DOI: 10.1126/science.169.3945.577. Lead Aerosols in the Atmosphere: Increasing Concentrations

Lead Aerosols in the Atmosphere: Increasing Concentrations

10.1126/science.169.3945.577

Crossref journal-article

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

Science (221)

Abstract

The concentrations of atmospheric lead around San Diego, California, have been determined and their geographic and seasonal variations are explained. The lead aerosol concentration at San Diego is increasing at a rate of 5 percent per year. The isotopic composition of lead aerosols is similar to that of the lead additives isolated from gasoline, which are the largest contributors to atmospheric lead pollution.

Bibliography

Chow, T. J., & Earl, J. L. (1970). Lead Aerosols in the Atmosphere: Increasing Concentrations. Science, 169(3945), 577â580.

Authors 2

Tsaihwa J. Chow (first)
John L. Earl (additional)

References 20 Referenced 96

The Automobile and Air Pollution (1967).
Community Air Quality Guide Lead (1969).
Lead in the Environment and Its Effects on Humans (1967).
Public Health Service Drinking Water Standards (1962).
Survey of Lead in the Atmosphere of Three Urban Communities (1965).
ALTSHULLER, A.P., AIR POLLUTION, ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 41: R1 (1969). (10.1021/ac60272a701) / ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (1969)
BROWN, J.S., ECON GEOL 57: 673 (1962). (10.2113/gsecongeo.57.5.673) / ECON GEOL (1962)
CHOW, T.J., LEAD AND URANIUM IN PENNSYLVANIAN ANTHRACITE, CHEMICAL GEOLOGY 6: 43 (1970). (10.1016/0009-2541(70)90004-5) / CHEMICAL GEOLOGY (1970)
CHOW, T.J., LEAD AEROSOLS IN MARINE ATMOSPHERE, ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 3: 737 (1969). (10.1021/es60031a002) / ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY (1969)
CHOW, T.J., THE OCCURRENCE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF LEAD ISOTOPES IN PELAGIC SEDIMENTS, GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA 26: 263 (1962). (10.1016/0016-7037(62)90016-9) / GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA (1962)
CHOW, T.J., ISOTOPE ANALYSIS OF SEAWATER BY MASS SPECTROMETRY, JOURNAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FEDERATION 40: 399 (1968). / JOURNAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FEDERATION (1968)
CHOW, T.J., LEAD ACCUMULATION IN ROADSIDE SOIL AND GRASS, NATURE 225: 295 (1970). (10.1038/225295a0) / NATURE (1970)
10.1126/science.147.3657.502
GOLDSMITH, J. R., JOURNAL OF THE AIR POLLUTION CONTROL ASSOCIATION 19: 714 (1969). (10.1080/00022470.1969.10466552) / JOURNAL OF THE AIR POLLUTION CONTROL ASSOCIATION (1969)
10.1126/science.158.3797.132
KEHOE, R.A., INTRODUCTION TO SYMPOSIUM ON LEAD, ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 8: 202 (1964). / ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH (1964)
LAZRUS, A.L., LEAD AND OTHER METAL IONS IN UNITED STATES PRECIPITATION, ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 4: 55 (1970). (10.1021/es60036a003) / ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY (1970)
MOTTO, H.L., LEAD IN SOILS AND PLANTS - ITS RELATIONSHIP TO TRAFFIC VOLUME AND PRXIMITY TO HIGHWAYS, ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 4: 231 (1970). (10.1021/es60038a009) / ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY (1970)
MUROZUMI, M, CHEMICAL CONCENTRATIONS OF POLLUTANT LEAD AEROSOLS, TERRESTRIAL DUSTS AND SEA SALTS IN GREENLAND AND ANTARCTIC SNOW STRATA, GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA 33: 1247 (1969). (10.1016/0016-7037(69)90045-3) / GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA (1969)
PATTERSON, C.C., CONTAMINATED AND NATURAL LEAD ENVIRONMENTS OF MAN, ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 11: 344 (1965). (10.1080/00039896.1965.10664229) / ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH (1965)

Dates

Type	When
Created	18 years, 10 months ago (Oct. 5, 2006, 8:56 a.m.)
Deposited	1 year, 7 months ago (Jan. 11, 2024, 11:53 a.m.)
Indexed	10 minutes ago (Sept. 2, 2025, 1:53 p.m.)
Issued	55 years ago (Aug. 7, 1970)
Published	55 years ago (Aug. 7, 1970)
Published Print	55 years ago (Aug. 7, 1970)

Funders 0

None

BibTeX

@article{Chow_1970, title={Lead Aerosols in the Atmosphere: Increasing Concentrations}, volume={169}, ISSN={1095-9203}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.169.3945.577}, DOI={10.1126/science.169.3945.577}, number={3945}, journal={Science}, publisher={American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)}, author={Chow, Tsaihwa J. and Earl, John L.}, year={1970}, month=aug, pages={577–580} }

JSON

{
  "indexed": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2025,
        9,
        2
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2025-09-02T17:53:55Z",
    "timestamp": 1756835635799
  },
  "reference-count": 20,
  "publisher": "American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)",
  "issue": "3945",
  "content-domain": {
    "domain": [],
    "crossmark-restriction": false
  },
  "published-print": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        1970,
        8,
        7
      ]
    ]
  },
  "abstract": "<jats:p>The concentrations of atmospheric lead around San Diego, California, have been determined and their geographic and seasonal variations are explained. The lead aerosol concentration at San Diego is increasing at a rate of 5 percent per year. The isotopic composition of lead aerosols is similar to that of the lead additives isolated from gasoline, which are the largest contributors to atmospheric lead pollution.</jats:p>",
  "DOI": "10.1126/science.169.3945.577",
  "type": "journal-article",
  "created": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2006,
        10,
        5
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2006-10-05T12:56:56Z",
    "timestamp": 1160053016000
  },
  "page": "577-580",
  "source": "Crossref",
  "is-referenced-by-count": 96,
  "title": "Lead Aerosols in the Atmosphere: Increasing Concentrations",
  "prefix": "10.1126",
  "volume": "169",
  "author": [
    {
      "given": "Tsaihwa J.",
      "family": "Chow",
      "sequence": "first",
      "affiliation": [
        {
          "name": "Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92037"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "given": "John L.",
      "family": "Earl",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": [
        {
          "name": "Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92037"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "member": "221",
  "reference": [
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_1_1",
      "unstructured": "The Automobile and Air Pollution (1967)."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_2_1",
      "unstructured": "Community Air Quality Guide Lead (1969)."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_3_1",
      "unstructured": "Lead in the Environment and Its Effects on Humans (1967)."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_4_1",
      "unstructured": "Public Health Service Drinking Water Standards (1962)."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_5_1",
      "unstructured": "Survey of Lead in the Atmosphere of Three Urban Communities (1965)."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_6_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "R1",
      "DOI": "10.1021/ac60272a701",
      "volume": "41",
      "year": "1969",
      "unstructured": "ALTSHULLER, A.P., AIR POLLUTION, ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 41: R1 (1969).",
      "journal-title": "ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_7_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "673",
      "DOI": "10.2113/gsecongeo.57.5.673",
      "volume": "57",
      "year": "1962",
      "unstructured": "BROWN, J.S., ECON GEOL 57: 673 (1962).",
      "journal-title": "ECON GEOL"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_8_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "43",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0009-2541(70)90004-5",
      "volume": "6",
      "year": "1970",
      "unstructured": "CHOW, T.J., LEAD AND URANIUM IN PENNSYLVANIAN ANTHRACITE, CHEMICAL GEOLOGY 6: 43 (1970).",
      "journal-title": "CHEMICAL GEOLOGY"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_9_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "737",
      "DOI": "10.1021/es60031a002",
      "volume": "3",
      "year": "1969",
      "unstructured": "CHOW, T.J., LEAD AEROSOLS IN MARINE ATMOSPHERE, ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 3: 737 (1969).",
      "journal-title": "ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_10_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "263",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0016-7037(62)90016-9",
      "volume": "26",
      "year": "1962",
      "unstructured": "CHOW, T.J., THE OCCURRENCE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF LEAD ISOTOPES IN PELAGIC SEDIMENTS, GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA 26: 263 (1962).",
      "journal-title": "GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_11_1",
      "first-page": "399",
      "volume": "40",
      "year": "1968",
      "unstructured": "CHOW, T.J., ISOTOPE ANALYSIS OF SEAWATER BY MASS SPECTROMETRY, JOURNAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FEDERATION 40: 399 (1968).",
      "journal-title": "JOURNAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FEDERATION"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_12_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "295",
      "DOI": "10.1038/225295a0",
      "volume": "225",
      "year": "1970",
      "unstructured": "CHOW, T.J., LEAD ACCUMULATION IN ROADSIDE SOIL AND GRASS, NATURE 225: 295 (1970).",
      "journal-title": "NATURE"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_13_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1126/science.147.3657.502"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_14_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "714",
      "DOI": "10.1080/00022470.1969.10466552",
      "volume": "19",
      "year": "1969",
      "unstructured": "GOLDSMITH, J. R., JOURNAL OF THE AIR POLLUTION CONTROL ASSOCIATION 19: 714 (1969).",
      "journal-title": "JOURNAL OF THE AIR POLLUTION CONTROL ASSOCIATION"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_15_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1126/science.158.3797.132"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_16_1",
      "first-page": "202",
      "volume": "8",
      "year": "1964",
      "unstructured": "KEHOE, R.A., INTRODUCTION TO SYMPOSIUM ON LEAD, ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 8: 202 (1964).",
      "journal-title": "ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_17_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "55",
      "DOI": "10.1021/es60036a003",
      "volume": "4",
      "year": "1970",
      "unstructured": "LAZRUS, A.L., LEAD AND OTHER METAL IONS IN UNITED STATES PRECIPITATION, ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 4: 55 (1970).",
      "journal-title": "ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_18_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "231",
      "DOI": "10.1021/es60038a009",
      "volume": "4",
      "year": "1970",
      "unstructured": "MOTTO, H.L., LEAD IN SOILS AND PLANTS - ITS RELATIONSHIP TO TRAFFIC VOLUME AND PRXIMITY TO HIGHWAYS, ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 4: 231 (1970).",
      "journal-title": "ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_19_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1247",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0016-7037(69)90045-3",
      "volume": "33",
      "year": "1969",
      "unstructured": "MUROZUMI, M, CHEMICAL CONCENTRATIONS OF POLLUTANT LEAD AEROSOLS, TERRESTRIAL DUSTS AND SEA SALTS IN GREENLAND AND ANTARCTIC SNOW STRATA, GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA 33: 1247 (1969).",
      "journal-title": "GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_20_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "344",
      "DOI": "10.1080/00039896.1965.10664229",
      "volume": "11",
      "year": "1965",
      "unstructured": "PATTERSON, C.C., CONTAMINATED AND NATURAL LEAD ENVIRONMENTS OF MAN, ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 11: 344 (1965).",
      "journal-title": "ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH"
    }
  ],
  "container-title": "Science",
  "original-title": [],
  "language": "en",
  "link": [
    {
      "URL": "https://www.science.org/doi/pdf/10.1126/science.169.3945.577",
      "content-type": "unspecified",
      "content-version": "vor",
      "intended-application": "similarity-checking"
    }
  ],
  "deposited": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2024,
        1,
        11
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2024-01-11T16:53:10Z",
    "timestamp": 1704991990000
  },
  "score": 1,
  "resource": {
    "primary": {
      "URL": "https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.169.3945.577"
    }
  },
  "subtitle": [],
  "short-title": [],
  "issued": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        1970,
        8,
        7
      ]
    ]
  },
  "references-count": 20,
  "journal-issue": {
    "issue": "3945",
    "published-print": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          1970,
          8,
          7
        ]
      ]
    }
  },
  "alternative-id": [
    "10.1126/science.169.3945.577"
  ],
  "URL": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.169.3945.577",
  "relation": {},
  "ISSN": [
    "0036-8075",
    "1095-9203"
  ],
  "subject": [],
  "container-title-short": "Science",
  "published": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        1970,
        8,
        7
      ]
    ]
  }
}