SUMMARYFunctional studies have shown that the murine macrophage resistance gene Lsh/Ity/Bcg (candidate Nramp) regulates macrophage priming/activation for antimicrobial activity via the tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)-dependent production of reactive nitrogen intermediates. Since Toxoplasma gondii also parasitizes macrophages, is a stimulator of endogenous TNF-α release, and is sensitive to nitric oxide-mediated killing in activated macrophages, studies were carried out using chromosome I congenic mouse strains to determine whether Lsh influences T. gondii infection. Two interesting observations were made: (i) contrary to expectation, mice carrying the Lsh-resistant allele died earlier over the acute phase of infection than Lsh-susceptible mice; and (ii) Lsh-resistant mice which survived this acute phase of infection showed lower brain cyst numbers than the Lsh-susceptible mice. Whilst the latter occurred independently of route of inoculation (oral, intraperitoneal, or subcutaneous), the former was influenced both by the route of inoculation and the genetic background on which the Lsh-resistant allele had been isolated. Hence, following oral administration of 20 brain cysts of the RRA strain of T. gondii, mice carrying the Lsh-resistant allele on a B10 genetic background showed a significantly enhanced rate of mortality over the acute (first 8–12 days) phase of infection than B10 Lsh-susceptible mice. Although this acute phase of infection in B10 background mice was accompanied by an increase in serum TNF-α levels in both Lsh-resist ant and -susceptible mouse strains. early mortality preceded the TNF-α peak, and administration of neutralizing rabbit anti-TNF-α did not significantly enhance survival. Hence inflammatory mediators other than TNF-α appear to be responsible for the increased rate of acute mortality observed in resistant mice. Infection intraperitoneally led to delayed mortality in B10 mice, with the mean time to 50% mortality now being significantly longer in Lsh-resistant than in Lsh-susceptible mice. On a BALB genetic background, it was the i.p. route of infection which led to acute mortality and more rapid death in the Lsh-resistant strain. When a less virulent inoculum was used and mortality delayed, Lsh-susceptible mice died more rapidly, and i.p. administration of rabbit anti-TNF-α led to 100% mortality between days 8 and 10 of infection in both susceptible and resistant mouse strains, consistent with a crucial protective role for TNF-α during this phase of infection. Overall these results show that the Lsh gene plays different modulating roles over the course of T. gondii infection depending on the potency of the parasite inoculum, the route and kinetics of infection, and the genetic background of the congenic mouse strains upon which the resistant allele has been isolated. These results probably reflect pleiotropic effects of macrophage products stimulated by differential priming/activation rather than the direct effect of macrophage toxoplasmacidal activity.

BLACKWELL, J. M., ROBERTS, C. W., ROACH, T. I. A., & ALEXANDER, J. (1994). Influence of macrophage resistance geneLsh/Ity/Bcg(candidateNramp) onToxoplasma gondiiinfection in mice. Clinical and Experimental Immunology, 97(1), 107–112.