Transcriptional activation of Wnt/Wg-responsive genes requires the stabilization and nuclear accumulation of β-catenin, a dedicated coactivator of LEF/TCF enhancer-binding proteins. Here we report that recombinant β-catenin strongly enhances binding and transactivation by LEF-1 on chromatin templates in vitro. Interestingly, different LEF-1 isoforms vary in their ability to bind nucleosomal templates in the absence of β-catenin, owing to N-terminal residues that repress binding to chromatin, but not nonchromatin, templates. Transcriptional activation in vitro requires both the armadillo (ARM) repeats and the C terminus of β-catenin, whereas the phosphorylated N terminus is inhibitory to transcription. A fragment spanning the C terminus (CT) and ARM repeats 11 and 12 (CT–ARM), but not the CT alone, functions as a dominant negative inhibitor of LEF-1–β-cat activity in vitro and can block ATP-dependent binding of the complex to chromatin. LEF-1–β-cat transactivation in vitro was also repressed by inhibitor of β-catenin and Tcf-4 (ICAT), a physiological inhibitor of Wnt/Wg signaling that interacts with ARM repeats 11 and 12, and by the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory compound, sulindac. None of these transcription inhibitors (CT–ARM, ICAT, or sulindac) could disrupt the LEF-1–β-cat complex after it was stably bound to chromatin. We conclude that the CT–ARM region of β-catenin functions as a chromatin-specific activation domain, and that several inhibitors of the Wnt/Wg pathway directly modulate LEF-1–β-cat activity on chromatin.

Tutter, A. V., Fryer, C. J., & Jones, K. A. (2001). Chromatin-specific regulation of LEF-1–β-catenin transcription activation and inhibition in vitro. Genes & Development, 15(24), 3342–3354.