DOI: 10.1126/science.1234414. Experimental Observation of the Quantum Anomalous Hall Effect in a Magnetic Topological Insulator

Experimental Observation of the Quantum Anomalous Hall Effect in a Magnetic Topological Insulator

10.1126/science.1234414

Crossref journal-article

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

Science (221)

Abstract

Quantized and Anomalous The Hall effect, an electromagnetic phenomenon with a straightforward explanation, has many exotic counterparts, including a quantized version occurring independently of the presence of external magnetic fields. Inspired by a theoretical prediction of the quantum anomalous Hall (QAH) effect in magnetically doped topological insulator thin films, Chang et al. (p. 167 , published online 14 March; see the Perspective by Oh ) prepared thin films of the compound Cr0.15(Bi0.1Sb0.9)1.85Te3, with Cr as the magnetic dopant. They observed a plateau in the Hall resistance as a function of the gating voltage without any applied magnetic fields, signifying the achievement of the QAH state.

Bibliography

Chang, C.-Z., Zhang, J., Feng, X., Shen, J., Zhang, Z., Guo, M., Li, K., Ou, Y., Wei, P., Wang, L.-L., Ji, Z.-Q., Feng, Y., Ji, S., Chen, X., Jia, J., Dai, X., Fang, Z., Zhang, S.-C., He, K., â¦ Xue, Q.-K. (2013). Experimental Observation of the Quantum Anomalous Hall Effect in a Magnetic Topological Insulator. Science, 340(6129), 167â170.

Authors 23

Cui-Zu Chang (first)
Jinsong Zhang (additional)
Xiao Feng (additional)
Jie Shen (additional)
Zuocheng Zhang (additional)
Minghua Guo (additional)
Kang Li (additional)
Yunbo Ou (additional)
Pang Wei (additional)
Li-Li Wang (additional)
Zhong-Qing Ji (additional)
Yang Feng (additional)
Shuaihua Ji (additional)
Xi Chen (additional)
Jinfeng Jia (additional)
Xi Dai (additional)
Zhong Fang (additional)
Shou-Cheng Zhang (additional)
Ke He (additional)
Yayu Wang (additional)
Li Lu (additional)
Xu-Cun Ma (additional)
Qi-Kun Xue (additional)

References 25 Referenced 3,300

10.2307/2369245
10.1103/PhysRevLett.45.494
10.1103/PhysRevLett.48.1559
10.1103/PhysRevLett.61.2015
10.1103/PhysRevLett.90.206601
10.1103/PhysRevB.74.085308
10.1103/PhysRevB.78.195424
10.1103/PhysRevLett.101.146802
10.1126/science.1187485
10.1103/PhysRevB.82.161414
10.1103/PhysRevLett.106.166802
10.1103/RevModPhys.82.3045
10.1103/RevModPhys.83.1057
10.1103/PhysRevB.23.5632
10.1103/PhysRevLett.49.405
Hall E. H., On the “rotational coefficient” in nickel and cobalt. Philos. Mag. 12, 157 (1881). (10.1080/14786448108627086) / Philos. Mag. / On the “rotational coefficient” in nickel and cobalt by Hall E. H. (1881)
10.1038/nphys1270
H. Buhmann Towards the quantum anomalous Hall effect in HgMnTe. Bulletin of the American Physical Society 57(1) P27.1 (2012) http://meetings.aps.org/link/BAPS.2012.MAR.P27.1.
10.1038/ncomms1588
10.1002/adma.201203493
10.1103/RevModPhys.82.1539
10.1038/nphys2388
10.1088/0034-4885/64/12/201
10.1002/adma.201000368
10.1038/nphys1689

Dates

Type	When
Created	12 years, 5 months ago (March 15, 2013, 2:11 a.m.)
Deposited	1 year, 7 months ago (Jan. 10, 2024, 4:54 a.m.)
Indexed	1 day, 6 hours ago (Aug. 29, 2025, 5:47 a.m.)
Issued	12 years, 4 months ago (April 12, 2013)
Published	12 years, 4 months ago (April 12, 2013)
Published Print	12 years, 4 months ago (April 12, 2013)

Funders 0

None

BibTeX

@article{Chang_2013, title={Experimental Observation of the Quantum Anomalous Hall Effect in a Magnetic Topological Insulator}, volume={340}, ISSN={1095-9203}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1234414}, DOI={10.1126/science.1234414}, number={6129}, journal={Science}, publisher={American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)}, author={Chang, Cui-Zu and Zhang, Jinsong and Feng, Xiao and Shen, Jie and Zhang, Zuocheng and Guo, Minghua and Li, Kang and Ou, Yunbo and Wei, Pang and Wang, Li-Li and Ji, Zhong-Qing and Feng, Yang and Ji, Shuaihua and Chen, Xi and Jia, Jinfeng and Dai, Xi and Fang, Zhong and Zhang, Shou-Cheng and He, Ke and Wang, Yayu and Lu, Li and Ma, Xu-Cun and Xue, Qi-Kun}, year={2013}, month=apr, pages={167–170} }

JSON

{
  "indexed": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2025,
        8,
        29
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2025-08-29T09:47:26Z",
    "timestamp": 1756460846526
  },
  "reference-count": 25,
  "publisher": "American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)",
  "issue": "6129",
  "content-domain": {
    "domain": [],
    "crossmark-restriction": false
  },
  "published-print": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2013,
        4,
        12
      ]
    ]
  },
  "abstract": "<jats:title>Quantized and Anomalous</jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            The Hall effect, an electromagnetic phenomenon with a straightforward explanation, has many exotic counterparts, including a quantized version occurring independently of the presence of external magnetic fields. Inspired by a theoretical prediction of the quantum anomalous Hall (QAH) effect in magnetically doped topological insulator thin films,\n            <jats:bold>\n              Chang\n              <jats:italic>et al.</jats:italic>\n            </jats:bold>\n            (p.\n            <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"doi\" issue=\"6129\" page=\"167\" related-article-type=\"in-this-issue\" vol=\"340\" xlink:href=\"10.1126/science.1234414\">167</jats:related-article>\n            , published online 14 March; see the Perspective by\n            <jats:bold>\n              <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"doi\" issue=\"6129\" page=\"153\" related-article-type=\"in-this-issue\" vol=\"340\" xlink:href=\"10.1126/science.1237215\">Oh</jats:related-article>\n            </jats:bold>\n            ) prepared thin films of the compound Cr0.15(Bi0.1Sb0.9)1.85Te3, with Cr as the magnetic dopant. They observed a plateau in the Hall resistance as a function of the gating voltage without any applied magnetic fields, signifying the achievement of the QAH state.\n          </jats:p>",
  "DOI": "10.1126/science.1234414",
  "type": "journal-article",
  "created": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2013,
        3,
        15
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2013-03-15T06:11:07Z",
    "timestamp": 1363327867000
  },
  "page": "167-170",
  "source": "Crossref",
  "is-referenced-by-count": 3300,
  "title": "Experimental Observation of the Quantum Anomalous Hall Effect in a Magnetic Topological Insulator",
  "prefix": "10.1126",
  "volume": "340",
  "author": [
    {
      "given": "Cui-Zu",
      "family": "Chang",
      "sequence": "first",
      "affiliation": [
        {
          "name": "State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China."
        },
        {
          "name": "Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China."
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "given": "Jinsong",
      "family": "Zhang",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": [
        {
          "name": "State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China."
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "given": "Xiao",
      "family": "Feng",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": [
        {
          "name": "State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China."
        },
        {
          "name": "Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China."
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "given": "Jie",
      "family": "Shen",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": [
        {
          "name": "Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China."
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "given": "Zuocheng",
      "family": "Zhang",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": [
        {
          "name": "State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China."
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "given": "Minghua",
      "family": "Guo",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": [
        {
          "name": "State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China."
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "given": "Kang",
      "family": "Li",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": [
        {
          "name": "Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China."
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "given": "Yunbo",
      "family": "Ou",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": [
        {
          "name": "Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China."
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "given": "Pang",
      "family": "Wei",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": [
        {
          "name": "Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China."
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "given": "Li-Li",
      "family": "Wang",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": [
        {
          "name": "Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China."
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "given": "Zhong-Qing",
      "family": "Ji",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": [
        {
          "name": "Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China."
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "given": "Yang",
      "family": "Feng",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": [
        {
          "name": "State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China."
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "given": "Shuaihua",
      "family": "Ji",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": [
        {
          "name": "State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China."
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "given": "Xi",
      "family": "Chen",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": [
        {
          "name": "State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China."
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "given": "Jinfeng",
      "family": "Jia",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": [
        {
          "name": "State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China."
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "given": "Xi",
      "family": "Dai",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": [
        {
          "name": "Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China."
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "given": "Zhong",
      "family": "Fang",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": [
        {
          "name": "Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China."
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "given": "Shou-Cheng",
      "family": "Zhang",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": [
        {
          "name": "Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305\u20134045, USA."
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "given": "Ke",
      "family": "He",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": [
        {
          "name": "Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China."
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "given": "Yayu",
      "family": "Wang",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": [
        {
          "name": "State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China."
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "given": "Li",
      "family": "Lu",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": [
        {
          "name": "Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China."
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "given": "Xu-Cun",
      "family": "Ma",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": [
        {
          "name": "Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China."
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "given": "Qi-Kun",
      "family": "Xue",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": [
        {
          "name": "State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China."
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "member": "221",
  "reference": [
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_2_2_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.2307/2369245"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_2_3_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevLett.45.494"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_2_4_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevLett.48.1559"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_2_5_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevLett.61.2015"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_2_6_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevLett.90.206601"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_2_7_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevB.74.085308"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_2_8_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevB.78.195424"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_2_9_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevLett.101.146802"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_2_10_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1126/science.1187485"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_2_11_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevB.82.161414"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_2_12_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevLett.106.166802"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_2_13_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1103/RevModPhys.82.3045"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_2_14_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1103/RevModPhys.83.1057"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_2_15_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevB.23.5632"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_2_16_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevLett.49.405"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_2_17_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "157",
      "DOI": "10.1080/14786448108627086",
      "article-title": "On the \u201crotational coefficient\u201d in nickel and cobalt",
      "volume": "12",
      "author": "Hall E. H.",
      "year": "1881",
      "unstructured": "Hall E. H., On the \u201crotational coefficient\u201d in nickel and cobalt. Philos. Mag. 12, 157 (1881).",
      "journal-title": "Philos. Mag."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_2_18_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1038/nphys1270"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_2_19_2",
      "unstructured": "H. Buhmann Towards the quantum anomalous Hall effect in HgMnTe. Bulletin of the American Physical Society 57(1) P27.1 (2012) http://meetings.aps.org/link/BAPS.2012.MAR.P27.1."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_2_20_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1038/ncomms1588"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_2_21_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1002/adma.201203493"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_2_23_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1103/RevModPhys.82.1539"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_2_24_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1038/nphys2388"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_2_25_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1088/0034-4885/64/12/201"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_2_26_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1002/adma.201000368"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_3_2_27_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1038/nphys1689"
    }
  ],
  "container-title": "Science",
  "original-title": [],
  "language": "en",
  "link": [
    {
      "URL": "https://www.science.org/doi/pdf/10.1126/science.1234414",
      "content-type": "unspecified",
      "content-version": "vor",
      "intended-application": "similarity-checking"
    }
  ],
  "deposited": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2024,
        1,
        10
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2024-01-10T09:54:43Z",
    "timestamp": 1704880483000
  },
  "score": 1,
  "resource": {
    "primary": {
      "URL": "https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1234414"
    }
  },
  "subtitle": [],
  "short-title": [],
  "issued": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2013,
        4,
        12
      ]
    ]
  },
  "references-count": 25,
  "journal-issue": {
    "issue": "6129",
    "published-print": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          2013,
          4,
          12
        ]
      ]
    }
  },
  "alternative-id": [
    "10.1126/science.1234414"
  ],
  "URL": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1234414",
  "relation": {},
  "ISSN": [
    "0036-8075",
    "1095-9203"
  ],
  "subject": [],
  "container-title-short": "Science",
  "published": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2013,
        4,
        12
      ]
    ]
  }
}