DOI: 10.1126/science.1062459. Climatic Impact of Tropical Lowland Deforestation on Nearby Montane Cloud Forests

Climatic Impact of Tropical Lowland Deforestation on Nearby Montane Cloud Forests

10.1126/science.1062459

Crossref journal-article

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

Science (221)

Abstract

Tropical montane cloud forests (TMCFs) depend on predictable, frequent, and prolonged immersion in cloud. Clearing upwind lowland forest alters surface energy budgets in ways that influence dry season cloud fields and thus the TMCF environment. Landsat and Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite imagery show that deforested areas of Costa Rica's Caribbean lowlands remain relatively cloud-free when forested regions have well-developed dry season cumulus cloud fields. Further, regional atmospheric simulations show that cloud base heights are higher over pasture than over tropical forest areas under reasonable dry season conditions. These results suggest that land use in tropical lowlands has serious impacts on ecosystems in adjacent mountains.

Bibliography

Lawton, R. O., Nair, U. S., Pielke, R. A., & Welch, R. M. (2001). Climatic Impact of Tropical Lowland Deforestation on Nearby Montane Cloud Forests. Science, 294(5542), 584â587.

Authors 4

R. O. Lawton (first)
U. S. Nair (additional)
R. A. Pielke (additional)
R. M. Welch (additional)

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Simulations modeled atmospheric processes and surface-to-atmosphere transfers over a region 100 km by 100 km to an atmospheric elevation of 14.8 km using a three-dimensional grid of 100 × 100 horizontal points with uniform 1-km spacing times 40 vertical points. The vertical dimension had a stretched grid with a spacing ratio of 1.08 between successively higher intervals so that the vertical spacing ranged from 70 m at the surface to a maximum of 750 m high in the atmosphere. Terrain in the model was flat. The lateral walls of the model space were cyclic in the sense that transfers out through one wall entered through the opposite wall. Transfers through the top of the model space however were subsequently incapable of influencing modeled conditions. The soil had characteristics of a compact sandy clay loam (bulk density of 1.6 g cm −3 ). Soil heat storage and moisture were modeled across 11 layers and surface vegetation was modeled as a “big leaf.” The radiative transfer components of the model accounted for the effects of clouds. In the simulations reported here cloud formation processes other than those involving ice are activated but precipitation processes are not. The precipitation processes were deactivated both to speed up the simulations and because the cloud fields simulated were mostly fair weather fields. Vertical columns with integrated liquid water contents greater than or equal to 200 g m −2 were considered to contain cumulus cloud. Within each such column with cumulus cloud the cloud base height was determined as the height of the grid point with nonzero liquid water content that was closest to the surface. Because radiosonde data for the Costa Rican coastal plain were not available we used 12:00 UTC (near local dawn) soundings from Puerto Cabezas on the northwest coast of Nicaragua 350 km north of the Rio San Juan basin and from San Andres island which lies in the Caribbean 300 km northeast of Costa Rica to initialize the atmospheric conditions for the simulations. We chose soundings for seven dry season days for which GOES imagery showed well-developed midday cumulus cloud fields in the region and minimal synoptic influences.
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Berendes T., Sengupta S. K., Welch R. M., Wielicki B. A., Navar M., IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing 30, 430 (1992). (10.1109/36.142921) / IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing by Berendes T. (1992)
These simulations used a grid 400 km by100 km centered at 10.39°N 83.9°W in the Cordillera de Tilarán. The grid was oriented with the long axis running east to west. The horizontal grid spacing was 2 km and the vertical varied from 30 m near the surface to 750 m higher in the atmosphere. Initial atmospheric conditions were interpolated from the National Center for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) reanalysis data (31) at 12:00 UTC (06:00 local time) for 3 days in March 1999. NCEP reanalysis data for 18:00 UTC and 00:00 UTC were used to adjust lateral boundary conditions during the simulation. Between 12:00 and 18:00 UTC lateral boundary values were adjusted toward values consistent with the 18:00 UTC NCEP reanalysis data; between 18:00 and 00:00 UTC lateral boundaries were adjusted toward the 00:00 UTC NCEP reanalysis data. Other than these differences the model setup was similar to the previous set of simulations.
10.1175/1520-0477(1996)077<0437:TNYRP>2.0.CO;2
Partially supported by the NASA Earth Observing System Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) and the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER). We thank A. Pounds S. Bruijnzeel and two anonymous reviewers for discussion and comments.

Dates

Type	When
Created	23 years ago (July 27, 2002, 5:47 a.m.)
Deposited	1 year, 7 months ago (Jan. 9, 2024, 5:51 p.m.)
Indexed	15 minutes ago (Aug. 24, 2025, 12:38 p.m.)
Issued	23 years, 10 months ago (Oct. 19, 2001)
Published	23 years, 10 months ago (Oct. 19, 2001)
Published Print	23 years, 10 months ago (Oct. 19, 2001)

Funders 0

None

BibTeX

@article{Lawton_2001, title={Climatic Impact of Tropical Lowland Deforestation on Nearby Montane Cloud Forests}, volume={294}, ISSN={1095-9203}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1062459}, DOI={10.1126/science.1062459}, number={5542}, journal={Science}, publisher={American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)}, author={Lawton, R. O. and Nair, U. S. and Pielke, R. A. and Welch, R. M.}, year={2001}, month=oct, pages={584–587} }

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