DOI: 10.1119/1.1356698. Do we really understand quantum mechanics? Strange correlations, paradoxes, and theorems

Do we really understand quantum mechanics? Strange correlations, paradoxes, and theorems

10.1119/1.1356698

Crossref journal-article

American Association of Physics Teachers (AAPT)

American Journal of Physics (3)

Abstract

This article presents a general discussion of several aspects of our present understanding of quantum mechanics. The emphasis is put on the very special correlations that this theory makes possible: They are forbidden by very general arguments based on realism and local causality. In fact, these correlations are completely impossible in any circumstance, except for very special situations designed by physicists especially to observe these purely quantum effects. Another general point that is emphasized is the necessity for the theory to predict the emergence of a single result in a single realization of an experiment. For this purpose, orthodox quantum mechanics introduces a special postulate: the reduction of the state vector, which comes in addition to the Schrödinger evolution postulate. Nevertheless, the presence in parallel of two evolution processes of the same object (the state vector) may be a potential source for conflicts; various attitudes that are possible to avoid this problem are discussed in this text. After a brief historical introduction, recalling how the very special status of the state vector has emerged in quantum mechanics, various conceptual difficulties are introduced and discussed. The Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen (EPR) theorem is presented with the help of a botanical parable, in a way that emphasizes how deeply the EPR reasoning is rooted into what is often called “scientific method.” In another section the Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger argument, the Hardy impossibilities, as well as the Bell–Kochen–Specker theorem are introduced in simple terms. The final two sections attempt to give a summary of the present situation: One section discusses nonlocality and entanglement as we see it presently, with brief mention of recent experiments; the last section contains a (nonexhaustive) list of various attitudes that are found among physicists, and that are helpful to alleviate the conceptual difficulties of quantum mechanics.

Bibliography

LaloÃ«, F. (2001). Do we really understand quantum mechanics? Strange correlations, paradoxes, and theorems. American Journal of Physics, 69(6), 655â701.

Authors 1

F. Laloë (first)

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Dates

Type	When
Created	23 years ago (July 26, 2002, 10:20 a.m.)
Deposited	2 years ago (Aug. 3, 2023, 5:27 p.m.)
Indexed	2 weeks, 4 days ago (Aug. 6, 2025, 9:52 a.m.)
Issued	24 years, 2 months ago (June 1, 2001)
Published	24 years, 2 months ago (June 1, 2001)
Published Print	24 years, 2 months ago (June 1, 2001)

Funders 0

None

BibTeX

@article{Lalo__2001, title={Do we really understand quantum mechanics? Strange correlations, paradoxes, and theorems}, volume={69}, ISSN={1943-2909}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1119/1.1356698}, DOI={10.1119/1.1356698}, number={6}, journal={American Journal of Physics}, publisher={American Association of Physics Teachers (AAPT)}, author={Laloë, F.}, year={2001}, month=jun, pages={655–701} }

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  "abstract": "<jats:p>This article presents a general discussion of several aspects of our present understanding of quantum mechanics. The emphasis is put on the very special correlations that this theory makes possible: They are forbidden by very general arguments based on realism and local causality. In fact, these correlations are completely impossible in any circumstance, except for very special situations designed by physicists especially to observe these purely quantum effects. Another general point that is emphasized is the necessity for the theory to predict the emergence of a single result in a single realization of an experiment. For this purpose, orthodox quantum mechanics introduces a special postulate: the reduction of the state vector, which comes in addition to the Schr\u00f6dinger evolution postulate. Nevertheless, the presence in parallel of two evolution processes of the same object (the state vector) may be a potential source for conflicts; various attitudes that are possible to avoid this problem are discussed in this text. After a brief historical introduction, recalling how the very special status of the state vector has emerged in quantum mechanics, various conceptual difficulties are introduced and discussed. The Einstein\u2013Podolsky\u2013Rosen (EPR) theorem is presented with the help of a botanical parable, in a way that emphasizes how deeply the EPR reasoning is rooted into what is often called \u201cscientific method.\u201d In another section the Greenberger\u2013Horne\u2013Zeilinger argument, the Hardy impossibilities, as well as the Bell\u2013Kochen\u2013Specker theorem are introduced in simple terms. The final two sections attempt to give a summary of the present situation: One section discusses nonlocality and entanglement as we see it presently, with brief mention of recent experiments; the last section contains a (nonexhaustive) list of various attitudes that are found among physicists, and that are helpful to alleviate the conceptual difficulties of quantum mechanics.</jats:p>",
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      ]
    ]
  }
}