DOI: 10.1126/science.1254581. A fracture-resistant high-entropy alloy for cryogenic applications

A fracture-resistant high-entropy alloy for cryogenic applications

10.1126/science.1254581

Crossref journal-article

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

Science (221)

Abstract

A metal alloy that is stronger when coldMetal alloys normally consist of one dominant element, with others in small amounts to improve specific properties. For example, stainless steel is primarily iron with nickel and chromium but may contain trace amounts of other elements. Gludovatzet al.explored the properties of a high-entropy alloy made from equal amounts of chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, and nickel. Not only does this alloy show excellent strength, ductility, and toughness, but these properties improve at cryogenic temperatures where most alloys change from ductile to brittle.Science, this issue p.1153

Bibliography

Gludovatz, B., Hohenwarter, A., Catoor, D., Chang, E. H., George, E. P., & Ritchie, R. O. (2014). A fracture-resistant high-entropy alloy for cryogenic applications. Science, 345(6201), 1153â1158.

Authors 6

Bernd Gludovatz (first)
Anton Hohenwarter (additional)
Dhiraj Catoor (additional)
Edwin H. Chang (additional)
Easo P. George (additional)
Robert O. Ritchie (additional)

References 50 Referenced 4,900

10.1016/j.msea.2003.10.257
10.1002/adem.200300567
10.1007/s11661-004-0254-x
10.1016/j.intermet.2011.01.004
10.1016/j.actamat.2013.06.018
10.1016/j.intermet.2013.03.018
10.1016/j.actamat.2013.01.042
10.1016/j.scriptamat.2012.12.002
10.1038/nmat3115
E08 Committee E1820-13 Standard Test Method for Measurement of Fracture Toughness (ASTM International 2013).
10.1063/1.881483
10.1179/imr.1997.42.2.45
M. Sokolov et al . in Effects of Radiation on Materials: 20th International Symposium S. Rosinski M. Grossbeck T. Allen A. Kumar Eds. (ASTM International West Conshohocken PA 2001) pp. 125–147.
10.1007/BF02653488
10.1007/BF02659812
Pense A. W., Stout R. D., Fracture toughness and related characteristics of the cryogenic nickel steels. Weld. Res. Counc. Bull. 205, 1–43 (1975). / Weld. Res. Counc. Bull. / Fracture toughness and related characteristics of the cryogenic nickel steels by Pense A. W. (1975)
10.1007/BF01567324
10.1007/BF00018499
10.1007/BF00012619
10.1007/BF02816050
10.1016/0013-7944(77)90062-5
10.1007/BF02812022
10.1016/0022-5096(69)90033-7
10.1016/0022-5096(68)90014-8
10.1016/0022-5096(68)90013-6
10.1016/0001-6160(75)90084-X
10.1016/0001-6160(89)90143-0
10.1016/j.actamat.2006.06.062
10.1126/science.1167641
10.1126/science.1159610
10.1016/j.actamat.2010.12.043
Hadfield R. A., Hadfield’s manganese steel. Science 12, 284–286 (1888).17840151 / Science / Hadfield’s manganese steel by Hadfield R. A. (1888)
Schumann V. H., Martensitische Umwandlung in austenitischen Mangan-Kohlenstoff-Stählen. Neue Hütte 17, 605–609 (1972). / Neue Hütte / Martensitische Umwandlung in austenitischen Mangan-Kohlenstoff-Stählen by Schumann V. H. (1972)
10.1016/0025-5416(77)90093-3
10.1016/0921-5093(93)90463-O
Grässel O. Frommeyer G. Derder C. Hofmann H. Phase transformations and mechanical properties of Fe-Mn-Si-Al TRIP-steels. J. Phys. IV 07 C5-383–C5-388 (1997). 10.1051/jp4:1997560 (10.1051/jp4:1997560)
10.1016/S0749-6419(00)00015-2
10.2355/isijinternational.43.438
10.1007/s40195-012-0501-x
10.1016/0011-2275(81)90175-2
R. D. Stout S. J. Wiersma in Advances in Cryogenic Engineering Materials R. P. Reed A. F. Clark Eds. (Springer New York 1986) pp. 389–395. (10.1007/978-1-4613-9871-4_47)
10.1016/S1468-6996(03)00063-9
J. W. Sa et al . in Twenty-First IEEE/NPS Symposium on Fusion Engineering 2005 (IEEE Piscataway NJ 2005) pp. 1–4. (10.1109/FUSION.2005.252996)
M. F. Ashby in Materials Selection in Mechanical Design M. F. Ashby Ed. (Butterworth-Heinemann Oxford ed. 4 2011) pp. 31–56. (10.1016/B978-1-85617-663-7.00003-5)
10.1016/0022-5096(81)90003-X
10.1063/1.119610
10.2320/matertrans.46.1725
10.1080/09500830802438131
10.1063/1.3184792
10.1038/nmat2930

Dates

Type	When
Created	10 years, 11 months ago (Sept. 4, 2014, 10:08 p.m.)
Deposited	3 months, 3 weeks ago (May 4, 2025, 9:29 a.m.)
Indexed	52 minutes ago (Aug. 30, 2025, 3:10 a.m.)
Issued	10 years, 11 months ago (Sept. 5, 2014)
Published	10 years, 11 months ago (Sept. 5, 2014)
Published Print	10 years, 11 months ago (Sept. 5, 2014)

Funders 0

None

BibTeX

@article{Gludovatz_2014, title={A fracture-resistant high-entropy alloy for cryogenic applications}, volume={345}, ISSN={1095-9203}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1254581}, DOI={10.1126/science.1254581}, number={6201}, journal={Science}, publisher={American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)}, author={Gludovatz, Bernd and Hohenwarter, Anton and Catoor, Dhiraj and Chang, Edwin H. and George, Easo P. and Ritchie, Robert O.}, year={2014}, month=sep, pages={1153–1158} }

JSON

{
  "indexed": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2025,
        8,
        30
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2025-08-30T07:10:24Z",
    "timestamp": 1756537824608,
    "version": "3.40.4"
  },
  "reference-count": 50,
  "publisher": "American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)",
  "issue": "6201",
  "content-domain": {
    "domain": [],
    "crossmark-restriction": false
  },
  "published-print": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2014,
        9,
        5
      ]
    ]
  },
  "abstract": "<jats:title>A metal alloy that is stronger when cold</jats:title><jats:p>Metal alloys normally consist of one dominant element, with others in small amounts to improve specific properties. For example, stainless steel is primarily iron with nickel and chromium but may contain trace amounts of other elements. Gludovatz<jats:italic>et al.</jats:italic>explored the properties of a high-entropy alloy made from equal amounts of chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, and nickel. Not only does this alloy show excellent strength, ductility, and toughness, but these properties improve at cryogenic temperatures where most alloys change from ductile to brittle.</jats:p><jats:p><jats:italic>Science</jats:italic>, this issue p.<jats:related-article xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"doi\" issue=\"6201\" page=\"1153\" related-article-type=\"in-this-issue\" vol=\"345\" xlink:href=\"10.1126/science.1254581\">1153</jats:related-article></jats:p>",
  "DOI": "10.1126/science.1254581",
  "type": "journal-article",
  "created": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2014,
        9,
        5
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2014-09-05T02:08:48Z",
    "timestamp": 1409882928000
  },
  "page": "1153-1158",
  "source": "Crossref",
  "is-referenced-by-count": 4900,
  "title": "A fracture-resistant high-entropy alloy for cryogenic applications",
  "prefix": "10.1126",
  "volume": "345",
  "author": [
    {
      "given": "Bernd",
      "family": "Gludovatz",
      "sequence": "first",
      "affiliation": [
        {
          "name": "Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA."
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "given": "Anton",
      "family": "Hohenwarter",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": [
        {
          "name": "Department of Materials Physics, Montanuniversit\u00e4t Leoben and Erich Schmid Institute of Materials Science, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Leoben 8700, Austria."
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "given": "Dhiraj",
      "family": "Catoor",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": [
        {
          "name": "Materials Sciences and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA."
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "given": "Edwin H.",
      "family": "Chang",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": [
        {
          "name": "Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA."
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "given": "Easo P.",
      "family": "George",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": [
        {
          "name": "Materials Sciences and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA."
        },
        {
          "name": "Materials Sciences and Engineering Department, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA."
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "given": "Robert O.",
      "family": "Ritchie",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": [
        {
          "name": "Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA."
        },
        {
          "name": "Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA."
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "member": "221",
  "reference": [
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_2_2_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/j.msea.2003.10.257"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_2_3_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1002/adem.200300567"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_2_4_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1007/s11661-004-0254-x"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_2_5_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/j.intermet.2011.01.004"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_2_6_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/j.actamat.2013.06.018"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_2_7_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/j.intermet.2013.03.018"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_2_8_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/j.actamat.2013.01.042"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_2_9_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/j.scriptamat.2012.12.002"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_2_10_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1038/nmat3115"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_2_11_2",
      "unstructured": "E08 Committee E1820-13 Standard Test Method for Measurement of Fracture Toughness (ASTM International 2013)."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_2_14_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.881483"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_2_16_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1179/imr.1997.42.2.45"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_2_17_2",
      "unstructured": "M. Sokolov et al . in Effects of Radiation on Materials: 20th International Symposium S. Rosinski M. Grossbeck T. Allen A. Kumar Eds. (ASTM International West Conshohocken PA 2001) pp. 125\u2013147."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_2_18_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1007/BF02653488"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_2_19_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1007/BF02659812"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_2_20_2",
      "first-page": "1",
      "article-title": "Fracture toughness and related characteristics of the cryogenic nickel steels",
      "volume": "205",
      "author": "Pense A. W.",
      "year": "1975",
      "unstructured": "Pense A. W., Stout R. D., Fracture toughness and related characteristics of the cryogenic nickel steels. Weld. Res. Counc. Bull. 205, 1\u201343 (1975).",
      "journal-title": "Weld. Res. Counc. Bull."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_2_22_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1007/BF01567324"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_2_23_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1007/BF00018499"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_2_24_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1007/BF00012619"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_2_25_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1007/BF02816050"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_2_26_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0013-7944(77)90062-5"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_2_27_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1007/BF02812022"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_2_29_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0022-5096(69)90033-7"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_2_30_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0022-5096(68)90014-8"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_2_31_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0022-5096(68)90013-6"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_2_32_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0001-6160(75)90084-X"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_2_33_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0001-6160(89)90143-0"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_2_34_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/j.actamat.2006.06.062"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_2_35_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1126/science.1167641"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_2_36_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1126/science.1159610"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_2_37_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/j.actamat.2010.12.043"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_2_38_2",
      "first-page": "284",
      "article-title": "Hadfield\u2019s manganese steel",
      "volume": "12",
      "author": "Hadfield R. A.",
      "year": "1888",
      "unstructured": "Hadfield R. A., Hadfield\u2019s manganese steel. Science 12, 284\u2013286 (1888).17840151",
      "journal-title": "Science"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_2_39_2",
      "first-page": "605",
      "article-title": "Martensitische Umwandlung in austenitischen Mangan-Kohlenstoff-St\u00e4hlen",
      "volume": "17",
      "author": "Schumann V. H.",
      "year": "1972",
      "unstructured": "Schumann V. H., Martensitische Umwandlung in austenitischen Mangan-Kohlenstoff-St\u00e4hlen. Neue H\u00fctte 17, 605\u2013609 (1972).",
      "journal-title": "Neue H\u00fctte"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_2_40_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0025-5416(77)90093-3"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_2_41_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0921-5093(93)90463-O"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_2_42_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "unstructured": "Gr\u00e4ssel O. Frommeyer G. Derder C. Hofmann H. Phase transformations and mechanical properties of Fe-Mn-Si-Al TRIP-steels. J. Phys. IV 07 C5-383\u2013C5-388 (1997). 10.1051/jp4:1997560",
      "DOI": "10.1051/jp4:1997560"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_2_43_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0749-6419(00)00015-2"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_2_44_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.2355/isijinternational.43.438"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_2_45_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1007/s40195-012-0501-x"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_2_46_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0011-2275(81)90175-2"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_2_47_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "unstructured": "R. D. Stout S. J. Wiersma in Advances in Cryogenic Engineering Materials R. P. Reed A. F. Clark Eds. (Springer New York 1986) pp. 389\u2013395.",
      "DOI": "10.1007/978-1-4613-9871-4_47"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_2_48_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S1468-6996(03)00063-9"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_2_49_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "unstructured": "J. W. Sa et al . in Twenty-First IEEE/NPS Symposium on Fusion Engineering 2005 (IEEE Piscataway NJ 2005) pp. 1\u20134.",
      "DOI": "10.1109/FUSION.2005.252996"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_2_50_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "unstructured": "M. F. Ashby in Materials Selection in Mechanical Design M. F. Ashby Ed. (Butterworth-Heinemann Oxford ed. 4 2011) pp. 31\u201356.",
      "DOI": "10.1016/B978-1-85617-663-7.00003-5"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_2_51_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0022-5096(81)90003-X"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_2_52_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.119610"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_2_53_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.2320/matertrans.46.1725"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_2_54_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1080/09500830802438131"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_2_55_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.3184792"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_2_56_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1038/nmat2930"
    }
  ],
  "container-title": "Science",
  "original-title": [],
  "language": "en",
  "link": [
    {
      "URL": "https://www.science.org/doi/pdf/10.1126/science.1254581",
      "content-type": "unspecified",
      "content-version": "vor",
      "intended-application": "similarity-checking"
    }
  ],
  "deposited": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2025,
        5,
        4
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2025-05-04T13:29:52Z",
    "timestamp": 1746365392000
  },
  "score": 1,
  "resource": {
    "primary": {
      "URL": "https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1254581"
    }
  },
  "subtitle": [],
  "short-title": [],
  "issued": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2014,
        9,
        5
      ]
    ]
  },
  "references-count": 50,
  "journal-issue": {
    "issue": "6201",
    "published-print": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          2014,
          9,
          5
        ]
      ]
    }
  },
  "alternative-id": [
    "10.1126/science.1254581"
  ],
  "URL": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1254581",
  "relation": {},
  "ISSN": [
    "0036-8075",
    "1095-9203"
  ],
  "subject": [],
  "container-title-short": "Science",
  "published": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2014,
        9,
        5
      ]
    ]
  }
}