DOI: 10.1098/rspa.1965.0158. The influence of phosphorus in dilute solid solution on the absolute surface and grain boundary energies of iron

The influence of phosphorus in dilute solid solution on the absolute surface and grain boundary energies of iron

10.1098/rspa.1965.0158

Crossref journal-article

The Royal Society

Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A. Mathematical and Physical Sciences (175)

Abstract

A technique has been developed for the determination of the absolute surface energies of iron and iron alloys at temperatures of up to the melting point. The technique is based upon the measurement of the contractile forces in thin foils. All measurements are made in situ and chemical equilibrium is maintained throughout the experiment. The results show that phosphorus in dilute solid solution decreases progressively the surface energy of iron at 1450 °C from 2100 ergs cm -2 to 1200 ergs cm -2 , for increasing phosphorus contents of up to 0.36%. Results were also obtained for the γ phase in which the effect is less pronounced. Absolute grain boundary energies were also determined as a function of phosphorus content. From the strain rate of the foils which move by a diffusion creep mechanism, it was deduced that the self diffusion coefficient increases linearly with phosphorus content. Application of the Gibbs adsorption theorem has permitted the evaluation of the extents of equilibrium segregation of the solute to interfaces. The maximum levels are 2.3 x 10 -9 g-atom cm -2 at surfaces and 1.1 x 10 -9 g-atom cm -2 at grain boundaries. The relevance of these measurements to the problem of the intergranular brittle fracture of iron/phosphorus alloys is discussed.

Bibliography

The influence of phosphorus in dilute solid solution on the absolute surface and grain boundary energies of iron. (1965). Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A. Mathematical and Physical Sciences, 286(1407), 479â498.

Authors 0

None

References 14 Referenced 138

Buffington F. S. Hirano K. & Cohen M. 1961 Acta M et. 9 434. (10.1016/0001-6160(61)90137-7)
{'key': 'p_2', 'first-page': '657', 'article-title': 'J', 'volume': '56', 'author': 'Funk E. R.', 'year': '1952', 'journal-title': 'Phys. Chem.'} / Phys. Chem. / J by Funk E. R. (1952)
{'key': 'p_3', 'first-page': '1209', 'volume': '191', 'author': 'Udin H .', 'year': '1951', 'journal-title': 'Metall. Engrs'} / Metall. Engrs by Udin H . (1951)
Cahn J . W. & Hilliard J . E. 1959 Acta Met. 7 219. (10.1016/0001-6160(59)90079-3)
Fisher J . C. & Dunn C. G. 1950 Imperfections in nearly perfect crystals (Ed. W. Shockley) p. 317. New York: Wiley.
Gale B. 1959 Acta Met. 7 420 (10.1016/0001-6160(59)90053-7)
{'key': 'p_7', 'first-page': '437', 'article-title': 'J . A pp', 'volume': '21', 'author': 'Herring C.', 'year': '1950', 'journal-title': 'Phys.'} / Phys. / J . A pp by Herring C. (1950)
Hopkins B. E. & Tipler H . R. 1954 J . Iron Steel Inst. 177 110; 1958 188 218.
{'key': 'p_9', 'first-page': '538', 'article-title': 'Proc. Roy', 'volume': '273', 'author': 'Inm', 'year': '1963', 'journal-title': 'Soc. A'} / Soc. A / Proc. Roy by Inm (1963)
McLean D. 1957 Grain boundaries in metals. London: Oxford University Press.
Nabarro R. F. N. 1948 Proc. Conf. on Strength of Solids p. 75. London: Physical Society
Price A. T. Holl H. A. & Greenough A. P. 1964 Acta Met. 12 49. (10.1016/0001-6160(64)90053-7)
{'key': 'p_13', 'first-page': '403', 'article-title': 'J', 'volume': '172', 'author': 'Rees W. P.', 'year': '1952', 'journal-title': 'Iron Steel Inst.'} / Iron Steel Inst. / J by Rees W. P. (1952)
{'key': 'p_14', 'first-page': '186', 'volume': '185', 'author': 'Udin H .', 'year': '1949', 'journal-title': 'Trans. Amer. Inst. Metall. Engrs'} / Trans. Amer. Inst. Metall. Engrs by Udin H . (1949)

Dates

Type	When
Created	18 years, 8 months ago (Dec. 18, 2006, 5:59 p.m.)
Deposited	4 years, 6 months ago (Feb. 21, 2021, 2:54 a.m.)
Indexed	4 weeks, 2 days ago (July 26, 2025, 5:34 a.m.)
Issued	60 years ago (Aug. 3, 1965)
Published	60 years ago (Aug. 3, 1965)
Published Online	28 years, 7 months ago (Jan. 1, 1997)
Published Print	60 years ago (Aug. 3, 1965)

Funders 0

None

BibTeX

@article{1965, volume={286}, ISSN={2053-9169}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.1965.0158}, DOI={10.1098/rspa.1965.0158}, number={1407}, journal={Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A. Mathematical and Physical Sciences}, publisher={The Royal Society}, year={1965}, month=aug, pages={479–498} }

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  "abstract": "<jats:p>\n            A technique has been developed for the determination of the absolute surface energies of iron and iron alloys at temperatures of up to the melting point. The technique is based upon the measurement of the contractile forces in thin foils. All measurements are made\n            <jats:italic>in situ</jats:italic>\n            and chemical equilibrium is maintained throughout the experiment. The results show that phosphorus in dilute solid solution decreases progressively the surface energy of iron at 1450 \u00b0C from 2100 ergs cm\n            <jats:sup>-2</jats:sup>\n            to 1200 ergs cm\n            <jats:sup>-2</jats:sup>\n            , for increasing phosphorus contents of up to 0.36%. Results were also obtained for the \u03b3 phase in which the effect is less pronounced. Absolute grain boundary energies were also determined as a function of phosphorus content. From the strain rate of the foils which move by a diffusion creep mechanism, it was deduced that the self diffusion coefficient increases linearly with phosphorus content. Application of the Gibbs adsorption theorem has permitted the evaluation of the extents of equilibrium segregation of the solute to interfaces. The maximum levels are 2.3 x 10\n            <jats:sup>-9</jats:sup>\n            g-atom cm\n            <jats:sup>-2</jats:sup>\n            at surfaces and 1.1 x 10\n            <jats:sup>-9</jats:sup>\n            g-atom cm\n            <jats:sup>-2</jats:sup>\n            at grain boundaries. The relevance of these measurements to the problem of the intergranular brittle fracture of iron/phosphorus alloys is discussed.\n          </jats:p>",
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