DOI: 10.1111/j.1551-2916.2005.00588.x. Tribophysical Properties of Polycrystalline Bulk Ti<sub>3</sub>AlC<sub>2</sub>

Tribophysical Properties of Polycrystalline Bulk Ti3AlC2

10.1111/j.1551-2916.2005.00588.x

Crossref journal-article

Wiley

Journal of the American Ceramic Society (311)

Abstract

A nearly pure, dense, polycrystalline bulk Ti3AlC2 sample was prepared by reactively hot pressing the element titanium, aluminum, and graphite powders. The tribophysical properties were investigated by sliding a Ti3AlC2 block dryly against a low‐carbon steel disk. It was found that the friction coefficient is as low as ∼0.1, and the wear rate of Ti3AlC2 is only ∼2.5 × 10−6 mm3/N·m for the highest sliding speed of 60 m/s and the largest normal pressure of 0.8 MPa. These unusual properties are attributable to the presence of a compact self‐generating film, which covers uniformly over the friction surface of Ti3AlC2 with a thickness of ∼0.5 μm.

Bibliography

Hongxiang, Z., Zhenying, H., Mingxing, A., Yang, Z., Zhili, Z., & Shibo, L. (2005). Tribophysical Properties of Polycrystalline Bulk Ti3AlC2. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 88(11), 3270â3274. Portico.

Authors 6

Zhai Hongxiang (first)
Huang Zhenying (additional)
Ai Mingxing (additional)
Zhou Yang (additional)
Zhang Zhili (additional)
Li Shibo (additional)

References 35 Referenced 69

{'issue': '7', 'key': 'e_1_2_5_2_2', 'first-page': '1953', 'article-title': 'Synthesis and Characterization of a Remarkable Ceramic', 'volume': '79', 'author': 'Barsoum M. W.', 'year': '1996', 'journal-title': 'Ti3SiC2'} / Ti3SiC2 / Synthesis and Characterization of a Remarkable Ceramic by Barsoum M. W. (1996)
10.1016/S1359-6462(96)00418-6
10.1111/j.1151-2916.1997.tb02861.x / J. Am. Ceram. Soc. / Damage Mechanisms Around Hardness Indentations in Ti3SiC2 by El‐Raghy T. (1997)
10.1149/1.1837846
{'key': 'e_1_2_5_6_2', 'first-page': '197', 'article-title': 'A Progress Report on Ti3SiC2, Ti3GeC2 and the H‐Phases, M2BX', 'volume': '5', 'author': 'Barsoum M. W.', 'year': '1997', 'journal-title': 'J. Mater. Synth. Process.'} / J. Mater. Synth. Process. / A Progress Report on Ti3SiC2, Ti3GeC2 and the H‐Phases, M2BX by Barsoum M. W. (1997)
10.1016/S1359-6462(97)00288-1
10.1016/S0022-3697(98)00313-8
10.1111/j.1151-2916.1998.tb02320.x / J. Am. Ceram. Soc. / Contact Damage Accumulation in Ti3SiC2 by Low I. M. (1998)
10.1111/j.1151-2916.1998.tb02532.x / J. Am. Ceram. Soc. / Dislocations and Stacking Faults in Ti3SiC2 by Farber L. (1998)
{'issue': '10', 'key': 'e_1_2_5_11_2', 'first-page': '2849', 'article-title': 'Processing and Mechanical Properties of Ti3SiC2', 'volume': '82', 'author': 'El‐Raghy T.', 'year': '1999', 'journal-title': 'I, Reaction Path and Microstructure Evolution'} / I, Reaction Path and Microstructure Evolution / Processing and Mechanical Properties of Ti3SiC2 by El‐Raghy T. (1999)
{'issue': '10', 'key': 'e_1_2_5_12_2', 'first-page': '2855', 'article-title': 'Processing and Mechanical Properties of Ti3SiC2', 'volume': '82', 'author': 'El‐Raghy T.', 'year': '1999', 'journal-title': 'II, Effect of Grain Size and Deformation Temperature'} / II, Effect of Grain Size and Deformation Temperature / Processing and Mechanical Properties of Ti3SiC2 by El‐Raghy T. (1999)
10.1007/s11661-999-0325-0
10.1007/s11661-999-0172-z
10.1016/S1359-6454(99)00351-1
10.1016/S1359-6454(01)00011-8
10.1016/S1359-6454(01)00424-4
{'key': 'e_1_2_5_18_2', 'first-page': '2859', 'article-title': 'Ti3SiC2', 'volume': '51', 'author': 'Kooi B. J.', 'year': '2003', 'journal-title': 'A Damage Tolerant Ceramic Studied with Nano-Indentations and Transmission Electron Microscopy'} / A Damage Tolerant Ceramic Studied with Nano-Indentations and Transmission Electron Microscopy / Ti3SiC2 by Kooi B. J. (2003)
10.1016/S0925-8388(02)00756-9
10.1007/BF02647559
10.1111/j.1151-2916.2000.tb01281.x / J. Am. Ceram. Soc. / Synthesis and Characterization of Ti3AlC2 by Tzenov N. V. (2000)
10.1063/1.372080 / J. Appl. Phys. / Low Temperature Dependencies of the Elastic Properties of Ti3Al1.1C1.8, Ti4AlN3 and Ti3SiC2 by Finkel P. (2000)
10.1149/1.1380255
10.1149/1.1380256
10.1039/b108685e
10.1016/S1359-6454(02)00117-9
10.1016/S0921-5093(02)00937-1
10.1016/S0955-2219(02)00098-5
{'key': 'e_1_2_5_29_2', 'first-page': '1251', 'article-title': 'Ti3AlC2—A Soft Ceramic Exhibiting Low Friction Coefficient', 'volume': '475', 'author': 'Zhai H.', 'year': '2004', 'journal-title': 'Mater. Sci. Forum'} / Mater. Sci. Forum / Ti3AlC2—A Soft Ceramic Exhibiting Low Friction Coefficient by Zhai H. (2004)
{'key': 'e_1_2_5_30_2', 'first-page': '1347', 'article-title': 'Frictional Layer and its Antifriction Effect in High‐Purity Ti3SiC2 and TiC‐Contained Ti3SiC2', 'volume': '280', 'author': 'Zhai H.', 'year': '2004', 'journal-title': 'Key Eng. Mater.'} / Key Eng. Mater. / Frictional Layer and its Antifriction Effect in High‐Purity Ti3SiC2 and TiC‐Contained Ti3SiC2 by Zhai H. (2004)
{'key': 'e_1_2_5_31_2', 'first-page': '1259', 'article-title': 'Self‐Lubricant Effect of Tri‐Oxidizing Layer in Surface of Bulk Ti3SiC2 Materials', 'volume': '475', 'author': 'Zhang Z.', 'year': '2004', 'journal-title': 'Mater. Sci. Forum'} / Mater. Sci. Forum / Self‐Lubricant Effect of Tri‐Oxidizing Layer in Surface of Bulk Ti3SiC2 Materials by Zhang Z. (2004)
{'key': 'e_1_2_5_32_2', 'first-page': '1357', 'article-title': 'Tribo‐Chemical Reaction in Bulk Ti3SiC2 Under Sliding Friction', 'volume': '280', 'author': 'Zhang Z.', 'year': '2004', 'journal-title': 'Key Eng. Mater.'} / Key Eng. Mater. / Tribo‐Chemical Reaction in Bulk Ti3SiC2 Under Sliding Friction by Zhang Z. (2004)
{'key': 'e_1_2_5_33_2', 'first-page': '1353', 'article-title': 'Sliding Friction Behavior of Bulk Ti3SiC2 Under Different Normal Pressures', 'volume': '280', 'author': 'Huang Z.', 'year': '2004', 'journal-title': 'Key Eng. Mater.'} / Key Eng. Mater. / Sliding Friction Behavior of Bulk Ti3SiC2 Under Different Normal Pressures by Huang Z. (2004)
10.1023/B:JMSC.0000044910.49066.35
10.1016/j.wear.2004.01.018
10.1016/S0043-1648(99)00348-8

Dates

Type	When
Created	19 years, 11 months ago (Aug. 30, 2005, 4:29 a.m.)
Deposited	1 year, 10 months ago (Oct. 16, 2023, 9:35 a.m.)
Indexed	3 days, 17 hours ago (Aug. 19, 2025, 6:44 a.m.)
Issued	19 years, 11 months ago (Aug. 30, 2005)
Published	19 years, 11 months ago (Aug. 30, 2005)
Published Online	19 years, 11 months ago (Aug. 30, 2005)
Published Print	19 years, 9 months ago (Nov. 1, 2005)

Funders 0

None

BibTeX

@article{Hongxiang_2005, title={Tribophysical Properties of Polycrystalline Bulk Ti3AlC2}, volume={88}, ISSN={1551-2916}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-2916.2005.00588.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1551-2916.2005.00588.x}, number={11}, journal={Journal of the American Ceramic Society}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Hongxiang, Zhai and Zhenying, Huang and Mingxing, Ai and Yang, Zhou and Zhili, Zhang and Shibo, Li}, year={2005}, month=aug, pages={3270–3274} }

JSON

{
  "indexed": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2025,
        8,
        19
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2025-08-19T10:44:02Z",
    "timestamp": 1755600242375
  },
  "reference-count": 35,
  "publisher": "Wiley",
  "issue": "11",
  "license": [
    {
      "start": {
        "date-parts": [
          [
            2005,
            8,
            30
          ]
        ],
        "date-time": "2005-08-30T00:00:00Z",
        "timestamp": 1125360000000
      },
      "content-version": "vor",
      "delay-in-days": 0,
      "URL": "http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor"
    }
  ],
  "content-domain": {
    "domain": [],
    "crossmark-restriction": false
  },
  "published-print": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2005,
        11
      ]
    ]
  },
  "abstract": "<jats:p> <jats:bold>A nearly pure, dense, polycrystalline bulk Ti<jats:sub>3</jats:sub>AlC<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> sample was prepared by reactively hot pressing the element titanium, aluminum, and graphite powders. The tribophysical properties were investigated by sliding a Ti<jats:sub>3</jats:sub>AlC<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> block dryly against a low\u2010carbon steel disk. It was found that the friction coefficient is as low as \u223c0.1, and the wear rate of Ti<jats:sub>3</jats:sub>AlC<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> is only \u223c2.5 \u00d7 10<jats:sup>\u22126</jats:sup> mm<jats:sup>3</jats:sup>/N\u00b7m for the highest sliding speed of 60 m/s and the largest normal pressure of 0.8 MPa. These unusual properties are attributable to the presence of a compact self\u2010generating film, which covers uniformly over the friction surface of Ti<jats:sub>3</jats:sub>AlC<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> with a thickness of \u223c0.5 \u03bcm.</jats:bold> </jats:p>",
  "DOI": "10.1111/j.1551-2916.2005.00588.x",
  "type": "journal-article",
  "created": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2005,
        8,
        30
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2005-08-30T08:29:36Z",
    "timestamp": 1125390576000
  },
  "page": "3270-3274",
  "source": "Crossref",
  "is-referenced-by-count": 69,
  "title": "Tribophysical Properties of Polycrystalline Bulk Ti<sub>3</sub>AlC<sub>2</sub>",
  "prefix": "10.1111",
  "volume": "88",
  "author": [
    {
      "given": "Zhai",
      "family": "Hongxiang",
      "sequence": "first",
      "affiliation": []
    },
    {
      "given": "Huang",
      "family": "Zhenying",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": []
    },
    {
      "given": "Ai",
      "family": "Mingxing",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": []
    },
    {
      "given": "Zhou",
      "family": "Yang",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": []
    },
    {
      "given": "Zhang",
      "family": "Zhili",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": []
    },
    {
      "given": "Li",
      "family": "Shibo",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": []
    }
  ],
  "member": "311",
  "published-online": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2005,
        8,
        30
      ]
    ]
  },
  "reference": [
    {
      "issue": "7",
      "key": "e_1_2_5_2_2",
      "first-page": "1953",
      "article-title": "Synthesis and Characterization of a Remarkable Ceramic",
      "volume": "79",
      "author": "Barsoum M. W.",
      "year": "1996",
      "journal-title": "Ti3SiC2"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_5_3_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S1359-6462(96)00418-6"
    },
    {
      "issue": "2",
      "key": "e_1_2_5_4_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "513",
      "DOI": "10.1111/j.1151-2916.1997.tb02861.x",
      "article-title": "Damage Mechanisms Around Hardness Indentations in Ti3SiC2",
      "volume": "80",
      "author": "El\u2010Raghy T.",
      "year": "1997",
      "journal-title": "J. Am. Ceram. Soc."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_5_5_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1149/1.1837846"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_5_6_2",
      "first-page": "197",
      "article-title": "A Progress Report on Ti3SiC2, Ti3GeC2 and the H\u2010Phases, M2BX",
      "volume": "5",
      "author": "Barsoum M. W.",
      "year": "1997",
      "journal-title": "J. Mater. Synth. Process."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_5_7_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S1359-6462(97)00288-1"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_5_8_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0022-3697(98)00313-8"
    },
    {
      "issue": "1",
      "key": "e_1_2_5_9_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "225",
      "DOI": "10.1111/j.1151-2916.1998.tb02320.x",
      "article-title": "Contact Damage Accumulation in Ti3SiC2",
      "volume": "81",
      "author": "Low I. M.",
      "year": "1998",
      "journal-title": "J. Am. Ceram. Soc."
    },
    {
      "issue": "6",
      "key": "e_1_2_5_10_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1677",
      "DOI": "10.1111/j.1151-2916.1998.tb02532.x",
      "article-title": "Dislocations and Stacking Faults in Ti3SiC2",
      "volume": "81",
      "author": "Farber L.",
      "year": "1998",
      "journal-title": "J. Am. Ceram. Soc."
    },
    {
      "issue": "10",
      "key": "e_1_2_5_11_2",
      "first-page": "2849",
      "article-title": "Processing and Mechanical Properties of Ti3SiC2",
      "volume": "82",
      "author": "El\u2010Raghy T.",
      "year": "1999",
      "journal-title": "I, Reaction Path and Microstructure Evolution"
    },
    {
      "issue": "10",
      "key": "e_1_2_5_12_2",
      "first-page": "2855",
      "article-title": "Processing and Mechanical Properties of Ti3SiC2",
      "volume": "82",
      "author": "El\u2010Raghy T.",
      "year": "1999",
      "journal-title": "II, Effect of Grain Size and Deformation Temperature"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_5_13_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1007/s11661-999-0325-0"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_5_14_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1007/s11661-999-0172-z"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_5_15_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S1359-6454(99)00351-1"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_5_16_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S1359-6454(01)00011-8"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_5_17_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S1359-6454(01)00424-4"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_5_18_2",
      "first-page": "2859",
      "article-title": "Ti3SiC2",
      "volume": "51",
      "author": "Kooi B. J.",
      "year": "2003",
      "journal-title": "A Damage Tolerant Ceramic Studied with Nano-Indentations and Transmission Electron Microscopy"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_5_19_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0925-8388(02)00756-9"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_5_20_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1007/BF02647559"
    },
    {
      "issue": "4",
      "key": "e_1_2_5_21_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "825",
      "DOI": "10.1111/j.1151-2916.2000.tb01281.x",
      "article-title": "Synthesis and Characterization of Ti3AlC2",
      "volume": "83",
      "author": "Tzenov N. V.",
      "year": "2000",
      "journal-title": "J. Am. Ceram. Soc."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_5_22_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1701",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.372080",
      "article-title": "Low Temperature Dependencies of the Elastic Properties of Ti3Al1.1C1.8, Ti4AlN3 and Ti3SiC2",
      "volume": "87",
      "author": "Finkel P.",
      "year": "2000",
      "journal-title": "J. Appl. Phys."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_5_23_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1149/1.1380255"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_5_24_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1149/1.1380256"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_5_25_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1039/b108685e"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_5_26_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S1359-6454(02)00117-9"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_5_27_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0921-5093(02)00937-1"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_5_28_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0955-2219(02)00098-5"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_5_29_2",
      "first-page": "1251",
      "article-title": "Ti3AlC2\u2014A Soft Ceramic Exhibiting Low Friction Coefficient",
      "volume": "475",
      "author": "Zhai H.",
      "year": "2004",
      "journal-title": "Mater. Sci. Forum"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_5_30_2",
      "first-page": "1347",
      "article-title": "Frictional Layer and its Antifriction Effect in High\u2010Purity Ti3SiC2 and TiC\u2010Contained Ti3SiC2",
      "volume": "280",
      "author": "Zhai H.",
      "year": "2004",
      "journal-title": "Key Eng. Mater."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_5_31_2",
      "first-page": "1259",
      "article-title": "Self\u2010Lubricant Effect of Tri\u2010Oxidizing Layer in Surface of Bulk Ti3SiC2 Materials",
      "volume": "475",
      "author": "Zhang Z.",
      "year": "2004",
      "journal-title": "Mater. Sci. Forum"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_5_32_2",
      "first-page": "1357",
      "article-title": "Tribo\u2010Chemical Reaction in Bulk Ti3SiC2 Under Sliding Friction",
      "volume": "280",
      "author": "Zhang Z.",
      "year": "2004",
      "journal-title": "Key Eng. Mater."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_5_33_2",
      "first-page": "1353",
      "article-title": "Sliding Friction Behavior of Bulk Ti3SiC2 Under Different Normal Pressures",
      "volume": "280",
      "author": "Huang Z.",
      "year": "2004",
      "journal-title": "Key Eng. Mater."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_5_34_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1023/B:JMSC.0000044910.49066.35"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_5_35_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/j.wear.2004.01.018"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_5_36_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0043-1648(99)00348-8"
    }
  ],
  "container-title": "Journal of the American Ceramic Society",
  "original-title": [],
  "language": "en",
  "link": [
    {
      "URL": "https://api.wiley.com/onlinelibrary/tdm/v1/articles/10.1111%2Fj.1551-2916.2005.00588.x",
      "content-type": "unspecified",
      "content-version": "vor",
      "intended-application": "text-mining"
    },
    {
      "URL": "http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/wol1/doi/10.1111/j.1551-2916.2005.00588.x/fullpdf",
      "content-type": "unspecified",
      "content-version": "vor",
      "intended-application": "similarity-checking"
    }
  ],
  "deposited": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2023,
        10,
        16
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2023-10-16T13:35:38Z",
    "timestamp": 1697463338000
  },
  "score": 1,
  "resource": {
    "primary": {
      "URL": "https://ceramics.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1551-2916.2005.00588.x"
    }
  },
  "subtitle": [],
  "short-title": [],
  "issued": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2005,
        8,
        30
      ]
    ]
  },
  "references-count": 35,
  "journal-issue": {
    "issue": "11",
    "published-print": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          2005,
          11
        ]
      ]
    }
  },
  "alternative-id": [
    "10.1111/j.1551-2916.2005.00588.x"
  ],
  "URL": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-2916.2005.00588.x",
  "relation": {},
  "ISSN": [
    "0002-7820",
    "1551-2916"
  ],
  "subject": [],
  "container-title-short": "Journal of the American Ceramic Society",
  "published": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2005,
        8,
        30
      ]
    ]
  }
}