10.1126/science.239.4836.149
Crossref journal-article
American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
Science (221)
Abstract

Acid-vulnerable areas are more numerous and widespread than believed 7 years ago. Lakes and streams in acid-vulnerable areas of northeastern North America have suffered substantial declines in acid-neutralizing capacity, the worst cases resulting in biological damage. Many invertebrates are very sensitive to acidification, with some disappearing at p H values as high as 6.0. However, the recent rate of acidification of lakes is slower than once predicted, in part the result of decreases in sulfur oxide emissions. A discussion of some of the processes that have contributed to the acidification of lakes as well as those that have protected acid-sensitive freshwaters is presented.

Bibliography

Schindler, D. W. (1988). Effects of Acid Rain on Freshwater Ecosystems. Science, 239(4836), 149–157.

Authors 1
  1. D. W. Schindler (first)
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Dates
Type When
Created 18 years, 10 months ago (Oct. 5, 2006, 5:21 p.m.)
Deposited 1 year, 7 months ago (Jan. 12, 2024, 12:01 p.m.)
Indexed 2 weeks, 5 days ago (Aug. 6, 2025, 9:52 a.m.)
Issued 37 years, 7 months ago (Jan. 8, 1988)
Published 37 years, 7 months ago (Jan. 8, 1988)
Published Print 37 years, 7 months ago (Jan. 8, 1988)
Funders 0

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@article{Schindler_1988, title={Effects of Acid Rain on Freshwater Ecosystems}, volume={239}, ISSN={1095-9203}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.239.4836.149}, DOI={10.1126/science.239.4836.149}, number={4836}, journal={Science}, publisher={American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)}, author={Schindler, D. W.}, year={1988}, month=jan, pages={149–157} }