DOI: 10.1111/j.1151-2916.1992.tb05438.x. Synthesis, Sintering, Microstructure, and Mechanical Properties of Ceramics Made by Exothermic Reactions

Synthesis, Sintering, Microstructure, and Mechanical Properties of Ceramics Made by Exothermic Reactions

10.1111/j.1151-2916.1992.tb05438.x

Crossref journal-article

Wiley

Journal of the American Ceramic Society (311)

Abstract

Al2O3‐TiC, Al2O3‐TiC0.5N0.5, Al2O3‐WC, Al2O3‐SiC, and Al2O3‐HfB2 powders were synthesized by the aluminothermic reduction of oxides in the presence of carbon or boron. The reacted powders were milled to reduce the size of agglomerates and subsequently densified without applied pressure to near‐theoretical density. Microstructures and mechanical properties of composites made from exothermically reacted powders were compared with similar ceramics made from commercially available powders. In situ sintering was possible in the Al2O3‐TiC system using a closed graphite crucible to contain reaction gases. The synthesis of β‐SiC at temperatures above 1400°C via the direct reaction of the elements (SHS) was compared with SiC made by the magnesiothermic reduction of SiO2 in the presence of C after removing the MgO by leaching.

Bibliography

Cutler, R. A., Rigtrup, K. M., & Virkar, A. V. (1992). Synthesis, Sintering, Microstructure, and Mechanical Properties of Ceramics Made by Exothermic Reactions. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 75(1), 36â43. Portico.

Authors 3

Raymond A. Cutler (first)
Kevin M. Rigtrup (additional)
Anil V. Virkar (additional)

References 34 Referenced 43

{'key': 'e_1_2_1_2_2', 'first-page': '18', 'article-title': 'A New Method for Preparing Metals and Alloys with Aluminum', 'volume': '301', 'author': 'Goldschmidt H.', 'year': '1898', 'journal-title': 'Liebigs Ann. Chem.'} / Liebigs Ann. Chem. / A New Method for Preparing Metals and Alloys with Aluminum by Goldschmidt H. (1898)
{'key': 'e_1_2_1_3_2', 'first-page': '232', 'article-title': 'New Thermit Reactions', 'volume': '82', 'author': 'Goldschmidt H.', 'year': '1908', 'journal-title': 'Iron Age'} / Iron Age / New Thermit Reactions by Goldschmidt H. (1908)
H.GoldschmidtandO.Weil “Manufacturing Chromium ” U.S. Pat. No. 895 628 (1908).
{'key': 'e_1_2_1_5_2', 'first-page': '543', 'article-title': 'Aluminum as a Heating and Reducing Agent', 'volume': '19', 'author': 'Goldschmidt H.', 'year': '1898', 'journal-title': 'J. Soc. Chem. Ind.'} / J. Soc. Chem. Ind. / Aluminum as a Heating and Reducing Agent by Goldschmidt H. (1898)
H.Goldschmidt “Welding Metals as Rail Joints ” U.S. Pat. reissue 13 010 (1909).
{'key': 'e_1_2_1_7_2', 'first-page': '320', 'article-title': 'A Process for Preparing Vanadium', 'volume': '18', 'author': 'Carlson O. N.', 'year': '1966', 'journal-title': 'J. Met.'} / J. Met. / A Process for Preparing Vanadium by Carlson O. N. (1966)
{'key': 'e_1_2_1_8_2', 'first-page': '38', 'article-title': 'Molybdenum Metal by the Bomb Reduction of MoO3', 'volume': '28', 'author': 'Schmidt F. A.', 'year': '1971', 'journal-title': 'J. Met.'} / J. Met. / Molybdenum Metal by the Bomb Reduction of MoO3 by Schmidt F. A. (1971)
{'key': 'e_1_2_1_9_2', 'first-page': '1282', 'article-title': 'Metallothermic Reduction of Oxides in Water‐Cooled Cooper Furnaces', 'volume': '239', 'author': 'Perfect F. H.', 'year': '1967', 'journal-title': 'Trans. Metall. Soc. AIME'} / Trans. Metall. Soc. AIME / Metallothermic Reduction of Oxides in Water‐Cooled Cooper Furnaces by Perfect F. H. (1967)
A. A.Nadiradze N. P.Mgaloblishvili andB. N.Bokeriya “Thermodynamics of the Aluminothermic Reduction of Aluminates of Cesium and Rubidium ”Soobshch. Akad. Nauk Gruz. SSR 721–24(1968).
T. F.FederovandF. J.Shamrai “Physics‐Chemical Principles of Vacuum Casting ”Primen. Vak. Metall. Akad. Nauk SSSR 137–42(1960).
{'key': 'e_1_2_1_12_2', 'first-page': '189', 'volume-title': 'Progress in Extractive Metallurgy', 'author': 'Carlson O. N.', 'year': '1973'} / Progress in Extractive Metallurgy by Carlson O. N. (1973)
10.1111/j.1151-2916.1959.tb09140.x
H. H.Todd “Process for the Manufacture of Metallic Carbides ” U.S. Pat. No. 2886454 (May 12 1959).
S. G.Krapf “Ceramic Materials and Methods for Their Manufacture ” U.S. Pat. No. 3143413 (Aug. 4 1964).
{'key': 'e_1_2_1_16_2', 'first-page': '429', 'article-title': 'Self‐Propagating High‐Temperature Synthesis of Refractory Inorganic Compounds', 'volume': '204', 'author': 'Merzhanov A. G.', 'year': '1972', 'journal-title': 'Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Chem. Sect.'} / Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Chem. Sect. / Self‐Propagating High‐Temperature Synthesis of Refractory Inorganic Compounds by Merzhanov A. G. (1972)
{'issue': '2', 'key': 'e_1_2_1_17_2', 'first-page': '342', 'article-title': 'Synthesis of High Temperature Materials by Self‐Propagating Combustion Methods', 'volume': '67', 'author': 'Munir Z. A.', 'year': '1988', 'journal-title': 'Bull. Am. Ceram. Soc.'} / Bull. Am. Ceram. Soc. / Synthesis of High Temperature Materials by Self‐Propagating Combustion Methods by Munir Z. A. (1988)
{'issue': '2', 'key': 'e_1_2_1_18_2', 'first-page': '18', 'article-title': 'A New Process for Ceramic Synthesis‐SHS Process', 'volume': '30', 'author': 'Odawara O.', 'year': '1988', 'journal-title': 'Trans. Natl. Res. Inst. Met. (Jpn.)'} / Trans. Natl. Res. Inst. Met. (Jpn.) / A New Process for Ceramic Synthesis‐SHS Process by Odawara O. (1988)
T. P.DeAngelis “Reaction Sintered Multiphase Ceramic ” U.S. Pat. No. 4 605 634 (Aug. 12 1986).
T. P.DeAngelis “Reaction Sintered Oxide‐Boride ” U.S. Pat. No. 4 605 634 (Aug. 12 1986).
10.1002/9780470310557.ch4
10.1002/9780470310557.ch5
S. B.Lasday “Tailoring Properties of Platelet Reinforced Ceramics by Liquid Metal Oxidation Process ”Ind. Heat. [9]14–16(1989).
10.1002/9780470320280.ch25
{'key': 'e_1_2_1_25_2', 'first-page': '17', 'volume-title': "Silicon Carbide '87", 'author': 'Rigtrup K. M.', 'year': '1989'} / Silicon Carbide '87 by Rigtrup K. M. (1989)
R. A.CutlerandA. V.Virkar “Fine‐Grained Ceramics and Method for Making Same ” U.S. Pat. No. 4891 341 (Jan. 2 1990).
{'key': 'e_1_2_1_27_2', 'first-page': '309', 'volume-title': 'Ceramic Materials and Components for Engines', 'author': 'Cutler R. A.', 'year': '1989'} / Ceramic Materials and Components for Engines by Cutler R. A. (1989)
R. A.Cutler A. V.Virkar andA. C.Hurford “Liquid Phase Sintering of Silicon Carbide ” U.S. Pat. No. 4829027 (May 9 1989).
{'key': 'e_1_2_1_29_2', 'first-page': '183', 'volume-title': 'Science of Hard Materials', 'author': 'Cutler R. A.', 'year': '1988'} / Science of Hard Materials by Cutler R. A. (1988)
J. B.HoltandZ. A.Munir “The Fabrication of SiC Si3N4 and AlN by Combustion Synthesis”; pp.721–28inProceedings of the First International Symposium on Ceramic Components for Engines. Edited byS.Somiya E.Karnai andK.Ando 1984.
{'key': 'e_1_2_1_31_2', 'first-page': '695', 'article-title': 'The Thermal Dissociation of Sodium Cyanide', 'volume': '48', 'author': 'Guernsey E. W.', 'year': '1926', 'journal-title': 'J. Am. Ceram. Soc.'} / J. Am. Ceram. Soc. / The Thermal Dissociation of Sodium Cyanide by Guernsey E. W. (1926)
L.KaufmanandE. V.Clougherty “Investigation of Boride Compounds for Very High Temperature Application ” Tech. Report No. RTD‐TDR‐63‐4096 under U.S. Air Force Contract No. AF33‐657–8636 (19631965).
10.1111/j.1151-2916.1969.tb12655.x
10.1007/978-3-642-66620-9
{'key': 'e_1_2_1_35_2', 'volume-title': 'Engineering Properties of Ceramics', 'author': 'Lynch J. F.', 'year': '1966'} / Engineering Properties of Ceramics by Lynch J. F. (1966)

Dates

Type	When
Created	20 years, 5 months ago (March 8, 2005, 11:51 a.m.)
Deposited	1 year, 9 months ago (Nov. 23, 2023, 3:09 p.m.)
Indexed	1 month, 4 weeks ago (July 4, 2025, 9:04 a.m.)
Issued	33 years, 8 months ago (Jan. 1, 1992)
Published	33 years, 8 months ago (Jan. 1, 1992)
Published Online	20 years, 5 months ago (March 8, 2005)
Published Print	33 years, 8 months ago (Jan. 1, 1992)

Funders 0

None

BibTeX

@article{Cutler_1992, title={Synthesis, Sintering, Microstructure, and Mechanical Properties of Ceramics Made by Exothermic Reactions}, volume={75}, ISSN={1551-2916}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1992.tb05438.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1151-2916.1992.tb05438.x}, number={1}, journal={Journal of the American Ceramic Society}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Cutler, Raymond A. and Rigtrup, Kevin M. and Virkar, Anil V.}, year={1992}, month=jan, pages={36–43} }

JSON

{
  "indexed": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2025,
        7,
        4
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2025-07-04T13:04:00Z",
    "timestamp": 1751634240293
  },
  "reference-count": 34,
  "publisher": "Wiley",
  "issue": "1",
  "license": [
    {
      "start": {
        "date-parts": [
          [
            2005,
            3,
            8
          ]
        ],
        "date-time": "2005-03-08T00:00:00Z",
        "timestamp": 1110240000000
      },
      "content-version": "vor",
      "delay-in-days": 4815,
      "URL": "http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor"
    }
  ],
  "content-domain": {
    "domain": [],
    "crossmark-restriction": false
  },
  "published-print": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        1992,
        1
      ]
    ]
  },
  "abstract": "<jats:p>Al<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>O<jats:sub>3</jats:sub>\u2010TiC, Al<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>O<jats:sub>3</jats:sub>\u2010TiC<jats:sub>0.5</jats:sub>N<jats:sub>0.5</jats:sub>, Al<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>O<jats:sub>3</jats:sub>\u2010WC, Al<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>O<jats:sub>3</jats:sub>\u2010SiC, and Al<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>O<jats:sub>3</jats:sub>\u2010HfB<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> powders were synthesized by the aluminothermic reduction of oxides in the presence of carbon or boron. The reacted powders were milled to reduce the size of agglomerates and subsequently densified without applied pressure to near\u2010theoretical density. Microstructures and mechanical properties of composites made from exothermically reacted powders were compared with similar ceramics made from commercially available powders. In situ sintering was possible in the Al<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>O<jats:sub>3</jats:sub>\u2010TiC system using a closed graphite crucible to contain reaction gases. The synthesis of <jats:italic>\u03b2</jats:italic>\u2010SiC at temperatures above 1400\u00b0C via the direct reaction of the elements (SHS) was compared with SiC made by the magnesiothermic reduction of SiO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> in the presence of C after removing the MgO by leaching.</jats:p>",
  "DOI": "10.1111/j.1151-2916.1992.tb05438.x",
  "type": "journal-article",
  "created": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2005,
        3,
        8
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2005-03-08T16:51:28Z",
    "timestamp": 1110300688000
  },
  "page": "36-43",
  "source": "Crossref",
  "is-referenced-by-count": 43,
  "title": "Synthesis, Sintering, Microstructure, and Mechanical Properties of Ceramics Made by Exothermic Reactions",
  "prefix": "10.1111",
  "volume": "75",
  "author": [
    {
      "given": "Raymond A.",
      "family": "Cutler",
      "sequence": "first",
      "affiliation": []
    },
    {
      "given": "Kevin M.",
      "family": "Rigtrup",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": []
    },
    {
      "given": "Anil V.",
      "family": "Virkar",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": []
    }
  ],
  "member": "311",
  "published-online": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2005,
        3,
        8
      ]
    ]
  },
  "reference": [
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_2_2",
      "first-page": "18",
      "article-title": "A New Method for Preparing Metals and Alloys with Aluminum",
      "volume": "301",
      "author": "Goldschmidt H.",
      "year": "1898",
      "journal-title": "Liebigs Ann. Chem."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_3_2",
      "first-page": "232",
      "article-title": "New Thermit Reactions",
      "volume": "82",
      "author": "Goldschmidt H.",
      "year": "1908",
      "journal-title": "Iron Age"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_4_2",
      "unstructured": "H.GoldschmidtandO.Weil \u201cManufacturing Chromium \u201d U.S. Pat. No. 895 628 (1908)."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_5_2",
      "first-page": "543",
      "article-title": "Aluminum as a Heating and Reducing Agent",
      "volume": "19",
      "author": "Goldschmidt H.",
      "year": "1898",
      "journal-title": "J. Soc. Chem. Ind."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_6_2",
      "unstructured": "H.Goldschmidt \u201cWelding Metals as Rail Joints \u201d U.S. Pat. reissue 13 010 (1909)."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_7_2",
      "first-page": "320",
      "article-title": "A Process for Preparing Vanadium",
      "volume": "18",
      "author": "Carlson O. N.",
      "year": "1966",
      "journal-title": "J. Met."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_8_2",
      "first-page": "38",
      "article-title": "Molybdenum Metal by the Bomb Reduction of MoO3",
      "volume": "28",
      "author": "Schmidt F. A.",
      "year": "1971",
      "journal-title": "J. Met."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_9_2",
      "first-page": "1282",
      "article-title": "Metallothermic Reduction of Oxides in Water\u2010Cooled Cooper Furnaces",
      "volume": "239",
      "author": "Perfect F. H.",
      "year": "1967",
      "journal-title": "Trans. Metall. Soc. AIME"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_10_2",
      "unstructured": "A. A.Nadiradze N. P.Mgaloblishvili andB. N.Bokeriya \u201cThermodynamics of the Aluminothermic Reduction of Aluminates of Cesium and Rubidium \u201dSoobshch. Akad. Nauk Gruz. SSR 721\u201324(1968)."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_11_2",
      "unstructured": "T. F.FederovandF. J.Shamrai \u201cPhysics\u2010Chemical Principles of Vacuum Casting \u201dPrimen. Vak. Metall. Akad. Nauk SSSR 137\u201342(1960)."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_12_2",
      "first-page": "189",
      "volume-title": "Progress in Extractive Metallurgy",
      "author": "Carlson O. N.",
      "year": "1973"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_13_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1111/j.1151-2916.1959.tb09140.x"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_14_2",
      "unstructured": "H. H.Todd \u201cProcess for the Manufacture of Metallic Carbides \u201d U.S. Pat. No. 2886454 (May 12 1959)."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_15_2",
      "unstructured": "S. G.Krapf \u201cCeramic Materials and Methods for Their Manufacture \u201d U.S. Pat. No. 3143413 (Aug. 4 1964)."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_16_2",
      "first-page": "429",
      "article-title": "Self\u2010Propagating High\u2010Temperature Synthesis of Refractory Inorganic Compounds",
      "volume": "204",
      "author": "Merzhanov A. G.",
      "year": "1972",
      "journal-title": "Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Chem. Sect."
    },
    {
      "issue": "2",
      "key": "e_1_2_1_17_2",
      "first-page": "342",
      "article-title": "Synthesis of High Temperature Materials by Self\u2010Propagating Combustion Methods",
      "volume": "67",
      "author": "Munir Z. A.",
      "year": "1988",
      "journal-title": "Bull. Am. Ceram. Soc."
    },
    {
      "issue": "2",
      "key": "e_1_2_1_18_2",
      "first-page": "18",
      "article-title": "A New Process for Ceramic Synthesis\u2010SHS Process",
      "volume": "30",
      "author": "Odawara O.",
      "year": "1988",
      "journal-title": "Trans. Natl. Res. Inst. Met. (Jpn.)"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_19_2",
      "unstructured": "T. P.DeAngelis \u201cReaction Sintered Multiphase Ceramic \u201d U.S. Pat. No. 4 605 634 (Aug. 12 1986)."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_20_2",
      "unstructured": "T. P.DeAngelis \u201cReaction Sintered Oxide\u2010Boride \u201d U.S. Pat. No. 4 605 634 (Aug. 12 1986)."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_21_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1002/9780470310557.ch4"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_22_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1002/9780470310557.ch5"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_23_2",
      "unstructured": "S. B.Lasday \u201cTailoring Properties of Platelet Reinforced Ceramics by Liquid Metal Oxidation Process \u201dInd. Heat. [9]14\u201316(1989)."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_24_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1002/9780470320280.ch25"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_25_2",
      "first-page": "17",
      "volume-title": "Silicon Carbide '87",
      "author": "Rigtrup K. M.",
      "year": "1989"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_26_2",
      "unstructured": "R. A.CutlerandA. V.Virkar \u201cFine\u2010Grained Ceramics and Method for Making Same \u201d U.S. Pat. No. 4891 341 (Jan. 2 1990)."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_27_2",
      "first-page": "309",
      "volume-title": "Ceramic Materials and Components for Engines",
      "author": "Cutler R. A.",
      "year": "1989"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_28_2",
      "unstructured": "R. A.Cutler A. V.Virkar andA. C.Hurford \u201cLiquid Phase Sintering of Silicon Carbide \u201d U.S. Pat. No. 4829027 (May 9 1989)."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_29_2",
      "first-page": "183",
      "volume-title": "Science of Hard Materials",
      "author": "Cutler R. A.",
      "year": "1988"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_30_2",
      "unstructured": "J. B.HoltandZ. A.Munir \u201cThe Fabrication of SiC Si3N4 and AlN by Combustion Synthesis\u201d; pp.721\u201328inProceedings of the First International Symposium on Ceramic Components for Engines. Edited byS.Somiya E.Karnai andK.Ando 1984."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_31_2",
      "first-page": "695",
      "article-title": "The Thermal Dissociation of Sodium Cyanide",
      "volume": "48",
      "author": "Guernsey E. W.",
      "year": "1926",
      "journal-title": "J. Am. Ceram. Soc."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_32_2",
      "unstructured": "L.KaufmanandE. V.Clougherty \u201cInvestigation of Boride Compounds for Very High Temperature Application \u201d Tech. Report No. RTD\u2010TDR\u201063\u20104096 under U.S. Air Force Contract No. AF33\u2010657\u20138636 (19631965)."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_33_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1111/j.1151-2916.1969.tb12655.x"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_34_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1007/978-3-642-66620-9"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_35_2",
      "volume-title": "Engineering Properties of Ceramics",
      "author": "Lynch J. F.",
      "year": "1966"
    }
  ],
  "container-title": "Journal of the American Ceramic Society",
  "original-title": [],
  "language": "en",
  "link": [
    {
      "URL": "https://api.wiley.com/onlinelibrary/tdm/v1/articles/10.1111%2Fj.1151-2916.1992.tb05438.x",
      "content-type": "unspecified",
      "content-version": "vor",
      "intended-application": "text-mining"
    },
    {
      "URL": "http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/wol1/doi/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1992.tb05438.x/fullpdf",
      "content-type": "unspecified",
      "content-version": "vor",
      "intended-application": "similarity-checking"
    }
  ],
  "deposited": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2023,
        11,
        23
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2023-11-23T20:09:45Z",
    "timestamp": 1700770185000
  },
  "score": 1,
  "resource": {
    "primary": {
      "URL": "https://ceramics.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1992.tb05438.x"
    }
  },
  "subtitle": [],
  "short-title": [],
  "issued": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        1992,
        1
      ]
    ]
  },
  "references-count": 34,
  "journal-issue": {
    "issue": "1",
    "published-print": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          1992,
          1
        ]
      ]
    }
  },
  "alternative-id": [
    "10.1111/j.1151-2916.1992.tb05438.x"
  ],
  "URL": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1992.tb05438.x",
  "relation": {},
  "ISSN": [
    "0002-7820",
    "1551-2916"
  ],
  "subject": [],
  "container-title-short": "Journal of the American Ceramic Society",
  "published": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        1992,
        1
      ]
    ]
  }
}