METAL-COMPLEXES, FARADAY DISCUSSIONS 74: 113 (1982). (10.1039/dc9827400113) / FARADAY DISCUSSIONS (1982)
  11. CONTI, F, SINGLE CHANNEL RECORDINGS OF K+ CURRENTS IN SQUID AXONS, NATURE 285: 140 (1980). (10.1038/285140a0) / NATURE (1980)
  12. CONTI, J.C., VOLTAMMETRY IN BRAIN-TISSUE - CHRONIC RECORDING OF STIMULATED DOPAMINE AND 5-HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE RELEASE, LIFE SCIENCES 23: 2705 (1978). (10.1016/0024-3205(78)90650-1) / LIFE SCIENCES (1978)
  13. CRASTON, D.H., HIGH-RESOLUTION DEPOSITION OF SILVER IN NAFION FILMS WITH THE SCANNING TUNNELING MICROSCOPE, JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY 135: 785 (1988). (10.1149/1.2095752) / JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY (1988)
  14. DAYTON, M.A., FARADAIC ELECTROCHEMISTRY AT MICRO-VOLTAMMETRIC ELECTRODES, ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 52: 946 (1980). (10.1021/ac50056a040) / ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (1980)
  15. DUKE, J, J ELECTROANAL CHEM 264: 281 (1989). (10.1016/0022-0728(89)80163-9) / J ELECTROANAL CHEM (1989)
  16. EWING, A.G., INVIVO VOLTAMMETRY WITH ELECTRODES THAT DISCRIMINATE BETWEEN DOPAMINE AND ASCORBATE, BRAIN RESEARCH 249: 361 (1982). (10.1016/0006-8993(82)90070-1) / BRAIN RESEARCH (1982)
  17. FITCH, A, USE OF MICROELECTRODES FOR THE STUDY OF A FAST CHEMICAL STEP IN AN ELECTRODE-REACTION, JOURNAL OF ELECTROANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 202: 83 (1986). (10.1016/0022-0728(86)90110-5) / JOURNAL OF ELECTROANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (1986)
  18. FLEISCHMANN, M, ULTRAMICROELECTRODES: CH3 (1987). / ULTRAMICROELECTRODES (1987)
  19. GALUS, Z, DETERMINATION OF KINETIC-PARAMETERS FROM STEADY-STATE MICRODISK VOLTAMMOGRAMS, JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY 92: 1103 (1988). (10.1021/j100316a021) / JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY (1988)
  20. GENNETT, T, RELIABILITY OF STANDARD RATE CONSTANTS FOR RAPID ELECTROCHEMICAL REACTIONS, ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 56: 1444 (1984). (10.1021/ac00272a054) / ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (1984)
  21. GULD, C, MED ELECTRON BIOL EN 2: 317 (1964). (10.1007/BF02474628) / MED ELECTRON BIOL EN (1964)
  22. HEBEN, M.J., ATOMIC RESOLUTION IMAGING OF ELECTRODE SURFACES IN SOLUTIONS CONTAINING REVERSIBLE REDOX SPECIES, APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 54: 1421 (1989). (10.1063/1.100686) / APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS (1989)
  23. HEBEN, M.J., PREPARATION OF STM TIPS FOR INSITU CHARACTERIZATION OF ELECTRODE SURFACES, JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY-OXFORD 152: 651 (1988). (10.1111/j.1365-2818.1988.tb01434.x) / JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY-OXFORD (1988)
  24. HEBEN M.J. THESIS CALTECH (1990).
  25. HOWELL, J.O., BACKGROUND SUBTRACTION FOR RAPID SCAN VOLTAMMETRY, JOURNAL OF ELECTROANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 209: 77 (1986). (10.1016/0022-0728(86)80187-5) / JOURNAL OF ELECTROANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (1986)
  26. HUPP, J.T., J PHYS CHEM-US 93: 4703 (1989). (10.1021/j100349a005) / J PHYS CHEM-US (1989)
  27. KISSINGER, P.T., VOLTAMMETRY IN BRAIN-TISSUE - NEW NEUROPHYSIOLOGICAL MEASUREMENT, BRAIN RESEARCH 55: 209 (1973). (10.1016/0006-8993(73)90503-9) / BRAIN RESEARCH (1973)
  28. LIN, C.W., HIGH-RESOLUTION PHOTOELECTROCHEMICAL ETCHING OF NORMAL-GAAS WITH THE SCANNING ELECTROCHEMICAL AND TUNNELING MICROSCOPE, JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY 134: 1038 (1987). (10.1149/1.2100566) / JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY (1987)
  29. LUSTENBERGER, P, SCANNING TUNNELING MICROSCOPY AT POTENTIAL CONTROLLED ELECTRODE SURFACES IN ELECTROLYTIC ENVIRONMENT, JOURNAL OF ELECTROANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 243: 225 (1988). (10.1016/0022-0728(88)85043-5) / JOURNAL OF ELECTROANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (1988)
  30. MAMOON, A.M., ADV BIOL MED PHYS 16: 1 (1977). (10.1016/B978-0-12-005216-5.50006-2) / ADV BIOL MED PHYS (1977)
  31. 10.1146/annurev.pc.15.100164.001103
  32. MARCUS, R.A., THEORY OF OXIDATION-REDUCTION REACTIONS INVOLVING ELECTRON TRANSFER .5. COMPARISON AND PROPERTIES OF ELECTROCHEMICAL AND CHEMICAL RATE CONSTANTS, JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY 67: 853 (1963). (10.1021/j100798a033) / JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY (1963)
  33. MEYER, T.J., ELECTRON-TRANSFER REACTIONS OF RUTHENIUM AMMINES, INORGANIC CHEMISTRY 7: 2369 (1968). (10.1021/ic50069a038) / INORGANIC CHEMISTRY (1968)
  34. MILNER, D.F., THE INFLUENCE OF UNCOMPENSATED SOLUTION RESISTANCE ON THE DETERMINATION OF STANDARD ELECTROCHEMICAL RATE CONSTANTS BY CYCLIC VOLTAMMETRY, AND SOME COMPARISONS WITH AC VOLTAMMETRY, ANALYTICA CHIMICA ACTA 198: 245 (1987). (10.1016/S0003-2670(00)85025-4) / ANALYTICA CHIMICA ACTA (1987)
  35. MONTENEGRO, M.I., THE DETERMINATION OF THE KINETICS OF ELECTRON-TRANSFER USING FAST SWEEP CYCLIC VOLTAMMETRY AT MICRODISC ELECTRODES, JOURNAL OF ELECTROANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 200: 371 (1986). (10.1016/0022-0728(86)90069-0) / JOURNAL OF ELECTROANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (1986)
  36. MORRIS, R.B., ELECTROCHEMISTRY AT PT BAND ELECTRODES OF WIDTH APPROACHING MOLECULAR DIMENSIONS - BREAKDOWN OF TRANSPORT-EQUATIONS AT VERY SMALL ELECTRODES, JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY 91: 3559 (1987). (10.1021/j100297a019) / JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY (1987)
  37. Neher, E., Nature 260:799 (1976). (10.1038/260799a0) / Nature (1976)
  38. NEHER, E, EXTRACELLULAR PATCH CLAMP - METHOD FOR RESOLVING CURRENTS THROUGH INDIVIDUAL OPEN CHANNELS IN BIOLOGICAL-MEMBRANES, PFLUGERS ARCHIV-EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 375: 219 (1978). (10.1007/BF00584247) / PFLUGERS ARCHIV-EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY (1978)
  39. NEILSON, R.M., J PHYS CHEM-US 93: 2152 (1989). (10.1021/j100342a086) / J PHYS CHEM-US (1989)
  40. NEILSON, R.M., J PHYS CHEM-US 93: 4703 (1989). (10.1021/j100349a005) / J PHYS CHEM-US (1989)
  41. OLDHAM, K.B., COMPARISON OF VOLTAMMETRIC STEADY-STATES AT HEMISPHERICAL AND DISK MICROELECTRODES, JOURNAL OF ELECTROANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 256: 11 (1988). (10.1016/0022-0728(88)85002-2) / JOURNAL OF ELECTROANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (1988)
  42. OLDHAM, K.B., MEASUREMENT OF ULTRAFAST ELECTRODE-KINETICS VIA STEADY-STATE VOLTAMMOGRAMS AT MICRODISC ELECTRODES, JOURNAL OF ELECTROANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 248: 467 (1988). (10.1016/0022-0728(88)85108-8) / JOURNAL OF ELECTROANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (1988)
  43. PENNER, R.M., PREPARATION AND ELECTROCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF CONICAL AND HEMISPHERICAL ULTRAMICROELECTRODES, ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 61: 1630 (1989). (10.1021/ac00190a009) / ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (1989)
  44. REINMUTH, W.H., NERNST-CONTROLLED CURRENTS IN HANGING-DROP POLAROGRAPHY, JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 79: 6358 (1957). (10.1021/ja01581a004) / JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY (1957)
  45. RUSSELL, A, DETERMINATION OF ELECTROCHEMICAL HETEROGENEOUS ELECTRON-TRANSFER REACTION-RATES FROM STEADY-STATE MEASUREMENTS AT ULTRAMICROELECTRODES, ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 58: 2961 (1986). (10.1021/ac00127a014) / ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (1986)
  46. SACKMANN, B, ANN REV PHYSL 46: 455 (1984). (10.1146/annurev.ph.46.030184.002323) / ANN REV PHYSL (1984)
  47. SAJI, T, ELECTRON-TRANSFER RATE CONSTANTS FOR REDOX SYSTEMS OF FE(III)/FE(II) COMPLEXES WITH 2,2'-BIPYRIDINE AND OR CYANIDE ION AS MEASURED BY GALVANOSTATIC DOUBLE PULSE METHOD, JOURNAL OF ELECTROANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 61: 147 (1975). (10.1016/S0022-0728(75)80245-2) / JOURNAL OF ELECTROANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (1975)
  48. SAJI, T, ELECTRODE KINETIC-PARAMETERS FOR REDOX SYSTEMS MO(CN)3-8/MO(CN)4-8, IRCL2-6/IRCL3-6, FE(PHEN)3+3/FE(PHEN)2+3, AND FE(C5H5)2+/FE(C5H5)2, JOURNAL OF ELECTROANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 86: 219 (1978). (10.1016/S0022-0728(78)80369-6) / JOURNAL OF ELECTROANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (1978)
  49. SAMEC, Z, EFFECT OF DOUBLE-LAYER ON RATE OF FE3+-FE2+ REACTION ON A PLATINUM-ELECTRODE AND CONTEMPORARY ELECTRON-TRANSFER THEORY, JOURNAL OF ELECTROANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 77: 163 (1977). (10.1016/S0022-0728(77)80469-5) / JOURNAL OF ELECTROANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (1977)
  50. SATTERBERG, T.L., ELUCIDATION OF REACTION SITES FOR ELECTROREDUCTION OF SOME COBALT(III) AMMINE COMPLEXES AT MERCURY-AQUEOUS INTERFACE - EFFECT OF ANION SPECIFIC ADSORPTION FROM MIXED ALKALI FLUORIDE ELECTROLYTES, JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY 82: 1784 (1978). (10.1021/j100505a004) / JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY (1978)
  51. SCHNEIR, J, PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS 897: 16 (1988). / PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (1988)
  52. SILVERMAN, J, THE EXCHANGE REACTION BETWEEN THE 2 OXIDATION STATES OF IRON IN ACID SOLUTION, JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY 56: 846 (1952). (10.1021/j150499a007) / JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY (1952)
  53. SONNENFELD, R, TUNNELING MICROSCOPY IN AN ELECTROCHEMICAL-CELL - IMAGES OF AG-PLATING, APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 49: 1172 (1986). (10.1063/1.97405) / APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS (1986)
  54. TANAKA, K, INVIVO MEASUREMENTS OF THE TRANSLOCATION OF ELECTROCHEMICALLY ACTIVE SUBSTANCES ACROSS A BIO-MEMBRANE, BIOELECTROCHEMISTRY AND BIOENERGETICS 17: 519 (1987). (10.1016/0302-4598(87)80059-4) / BIOELECTROCHEMISTRY AND BIOENERGETICS (1987)
  55. TANAKA, K, INVIVO VOLTAMMETRY WITH AN ULTRAMICROELECTRODE, BIOELECTROCHEMISTRY AND BIOENERGETICS 21: 95 (1989). (10.1016/0302-4598(89)87011-4) / BIOELECTROCHEMISTRY AND BIOENERGETICS (1989)
  56. WALLINGFORD, R.A., AMPEROMETRIC DETECTION OF CATECHOLS IN CAPILLARY ZONE ELECTROPHORESIS WITH NORMAL AND MICELLAR SOLUTIONS, ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 60: 258 (1988). (10.1021/ac00154a015) / ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (1988)
  57. WALLINGFORD, R.A., CAPILLARY ZONE ELECTROPHORESIS WITH ELECTROCHEMICAL DETECTION IN 12.7-MU-M DIAMETER COLUMNS, ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 60: 1972 (1988). (10.1021/ac00169a027) / ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (1988)
  58. WEAVER, M.J., CO(III) AMMINE ELECTROREDUCTION REACTIONS AS KINETIC PROBES OF DOUBLE-LAYER STRUCTURE - REDUCTION OF FLUOROPENTAAMINE COBALT(III) AT VARYING IONIC STRENGTHS, JOURNAL OF ELECTROANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 93: 231 (1978). (10.1016/S0022-0728(78)80218-6) / JOURNAL OF ELECTROANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (1978)
  59. WEAVER, M.J., POSITION OF REACTION SITE AND RELATIVE REACTIVITIES OF SIMPLE OUTER-SPHERE AND INNER-SPHERE ELECTRODE-REACTIONS - REDUCTION OF SOME CR(III) AMINE COMPLEXES AT MERCURY-ELECTRODES, JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY 81: 1772 (1977). (10.1021/j100533a013) / JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY (1977)
  60. WIPF, D.O., FAST-SCAN CYCLIC VOLTAMMETRY AS A METHOD TO MEASURE RAPID, HETEROGENEOUS ELECTRON-TRANSFER KINETICS, ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 60: 306 (1988). (10.1021/ac00155a006) / ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (1988)
  61. WIPF, D.O., SUBMICROSECOND MEASUREMENTS WITH CYCLIC VOLTAMMETRY, ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 60: 2460 (1988). (10.1021/ac00173a005) / ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (1988)
  62. 10.1126/science.132.3436.1309
Dates
Type When
Created 18 years, 11 months ago (Oct. 5, 2006, 6:10 p.m.)
Deposited 1 year, 7 months ago (Jan. 12, 2024, 10:25 a.m.)
Indexed 1 week, 6 days ago (Aug. 23, 2025, 1:02 a.m.)
Issued 34 years, 9 months ago (Nov. 23, 1990)
Published 34 years, 9 months ago (Nov. 23, 1990)
Published Print 34 years, 9 months ago (Nov. 23, 1990)
Funders 0

None

@article{Penner_1990, title={Fabrication and Use of Nanometer-Sized Electrodes in Electrochemistry}, volume={250}, ISSN={1095-9203}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.250.4984.1118}, DOI={10.1126/science.250.4984.1118}, number={4984}, journal={Science}, publisher={American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)}, author={Penner, Reginald M. and Heben, Michael J. and Longin, Teresa L. and Lewis, Nathan S.}, year={1990}, month=nov, pages={1118–1121} }