DOI: 10.1101/gad.8.4.428. Elucidation of the role of breathless, a Drosophila FGF receptor homolog, in tracheal cell migration.

Elucidation of the role of breathless, a Drosophila FGF receptor homolog, in tracheal cell migration.

10.1101/gad.8.4.428

Crossref journal-article

Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory

Genes & Development (246)

Abstract

DFGF-R1 (breathless), a Drosophila FGF receptor homolog, is required for the migration of tracheal cells and the posterior midline glial cells during embryonic development. To define the role of this receptor in cell migration, we have monitored the biological effects of a deregulated receptor containing the extracellular and transmembrane regions of the torso dominant allele and the cytoplasmic domain of DFGF-R1. Ubiquitous expression of the chimeric receptor at the time of tracheal cell migration did not disrupt migration in wild-type embryos. However, induction of the chimeric receptor corrected the tracheal defects of breathless (btl) mutant embryos, allowing the tracheal cells to migrate along their normal tracts. This result indicates that the normal activity of DFGF-R1 in promoting cell migration does not require spatially restricted cues. Late inductions of the chimeric construct, after the normal initiation of tracheal migration, allowed the definition of a broad time window during which the external signals guiding migration persist and the tracheal cells retain the capacity to respond to these cues. Rescue of tracheal migration in btl mutant embryos by the chimeric construct provides a sensitive biological assay for the activity of other Drosophila receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). Deregulated receptors containing the cytoplasmic domains of DFGF-R2, DER, torso, and sevenless were all able to partially rescue the migration defects. Consistent with the notion that these RTKs share a common signaling pathway, constructs containing the activated downstream elements Dras1 and Draf were also able to rescue tracheal migration, demonstrating that these two proteins are key players in the DFGF-R1 signaling pathway.

Bibliography

Reichman-Fried, M., Dickson, B., Hafen, E., & Shilo, B. Z. (1994). Elucidation of the role of breathless, a Drosophila FGF receptor homolog, in tracheal cell migration. Genes & Development, 8(4), 428â439.

Authors 4

M Reichman-Fried (first)
B Dickson (additional)
E Hafen (additional)
B Z Shilo (additional)

References 66 Referenced 139

Ashburner, M. 1989. Drosophila: A laboratory manual. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, New York.
10.1002/j.1460-2075.1989.tb08367.x / EMBO J. / The spatial and temporal expression pattern of sevenless is exclusivly controlled by gene-internal elements. (1989)
10.1016/0092-8674(91)90262-W
{'key': '2021111418125220000_8.4.428.4', 'first-page': '1273', 'article-title': 'Searching for pattern and mutation in the Drosophila genome with a p-lacZ vector.', 'volume': '9', 'year': '1989', 'journal-title': 'Genes & Dev.'} / Genes & Dev. / Searching for pattern and mutation in the Drosophila genome with a p-lacZ vector. (1989)
10.1016/0092-8674(93)90270-Z
10.1016/0092-8674(93)90146-H
10.1016/0092-8674(91)90639-G
10.1038/356340a0
10.1126/science.1312256
10.1101/gad.6.12a.2327
10.1038/360600a0
10.1038/363045a0
10.1126/science.2432664
10.1038/355559a0
10.1038/363088a0
10.1101/gad.5.4.697
10.1016/S0092-8674(05)80030-3
10.1126/science.2882603
10.1038/364327a0
10.1038/363133a0
10.1007/BF00188752
10.1016/0896-6273(92)90240-E
10.1126/science.2479987
10.1101/gad.6.9.1668
10.1038/335275a0
10.1016/0962-8924(92)90105-V
10.1126/science.2479986
10.1016/0092-8674(92)90357-I
10.1038/363085a0
10.1016/0092-8674(85)90208-9
10.1016/0092-8674(92)90167-B
10.1101/gad.7.4.621
10.1016/0962-8924(93)90087-H
10.1016/0092-8674(93)90143-E
Manning, G. and M.A. Krasnow. 1993. Development of the Drosophila tracheal system. In The development of Drosophila (ed. A. Martinez-Arias and M. Bate), Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, New York. In press.
10.1242/dev.118.1.127 / Development / Development and molecular characterization of mutations in the Drosophila-raf serine/threonine protein kinase. (1993)
10.1016/0092-8674(93)90573-9
10.1126/science.8503013
10.1016/0092-8674(93)90170-U
10.1016/0092-8674(93)80057-L
10.1002/dvg.1020120309
10.1038/359845a0
10.1016/0092-8674(89)90641-7
10.1101/gad.7.10.1937
10.1016/0092-8674(92)90163-7
10.1016/0092-8674(92)90164-8
{'key': '2021111418125220000_8.4.428.47', 'first-page': '603', 'article-title': 'Scatter factor and its relationship to hepatocyte growth factor and met.', 'volume': '2', 'year': '1991', 'journal-title': 'Cell Growth Diff.'} / Cell Growth Diff. / Scatter factor and its relationship to hepatocyte growth factor and met. (1991)
10.1038/363083a0
10.1016/0168-9525(91)90258-R
10.1016/0092-8674(87)90546-0
10.1096/fasebj.6.11.1322852 / FASEB J. / Roles of receptor tyrosine kinases in Drosophila development. (1992)
10.1242/dev.117.2.751 / Development / Two FGF-receptor homologues of Drosophila: One is expressed in mesodermal premordium in early embryos. (1993)
10.1038/359843a0
10.1016/0092-8674(93)90169-Q
10.1016/0092-8674(91)90065-7
10.1002/j.1460-2075.1993.tb05842.x / EMBO J. / The SH2/SH3 domain-containing protein GRB2 interacts with tyrosine-phosphorylated IRS1 and Shc: implications for insulin control of ras signalling. (1993)
10.1016/0092-8674(93)90404-E
Spradling, A.C. 1986. P element mediated transformation. In Drosophila: A practical approach (ed. D.B. Roberts), pp. 175–197. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
10.1016/0092-8674(92)90394-R
10.1038/338478a0
10.1016/0168-9525(91)90257-Q
10.1093/genetics/122.4.823 / Genetics / Isolation and characterization of dominant female sterile mutations of Drosophila melanogaster. II. Mutations on the second chromosome. (1989)
10.1126/science.1387731
10.1038/364252a0
10.1242/dev.118.2.489 / Development / flk-1, an flt-related receptor tyrosine kinase is an early marker for endothelial cell precursors. (1993)
10.1038/364308a0

Dates

Type	When
Created	18 years, 2 months ago (June 5, 2007, 5:15 p.m.)
Deposited	3 years, 9 months ago (Nov. 14, 2021, 9:18 p.m.)
Indexed	1 month, 1 week ago (July 20, 2025, 12:23 a.m.)
Issued	31 years, 6 months ago (Feb. 15, 1994)
Published	31 years, 6 months ago (Feb. 15, 1994)
Published Online	31 years, 6 months ago (Feb. 15, 1994)
Published Print	31 years, 6 months ago (Feb. 15, 1994)

Funders 0

None

BibTeX

@article{Reichman_Fried_1994, title={Elucidation of the role of breathless, a Drosophila FGF receptor homolog, in tracheal cell migration.}, volume={8}, ISSN={1549-5477}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/gad.8.4.428}, DOI={10.1101/gad.8.4.428}, number={4}, journal={Genes & Development}, publisher={Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory}, author={Reichman-Fried, M and Dickson, B and Hafen, E and Shilo, B Z}, year={1994}, month=feb, pages={428–439} }

JSON

{
  "indexed": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2025,
        7,
        20
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2025-07-20T04:23:14Z",
    "timestamp": 1752985394772
  },
  "reference-count": 66,
  "publisher": "Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory",
  "issue": "4",
  "content-domain": {
    "domain": [],
    "crossmark-restriction": false
  },
  "published-print": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        1994,
        2,
        15
      ]
    ]
  },
  "abstract": "<jats:p>DFGF-R1 (breathless), a Drosophila FGF receptor homolog, is required for the migration of tracheal cells and the posterior midline glial cells during embryonic development. To define the role of this receptor in cell migration, we have monitored the biological effects of a deregulated receptor containing the extracellular and transmembrane regions of the torso dominant allele and the cytoplasmic domain of DFGF-R1. Ubiquitous expression of the chimeric receptor at the time of tracheal cell migration did not disrupt migration in wild-type embryos. However, induction of the chimeric receptor corrected the tracheal defects of breathless (btl) mutant embryos, allowing the tracheal cells to migrate along their normal tracts. This result indicates that the normal activity of DFGF-R1 in promoting cell migration does not require spatially restricted cues. Late inductions of the chimeric construct, after the normal initiation of tracheal migration, allowed the definition of a broad time window during which the external signals guiding migration persist and the tracheal cells retain the capacity to respond to these cues. Rescue of tracheal migration in btl mutant embryos by the chimeric construct provides a sensitive biological assay for the activity of other Drosophila receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). Deregulated receptors containing the cytoplasmic domains of DFGF-R2, DER, torso, and sevenless were all able to partially rescue the migration defects. Consistent with the notion that these RTKs share a common signaling pathway, constructs containing the activated downstream elements Dras1 and Draf were also able to rescue tracheal migration, demonstrating that these two proteins are key players in the DFGF-R1 signaling pathway.</jats:p>",
  "DOI": "10.1101/gad.8.4.428",
  "type": "journal-article",
  "created": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2007,
        6,
        5
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2007-06-05T21:15:46Z",
    "timestamp": 1181078146000
  },
  "page": "428-439",
  "source": "Crossref",
  "is-referenced-by-count": 139,
  "title": "Elucidation of the role of breathless, a Drosophila FGF receptor homolog, in tracheal cell migration.",
  "prefix": "10.1101",
  "volume": "8",
  "author": [
    {
      "given": "M",
      "family": "Reichman-Fried",
      "sequence": "first",
      "affiliation": []
    },
    {
      "given": "B",
      "family": "Dickson",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": []
    },
    {
      "given": "E",
      "family": "Hafen",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": []
    },
    {
      "given": "B Z",
      "family": "Shilo",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": []
    }
  ],
  "member": "246",
  "published-online": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        1994,
        2,
        15
      ]
    ]
  },
  "reference": [
    {
      "key": "2021111418125220000_8.4.428.1",
      "unstructured": "Ashburner, M. 1989. Drosophila: A laboratory manual. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, New York."
    },
    {
      "key": "2021111418125220000_8.4.428.2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "2381",
      "DOI": "10.1002/j.1460-2075.1989.tb08367.x",
      "article-title": "The spatial and temporal expression pattern of sevenless is exclusivly controlled by gene-internal elements.",
      "volume": "8",
      "year": "1989",
      "journal-title": "EMBO J."
    },
    {
      "key": "2021111418125220000_8.4.428.3",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0092-8674(91)90262-W"
    },
    {
      "key": "2021111418125220000_8.4.428.4",
      "first-page": "1273",
      "article-title": "Searching for pattern and mutation in the Drosophila genome with a p-lacZ vector.",
      "volume": "9",
      "year": "1989",
      "journal-title": "Genes & Dev."
    },
    {
      "key": "2021111418125220000_8.4.428.5",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0092-8674(93)90270-Z"
    },
    {
      "key": "2021111418125220000_8.4.428.6",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0092-8674(93)90146-H"
    },
    {
      "key": "2021111418125220000_8.4.428.7",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0092-8674(91)90639-G"
    },
    {
      "key": "2021111418125220000_8.4.428.8",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1038/356340a0"
    },
    {
      "key": "2021111418125220000_8.4.428.9",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1126/science.1312256"
    },
    {
      "key": "2021111418125220000_8.4.428.10",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1101/gad.6.12a.2327"
    },
    {
      "key": "2021111418125220000_8.4.428.11",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1038/360600a0"
    },
    {
      "key": "2021111418125220000_8.4.428.12",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1038/363045a0"
    },
    {
      "key": "2021111418125220000_8.4.428.13",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1126/science.2432664"
    },
    {
      "key": "2021111418125220000_8.4.428.14",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1038/355559a0"
    },
    {
      "key": "2021111418125220000_8.4.428.15",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1038/363088a0"
    },
    {
      "key": "2021111418125220000_8.4.428.16",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1101/gad.5.4.697"
    },
    {
      "key": "2021111418125220000_8.4.428.17",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0092-8674(05)80030-3"
    },
    {
      "key": "2021111418125220000_8.4.428.18",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1126/science.2882603"
    },
    {
      "key": "2021111418125220000_8.4.428.19",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1038/364327a0"
    },
    {
      "key": "2021111418125220000_8.4.428.20",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1038/363133a0"
    },
    {
      "key": "2021111418125220000_8.4.428.21",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1007/BF00188752"
    },
    {
      "key": "2021111418125220000_8.4.428.22",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0896-6273(92)90240-E"
    },
    {
      "key": "2021111418125220000_8.4.428.23",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1126/science.2479987"
    },
    {
      "key": "2021111418125220000_8.4.428.24",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1101/gad.6.9.1668"
    },
    {
      "key": "2021111418125220000_8.4.428.25",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1038/335275a0"
    },
    {
      "key": "2021111418125220000_8.4.428.26",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0962-8924(92)90105-V"
    },
    {
      "key": "2021111418125220000_8.4.428.27",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1126/science.2479986"
    },
    {
      "key": "2021111418125220000_8.4.428.28",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0092-8674(92)90357-I"
    },
    {
      "key": "2021111418125220000_8.4.428.29",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1038/363085a0"
    },
    {
      "key": "2021111418125220000_8.4.428.30",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0092-8674(85)90208-9"
    },
    {
      "key": "2021111418125220000_8.4.428.31",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0092-8674(92)90167-B"
    },
    {
      "key": "2021111418125220000_8.4.428.32",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1101/gad.7.4.621"
    },
    {
      "key": "2021111418125220000_8.4.428.33",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0962-8924(93)90087-H"
    },
    {
      "key": "2021111418125220000_8.4.428.34",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0092-8674(93)90143-E"
    },
    {
      "key": "2021111418125220000_8.4.428.35",
      "unstructured": "Manning, G. and M.A. Krasnow. 1993. Development of the Drosophila tracheal system. In The development of Drosophila (ed. A. Martinez-Arias and M. Bate), Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, New York. In press."
    },
    {
      "key": "2021111418125220000_8.4.428.36",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "127",
      "DOI": "10.1242/dev.118.1.127",
      "article-title": "Development and molecular characterization of mutations in the Drosophila-raf serine/threonine protein kinase.",
      "volume": "118",
      "year": "1993",
      "journal-title": "Development"
    },
    {
      "key": "2021111418125220000_8.4.428.37",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0092-8674(93)90573-9"
    },
    {
      "key": "2021111418125220000_8.4.428.38",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1126/science.8503013"
    },
    {
      "key": "2021111418125220000_8.4.428.39",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0092-8674(93)90170-U"
    },
    {
      "key": "2021111418125220000_8.4.428.40",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0092-8674(93)80057-L"
    },
    {
      "key": "2021111418125220000_8.4.428.41",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1002/dvg.1020120309"
    },
    {
      "key": "2021111418125220000_8.4.428.42",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1038/359845a0"
    },
    {
      "key": "2021111418125220000_8.4.428.43",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0092-8674(89)90641-7"
    },
    {
      "key": "2021111418125220000_8.4.428.44",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1101/gad.7.10.1937"
    },
    {
      "key": "2021111418125220000_8.4.428.45",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0092-8674(92)90163-7"
    },
    {
      "key": "2021111418125220000_8.4.428.46",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0092-8674(92)90164-8"
    },
    {
      "key": "2021111418125220000_8.4.428.47",
      "first-page": "603",
      "article-title": "Scatter factor and its relationship to hepatocyte growth factor and met.",
      "volume": "2",
      "year": "1991",
      "journal-title": "Cell Growth Diff."
    },
    {
      "key": "2021111418125220000_8.4.428.48",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1038/363083a0"
    },
    {
      "key": "2021111418125220000_8.4.428.49",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0168-9525(91)90258-R"
    },
    {
      "key": "2021111418125220000_8.4.428.50",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0092-8674(87)90546-0"
    },
    {
      "key": "2021111418125220000_8.4.428.51",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "2915",
      "DOI": "10.1096/fasebj.6.11.1322852",
      "article-title": "Roles of receptor tyrosine kinases in Drosophila development.",
      "volume": "6",
      "year": "1992",
      "journal-title": "FASEB J."
    },
    {
      "key": "2021111418125220000_8.4.428.52",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "751",
      "DOI": "10.1242/dev.117.2.751",
      "article-title": "Two FGF-receptor homologues of Drosophila: One is expressed in mesodermal premordium in early embryos.",
      "volume": "117",
      "year": "1993",
      "journal-title": "Development"
    },
    {
      "key": "2021111418125220000_8.4.428.53",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1038/359843a0"
    },
    {
      "key": "2021111418125220000_8.4.428.54",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0092-8674(93)90169-Q"
    },
    {
      "key": "2021111418125220000_8.4.428.55",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0092-8674(91)90065-7"
    },
    {
      "key": "2021111418125220000_8.4.428.56",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1929",
      "DOI": "10.1002/j.1460-2075.1993.tb05842.x",
      "article-title": "The SH2/SH3 domain-containing protein GRB2 interacts with tyrosine-phosphorylated IRS1 and Shc: implications for insulin control of ras signalling.",
      "volume": "12",
      "year": "1993",
      "journal-title": "EMBO J."
    },
    {
      "key": "2021111418125220000_8.4.428.57",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0092-8674(93)90404-E"
    },
    {
      "key": "2021111418125220000_8.4.428.58",
      "unstructured": "Spradling, A.C. 1986. P element mediated transformation. In Drosophila: A practical approach (ed. D.B. Roberts), pp. 175\u2013197. Oxford University Press, Oxford."
    },
    {
      "key": "2021111418125220000_8.4.428.59",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0092-8674(92)90394-R"
    },
    {
      "key": "2021111418125220000_8.4.428.60",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1038/338478a0"
    },
    {
      "key": "2021111418125220000_8.4.428.61",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0168-9525(91)90257-Q"
    },
    {
      "key": "2021111418125220000_8.4.428.62",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "823",
      "DOI": "10.1093/genetics/122.4.823",
      "article-title": "Isolation and characterization of dominant female sterile mutations of Drosophila melanogaster. II. Mutations on the second chromosome.",
      "volume": "122",
      "year": "1989",
      "journal-title": "Genetics"
    },
    {
      "key": "2021111418125220000_8.4.428.63",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1126/science.1387731"
    },
    {
      "key": "2021111418125220000_8.4.428.64",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1038/364252a0"
    },
    {
      "key": "2021111418125220000_8.4.428.65",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "489",
      "DOI": "10.1242/dev.118.2.489",
      "article-title": "flk-1, an flt-related receptor tyrosine kinase is an early marker for endothelial cell precursors.",
      "volume": "118",
      "year": "1993",
      "journal-title": "Development"
    },
    {
      "key": "2021111418125220000_8.4.428.66",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1038/364308a0"
    }
  ],
  "container-title": "Genes &amp; Development",
  "original-title": [],
  "language": "en",
  "link": [
    {
      "URL": "https://syndication.highwire.org/content/doi/10.1101/gad.8.4.428",
      "content-type": "unspecified",
      "content-version": "vor",
      "intended-application": "similarity-checking"
    }
  ],
  "deposited": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2021,
        11,
        15
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2021-11-15T02:18:09Z",
    "timestamp": 1636942689000
  },
  "score": 1,
  "resource": {
    "primary": {
      "URL": "http://genesdev.cshlp.org/lookup/doi/10.1101/gad.8.4.428"
    }
  },
  "subtitle": [],
  "short-title": [],
  "issued": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        1994,
        2,
        15
      ]
    ]
  },
  "references-count": 66,
  "journal-issue": {
    "issue": "4",
    "published-print": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          1994,
          2,
          15
        ]
      ]
    }
  },
  "alternative-id": [
    "10.1101/gad.8.4.428"
  ],
  "URL": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/gad.8.4.428",
  "relation": {},
  "ISSN": [
    "0890-9369",
    "1549-5477"
  ],
  "subject": [],
  "container-title-short": "Genes Dev.",
  "published": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        1994,
        2,
        15
      ]
    ]
  }
}