DOI: 10.1118/1.1785891. Direct analysis of molybdenum target generated x‐ray spectra with a portable device

Direct analysis of molybdenum target generated x‐ray spectra with a portable device

10.1118/1.1785891

Crossref journal-article

Wiley

Medical Physics (311)

Abstract

In routine applications, information about the photon flux of x‐ray tubes is obtained from exposure measurements and cataloged spectra. This approach relies mainly on the assumption that the real spectrum is correctly approximated by the cataloged one, once the main characteristics of the tube such as voltage, target material, anode angle, and filters are taken account of. In practice, all this information is not always available. Moreover, x‐ray tubes with the same characteristics may have different spectra. We describe an apparatus that should be useful for quality control in hospitals and for characterizing new radiographic systems. The apparatus analyzes the spectrum generated by an x‐ray mammographic unit. It is based on a commercial CZT produced by AMPTEK Inc. and a set of tungsten collimator disks. The electronics of the CZT are modified so as to obtain a faster response. The signal is digitized using an analog to digital converter with a sampling frequency of up to 20 MHz. The whole signal produced by the x‐ray tube is acquired and analyzed off‐line in order to accurately recognize pile‐up events and reconstruct the emitted spectrum. The energy resolution has been determined using a calibrated x‐ray source. Spectra were validated by comparison of the HVL measured using an ionization chamber.

Bibliography

Stumbo, S., Bottigli, U., Golosio, B., Oliva, P., & Tangaro, S. (2004). Direct analysis of molybdenum target generated xâray spectra with a portable device. Medical Physics, 31(10), 2763â2770. Portico.

Authors 5

S. Stumbo (first)
U. Bottigli (additional)
B. Golosio (additional)
P. Oliva (additional)
S. Tangaro (additional)

References 24 Referenced 26

10.1088/0031-9155/24/3/002
10.1118/1.594364
T. R. Fewell R. E. Shuping and K. E. Healy Handbook of Computed Tomography X‐Ray Spectra HHS Publication (FDA) 81‐8162 (U.S. Government Printing Office Washington D.C. 1981).
10.1118/1.596686
10.1118/1.596709
10.1118/1.597953
{'key': 'e_1_2_1_8_1', 'first-page': '917', 'article-title': 'A Monte Carlo simulation model of mammographic imaging with x‐ray sources of finite dimensions', 'volume': '47', 'author': 'Spyrou G.', 'year': '2002', 'journal-title': 'Phys. Med. Biol.'} / Phys. Med. Biol. / A Monte Carlo simulation model of mammographic imaging with x‐ray sources of finite dimensions by Spyrou G. (2002)
10.1118/1.1288397
10.1088/0031-9155/46/5/316
H. E. Johns and J. R. Cunningham The Physics of Radiology 4th ed. (Thomas Springfield 1983) p. 263.
R. Birch M. Marshall and G. M. Adran Catalogue of Spectral Data for Diagnostic X‐Rays(The Hospital Physicists' Association London 1979).
T. R. Fewell and R. E. Shuping Handbook of Mammographic X‐Ray Spectra HEW Publication (FDA) 79‐8071 (U.S. Government Printing Office Washington D.C. 1978).
10.1118/1.596354
10.1088/0031-9155/47/22/304
10.1118/1.1485975
10.1088/0031-9155/43/5/026
10.1016/0168-583X(94)95374-0
10.1118/1.599015
10.1118/1.1566388
G. F. Knoll Radiation Detection and Measurements 3rd ed. (Wiley New York 1999) p. 318.
K. Cranley B. Gilmore G. Fogarty and L. Desponds “Catalogue of diagnostic x‐ray spectra and other data” IPEM Report 78 (York: IPEM).
10.1118/1.596444
10.1137/0111030
S. E. Koonin and D. C. Meredith Computational Physics(Addison–Wesley Reading 1990).

Dates

Type	When
Created	20 years, 8 months ago (Dec. 20, 2004, 6:19 p.m.)
Deposited	1 year, 10 months ago (Oct. 4, 2023, 11:35 p.m.)
Indexed	1 year, 2 months ago (June 15, 2024, 7:32 p.m.)
Issued	20 years, 11 months ago (Sept. 14, 2004)
Published	20 years, 11 months ago (Sept. 14, 2004)
Published Online	20 years, 11 months ago (Sept. 14, 2004)
Published Print	20 years, 10 months ago (Oct. 1, 2004)

Funders 0

None

BibTeX

@article{Stumbo_2004, title={Direct analysis of molybdenum target generated x‐ray spectra with a portable device}, volume={31}, ISSN={2473-4209}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.1785891}, DOI={10.1118/1.1785891}, number={10}, journal={Medical Physics}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Stumbo, S. and Bottigli, U. and Golosio, B. and Oliva, P. and Tangaro, S.}, year={2004}, month=sep, pages={2763–2770} }

JSON

{
  "indexed": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2024,
        6,
        15
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2024-06-15T23:32:04Z",
    "timestamp": 1718494324822
  },
  "reference-count": 24,
  "publisher": "Wiley",
  "issue": "10",
  "license": [
    {
      "start": {
        "date-parts": [
          [
            2004,
            9,
            14
          ]
        ],
        "date-time": "2004-09-14T00:00:00Z",
        "timestamp": 1095120000000
      },
      "content-version": "vor",
      "delay-in-days": 0,
      "URL": "http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor"
    }
  ],
  "content-domain": {
    "domain": [],
    "crossmark-restriction": false
  },
  "published-print": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2004,
        10
      ]
    ]
  },
  "abstract": "<jats:p>In routine applications, information about the photon flux of x\u2010ray tubes is obtained from exposure measurements and cataloged spectra. This approach relies mainly on the assumption that the real spectrum is correctly approximated by the cataloged one, once the main characteristics of the tube such as voltage, target material, anode angle, and filters are taken account of. In practice, all this information is not always available. Moreover, x\u2010ray tubes with the same characteristics may have different spectra. We describe an apparatus that should be useful for quality control in hospitals and for characterizing new radiographic systems. The apparatus analyzes the spectrum generated by an x\u2010ray mammographic unit. It is based on a commercial CZT produced by AMPTEK Inc. and a set of tungsten collimator disks. The electronics of the CZT are modified so as to obtain a faster response. The signal is digitized using an analog to digital converter with a sampling frequency of up to 20 MHz. The whole signal produced by the x\u2010ray tube is acquired and analyzed off\u2010line in order to accurately recognize pile\u2010up events and reconstruct the emitted spectrum. The energy resolution has been determined using a calibrated x\u2010ray source. Spectra were validated by comparison of the HVL measured using an ionization chamber.</jats:p>",
  "DOI": "10.1118/1.1785891",
  "type": "journal-article",
  "created": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2004,
        12,
        20
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2004-12-20T23:19:33Z",
    "timestamp": 1103584773000
  },
  "page": "2763-2770",
  "source": "Crossref",
  "is-referenced-by-count": 26,
  "title": "Direct analysis of molybdenum target generated x\u2010ray spectra with a portable device",
  "prefix": "10.1002",
  "volume": "31",
  "author": [
    {
      "given": "S.",
      "family": "Stumbo",
      "sequence": "first",
      "affiliation": []
    },
    {
      "given": "U.",
      "family": "Bottigli",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": []
    },
    {
      "given": "B.",
      "family": "Golosio",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": []
    },
    {
      "given": "P.",
      "family": "Oliva",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": []
    },
    {
      "given": "S.",
      "family": "Tangaro",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": []
    }
  ],
  "member": "311",
  "published-online": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2004,
        9,
        14
      ]
    ]
  },
  "reference": [
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_2_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1088/0031-9155/24/3/002"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_3_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1118/1.594364"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_4_1",
      "unstructured": "T. R. Fewell R. E. Shuping and K. E. Healy Handbook of Computed Tomography X\u2010Ray Spectra HHS Publication (FDA) 81\u20108162 (U.S. Government Printing Office Washington D.C. 1981)."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_5_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1118/1.596686"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_6_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1118/1.596709"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_7_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1118/1.597953"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_8_1",
      "first-page": "917",
      "article-title": "A Monte Carlo simulation model of mammographic imaging with x\u2010ray sources of finite dimensions",
      "volume": "47",
      "author": "Spyrou G.",
      "year": "2002",
      "journal-title": "Phys. Med. Biol."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_9_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1118/1.1288397"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_10_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1088/0031-9155/46/5/316"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_11_1",
      "unstructured": "H. E. Johns and J. R. Cunningham The Physics of Radiology 4th ed. (Thomas Springfield 1983) p. 263."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_12_1",
      "unstructured": "R. Birch M. Marshall and G. M. Adran Catalogue of Spectral Data for Diagnostic X\u2010Rays(The Hospital Physicists' Association London 1979)."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_13_1",
      "unstructured": "T. R. Fewell and R. E. Shuping Handbook of Mammographic X\u2010Ray Spectra HEW Publication (FDA) 79\u20108071 (U.S. Government Printing Office Washington D.C. 1978)."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_14_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1118/1.596354"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_15_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1088/0031-9155/47/22/304"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_16_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1118/1.1485975"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_17_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1088/0031-9155/43/5/026"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_18_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0168-583X(94)95374-0"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_19_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1118/1.599015"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_20_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1118/1.1566388"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_21_1",
      "unstructured": "G. F. Knoll Radiation Detection and Measurements 3rd ed. (Wiley New York 1999) p. 318."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_22_1",
      "unstructured": "K. Cranley B. Gilmore G. Fogarty and L. Desponds \u201cCatalogue of diagnostic x\u2010ray spectra and other data\u201d IPEM Report 78 (York: IPEM)."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_23_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1118/1.596444"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_24_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1137/0111030"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_25_1",
      "unstructured": "S. E. Koonin and D. C. Meredith Computational Physics(Addison\u2013Wesley Reading 1990)."
    }
  ],
  "container-title": "Medical Physics",
  "original-title": [],
  "language": "en",
  "link": [
    {
      "URL": "https://api.wiley.com/onlinelibrary/tdm/v1/articles/10.1118%2F1.1785891",
      "content-type": "application/pdf",
      "content-version": "vor",
      "intended-application": "text-mining"
    },
    {
      "URL": "https://api.wiley.com/onlinelibrary/tdm/v1/articles/10.1118%2F1.1785891",
      "content-type": "unspecified",
      "content-version": "vor",
      "intended-application": "text-mining"
    },
    {
      "URL": "https://aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1118/1.1785891",
      "content-type": "unspecified",
      "content-version": "vor",
      "intended-application": "similarity-checking"
    }
  ],
  "deposited": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2023,
        10,
        5
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2023-10-05T03:35:11Z",
    "timestamp": 1696476911000
  },
  "score": 1,
  "resource": {
    "primary": {
      "URL": "https://aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1118/1.1785891"
    }
  },
  "subtitle": [],
  "short-title": [],
  "issued": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2004,
        9,
        14
      ]
    ]
  },
  "references-count": 24,
  "journal-issue": {
    "issue": "10",
    "published-print": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          2004,
          10
        ]
      ]
    }
  },
  "alternative-id": [
    "10.1118/1.1785891"
  ],
  "URL": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.1785891",
  "relation": {},
  "ISSN": [
    "0094-2405",
    "2473-4209"
  ],
  "subject": [],
  "container-title-short": "Medical Physics",
  "published": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2004,
        9,
        14
      ]
    ]
  }
}