DOI: 10.1093/clinchem/44.9.2015. Ligand assays: from electrophoresis to miniaturized microarrays

Ligand assays: from electrophoresis to miniaturized microarrays

10.1093/clinchem/44.9.2015

Crossref journal-article

Oxford University Press (OUP)

Clinical Chemistry (286)

Abstract

Abstract The main developments in the “ligand assay” field in which I have been involved are traced. These include the original development of “first generation” competitive assays relying on radiolabeled analyte markers; the development of the first “second generation”, noncompetitive (ultrasensitive) methods, which rely on the use of labeled (monoclonal) antibodies and high specific activity nonisotopic labels (leading to the transformation of the immunodiagnostic field in the 1980s); and the development of the first “third generation” miniaturized, chip-based, microarray methods, which permit the simultaneous ultrasensitive measurement of many analytes in the same small sample. The latter—applicable both to immunoassay and to DNA/RNA analysis—are likely to revolutionize the diagnostic and pharmaceutical fields in the next decade.

Bibliography

Ekins, R. P. (1998). Ligand assays: from electrophoresis to miniaturized microarrays. Clinical Chemistry, 44(9), 2015â2030.

Authors 1

Roger P Ekins (first)

References 44 Referenced 247

10.1172/JCI104130 / J Clin Investig (1960)
10.1016/0009-8981(60)90051-6 / Clin Chim Acta (1960)
{'key': '2020022904123733200_R3', 'first-page': '1105', 'volume': '2', 'year': '1967', 'journal-title': 'Lancet'} / Lancet (1967)
10.1038/219186a0 / Nature (1968)
{'key': '2020022904123733200_R5', 'first-page': '101', 'year': '1981', 'journal-title': 'Monoclonal antibodies and developments in immunoassay'} / Monoclonal antibodies and developments in immunoassay (1981)
{'key': '2020022904123733200_R6', 'first-page': '73', 'volume': '227', 'year': '1990', 'journal-title': 'Anal Chim Acta'} / Anal Chim Acta (1990)
10.1093/clinchem/37.11.1955 / Clin Chem (1991)
10.1038/256495a0 / Nature (1975)
10.1038/340256a0 / Nature (1989)
10.1093/clinchem/43.10.1824 / Clin Chem (1997)
10.1093/clinchem/43.10.1831 / Clin Chem (1997)
10.1093/clinchem/44.8.1773a / Clin Chem (1998)
10.1093/clinchem/44.8.1776 / Clin Chem (1998)
{'key': '2020022904123733200_R14'}
{'key': '2020022904123733200_R15', 'first-page': '7', 'year': '1968', 'journal-title': 'Radioisotopes in medicine: in vitro studies'} / Radioisotopes in medicine: in vitro studies (1968)
{'key': '2020022904123733200_R16', 'first-page': '84', 'volume': 'Vol. 2A', 'year': '1973', 'journal-title': 'Methods in investigative and diagnostic endocrinology'} / Methods in investigative and diagnostic endocrinology (1973)
{'key': '2020022904123733200_R17', 'first-page': '59', 'year': '1968', 'journal-title': 'Radioisotopes in medicine: in vitro studies'} / Radioisotopes in medicine: in vitro studies (1968)
{'key': '2020022904123733200_R18'}
{'key': '2020022904123733200_R19', 'first-page': '61', 'year': '1968', 'journal-title': 'Protein and polypeptide hormones Part 1'} / Protein and polypeptide hormones Part 1 (1968)
10.1016/0003-2697(73)90328-X / Anal Biochem (1973)
{'key': '2020022904123733200_R21', 'first-page': '9', 'volume': '2', 'year': '1953', 'journal-title': 'Mem Soc Endocrinol'} / Mem Soc Endocrinol (1953)
{'key': '2020022904123733200_R22', 'first-page': '313', 'year': '1954', 'journal-title': 'Radioisotope conference 1954'} / Radioisotope conference 1954 (1954)
{'key': '2020022904123733200_R23', 'first-page': '25', 'volume': '2', 'year': '1961', 'journal-title': 'Lancet'} / Lancet (1961)
{'key': '2020022904123733200_R24', 'first-page': '211', 'year': '1963', 'journal-title': 'Radioaktive isotope in klinik und forschung'} / Radioaktive isotope in klinik und forschung (1963)
{'key': '2020022904123733200_R25', 'first-page': '33', 'volume': '51', 'year': '1991', 'journal-title': 'Scand J Clin Lab Investig'} / Scand J Clin Lab Investig (1991)
{'key': '2020022904123733200_R26', 'first-page': '405', 'year': '1971', 'journal-title': 'Radioimmunoassay methods'} / Radioimmunoassay methods (1971)
10.1016/0014-5793(71)80319-8 / FEBS Lett (1971)
10.1093/clinchem/22.8.1372 / Clin Chem (1976)
{'key': '2020022904123733200_R29'}
{'key': '2020022904123733200_R30', 'first-page': '105', 'volume': '18', 'year': '1987', 'journal-title': 'Anal Chem'} / Anal Chem (1987)
10.1128/JCM.16.5.920-925.1982 / J Clin Microbiol (1982)
{'key': '2020022904123733200_R32', 'first-page': '133', 'year': '1983', 'journal-title': 'New developments in diagnostic virology'} / New developments in diagnostic virology (1983)
10.1038/301258a0 / Nature (1983)
10.1093/clinchem/29.1.65 / Clin Chem (1983)
10.1016/0003-2697(84)90095-2 / Anal Biochem (1984)
{'key': '2020022904123733200_R36', 'first-page': '267', 'volume': '16', 'year': '1993', 'journal-title': 'J Clin Immunoass'} / J Clin Immunoass (1993)
{'key': '2020022904123733200_R37'}
10.1093/clinchem/40.11.2035 / Clin Chem (1994)
10.1016/S0003-2670(00)82647-1 / Anal Chim Acta (1989)
{'key': '2020022904123733200_R40', 'first-page': '247', 'year': '1995', 'journal-title': 'Principles of nuclear medicine'} / Principles of nuclear medicine (1995)
10.1126/science.1990438 / Science (1991)
10.1038/nm0796-753 / Nat Med (1996)
10.1016/0006-291X(72)90570-0 / Biochem Biophys Res Commun (1972)
10.1210/edrv-11-1-5 / Endocr Rev (1990)

Dates

Type	When
Created	5 years, 7 months ago (Jan. 23, 2020, 1:58 a.m.)
Deposited	5 years, 6 months ago (Feb. 29, 2020, 4:13 a.m.)
Indexed	1 week, 2 days ago (Aug. 23, 2025, 1:20 a.m.)
Issued	27 years ago (Sept. 1, 1998)
Published	27 years ago (Sept. 1, 1998)
Published Online	27 years ago (Sept. 1, 1998)
Published Print	27 years ago (Sept. 1, 1998)

Funders 0

None

BibTeX

@article{Ekins_1998, title={Ligand assays: from electrophoresis to miniaturized microarrays}, volume={44}, ISSN={1530-8561}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/44.9.2015}, DOI={10.1093/clinchem/44.9.2015}, number={9}, journal={Clinical Chemistry}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Ekins, Roger P}, year={1998}, month=sep, pages={2015–2030} }

JSON

{
  "indexed": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2025,
        8,
        23
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2025-08-23T05:20:20Z",
    "timestamp": 1755926420633
  },
  "reference-count": 44,
  "publisher": "Oxford University Press (OUP)",
  "issue": "9",
  "license": [
    {
      "start": {
        "date-parts": [
          [
            1998,
            9,
            1
          ]
        ],
        "date-time": "1998-09-01T00:00:00Z",
        "timestamp": 904608000000
      },
      "content-version": "vor",
      "delay-in-days": 0,
      "URL": "https://academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model"
    }
  ],
  "content-domain": {
    "domain": [],
    "crossmark-restriction": false
  },
  "published-print": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        1998,
        9,
        1
      ]
    ]
  },
  "abstract": "<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The main developments in the \u201cligand assay\u201d field in which I have been involved are traced. These include the original development of \u201cfirst generation\u201d competitive assays relying on radiolabeled analyte markers; the development of the first \u201csecond generation\u201d, noncompetitive (ultrasensitive) methods, which rely on the use of labeled (monoclonal) antibodies and high specific activity nonisotopic labels (leading to the transformation of the immunodiagnostic field in the 1980s); and the development of the first \u201cthird generation\u201d miniaturized, chip-based, microarray methods, which permit the simultaneous ultrasensitive measurement of many analytes in the same small sample. The latter\u2014applicable both to immunoassay and to DNA/RNA analysis\u2014are likely to revolutionize the diagnostic and pharmaceutical fields in the next decade.</jats:p>",
  "DOI": "10.1093/clinchem/44.9.2015",
  "type": "journal-article",
  "created": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2020,
        1,
        23
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2020-01-23T06:58:01Z",
    "timestamp": 1579762681000
  },
  "page": "2015-2030",
  "source": "Crossref",
  "is-referenced-by-count": 247,
  "title": "Ligand assays: from electrophoresis to miniaturized microarrays",
  "prefix": "10.1093",
  "volume": "44",
  "author": [
    {
      "given": "Roger P",
      "family": "Ekins",
      "sequence": "first",
      "affiliation": []
    }
  ],
  "member": "286",
  "published-online": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        1998,
        9,
        1
      ]
    ]
  },
  "reference": [
    {
      "key": "2020022904123733200_R1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1157",
      "DOI": "10.1172/JCI104130",
      "volume": "39",
      "year": "1960",
      "journal-title": "J Clin Investig"
    },
    {
      "key": "2020022904123733200_R2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "453",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0009-8981(60)90051-6",
      "volume": "5",
      "year": "1960",
      "journal-title": "Clin Chim Acta"
    },
    {
      "key": "2020022904123733200_R3",
      "first-page": "1105",
      "volume": "2",
      "year": "1967",
      "journal-title": "Lancet"
    },
    {
      "key": "2020022904123733200_R4",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "186",
      "DOI": "10.1038/219186a0",
      "volume": "219",
      "year": "1968",
      "journal-title": "Nature"
    },
    {
      "key": "2020022904123733200_R5",
      "first-page": "101",
      "year": "1981",
      "journal-title": "Monoclonal antibodies and developments in immunoassay"
    },
    {
      "key": "2020022904123733200_R6",
      "first-page": "73",
      "volume": "227",
      "year": "1990",
      "journal-title": "Anal Chim Acta"
    },
    {
      "key": "2020022904123733200_R7",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1955",
      "DOI": "10.1093/clinchem/37.11.1955",
      "volume": "37",
      "year": "1991",
      "journal-title": "Clin Chem"
    },
    {
      "key": "2020022904123733200_R8",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "495",
      "DOI": "10.1038/256495a0",
      "volume": "256",
      "year": "1975",
      "journal-title": "Nature"
    },
    {
      "key": "2020022904123733200_R9",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "256",
      "DOI": "10.1038/340256a0",
      "volume": "340",
      "year": "1989",
      "journal-title": "Nature"
    },
    {
      "key": "2020022904123733200_R10",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1824",
      "DOI": "10.1093/clinchem/43.10.1824",
      "volume": "43",
      "year": "1997",
      "journal-title": "Clin Chem"
    },
    {
      "key": "2020022904123733200_R11",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1831",
      "DOI": "10.1093/clinchem/43.10.1831",
      "volume": "43",
      "year": "1997",
      "journal-title": "Clin Chem"
    },
    {
      "key": "2020022904123733200_R12",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1773",
      "DOI": "10.1093/clinchem/44.8.1773a",
      "volume": "44",
      "year": "1998",
      "journal-title": "Clin Chem"
    },
    {
      "key": "2020022904123733200_R13",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1776",
      "DOI": "10.1093/clinchem/44.8.1776",
      "volume": "44",
      "year": "1998",
      "journal-title": "Clin Chem"
    },
    {
      "key": "2020022904123733200_R14"
    },
    {
      "key": "2020022904123733200_R15",
      "first-page": "7",
      "year": "1968",
      "journal-title": "Radioisotopes in medicine: in vitro studies"
    },
    {
      "key": "2020022904123733200_R16",
      "first-page": "84",
      "volume": "Vol. 2A",
      "year": "1973",
      "journal-title": "Methods in investigative and diagnostic endocrinology"
    },
    {
      "key": "2020022904123733200_R17",
      "first-page": "59",
      "year": "1968",
      "journal-title": "Radioisotopes in medicine: in vitro studies"
    },
    {
      "key": "2020022904123733200_R18"
    },
    {
      "key": "2020022904123733200_R19",
      "first-page": "61",
      "year": "1968",
      "journal-title": "Protein and polypeptide hormones Part 1"
    },
    {
      "key": "2020022904123733200_R20",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "10",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0003-2697(73)90328-X",
      "volume": "52",
      "year": "1973",
      "journal-title": "Anal Biochem"
    },
    {
      "key": "2020022904123733200_R21",
      "first-page": "9",
      "volume": "2",
      "year": "1953",
      "journal-title": "Mem Soc Endocrinol"
    },
    {
      "key": "2020022904123733200_R22",
      "first-page": "313",
      "year": "1954",
      "journal-title": "Radioisotope conference 1954"
    },
    {
      "key": "2020022904123733200_R23",
      "first-page": "25",
      "volume": "2",
      "year": "1961",
      "journal-title": "Lancet"
    },
    {
      "key": "2020022904123733200_R24",
      "first-page": "211",
      "year": "1963",
      "journal-title": "Radioaktive isotope in klinik und forschung"
    },
    {
      "key": "2020022904123733200_R25",
      "first-page": "33",
      "volume": "51",
      "year": "1991",
      "journal-title": "Scand J Clin Lab Investig"
    },
    {
      "key": "2020022904123733200_R26",
      "first-page": "405",
      "year": "1971",
      "journal-title": "Radioimmunoassay methods"
    },
    {
      "key": "2020022904123733200_R27",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "232",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0014-5793(71)80319-8",
      "volume": "15",
      "year": "1971",
      "journal-title": "FEBS Lett"
    },
    {
      "key": "2020022904123733200_R28",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1372",
      "DOI": "10.1093/clinchem/22.8.1372",
      "volume": "22",
      "year": "1976",
      "journal-title": "Clin Chem"
    },
    {
      "key": "2020022904123733200_R29"
    },
    {
      "key": "2020022904123733200_R30",
      "first-page": "105",
      "volume": "18",
      "year": "1987",
      "journal-title": "Anal Chem"
    },
    {
      "key": "2020022904123733200_R31",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "920",
      "DOI": "10.1128/JCM.16.5.920-925.1982",
      "volume": "16",
      "year": "1982",
      "journal-title": "J Clin Microbiol"
    },
    {
      "key": "2020022904123733200_R32",
      "first-page": "133",
      "year": "1983",
      "journal-title": "New developments in diagnostic virology"
    },
    {
      "key": "2020022904123733200_R33",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "258",
      "DOI": "10.1038/301258a0",
      "volume": "301",
      "year": "1983",
      "journal-title": "Nature"
    },
    {
      "key": "2020022904123733200_R34",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "65",
      "DOI": "10.1093/clinchem/29.1.65",
      "volume": "29",
      "year": "1983",
      "journal-title": "Clin Chem"
    },
    {
      "key": "2020022904123733200_R35",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "335",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0003-2697(84)90095-2",
      "volume": "137",
      "year": "1984",
      "journal-title": "Anal Biochem"
    },
    {
      "key": "2020022904123733200_R36",
      "first-page": "267",
      "volume": "16",
      "year": "1993",
      "journal-title": "J Clin Immunoass"
    },
    {
      "key": "2020022904123733200_R37"
    },
    {
      "key": "2020022904123733200_R38",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "2035",
      "DOI": "10.1093/clinchem/40.11.2035",
      "volume": "40",
      "year": "1994",
      "journal-title": "Clin Chem"
    },
    {
      "key": "2020022904123733200_R39",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "73",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0003-2670(00)82647-1",
      "volume": "227",
      "year": "1989",
      "journal-title": "Anal Chim Acta"
    },
    {
      "key": "2020022904123733200_R40",
      "first-page": "247",
      "year": "1995",
      "journal-title": "Principles of nuclear medicine"
    },
    {
      "key": "2020022904123733200_R41",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "767",
      "DOI": "10.1126/science.1990438",
      "volume": "251",
      "year": "1991",
      "journal-title": "Science"
    },
    {
      "key": "2020022904123733200_R42",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "753",
      "DOI": "10.1038/nm0796-753",
      "volume": "2",
      "year": "1996",
      "journal-title": "Nat Med"
    },
    {
      "key": "2020022904123733200_R43",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "846",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0006-291X(72)90570-0",
      "volume": "47",
      "year": "1972",
      "journal-title": "Biochem Biophys Res Commun"
    },
    {
      "key": "2020022904123733200_R44",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "5",
      "DOI": "10.1210/edrv-11-1-5",
      "volume": "11",
      "year": "1990",
      "journal-title": "Endocr Rev"
    }
  ],
  "container-title": "Clinical Chemistry",
  "original-title": [],
  "language": "en",
  "link": [
    {
      "URL": "http://academic.oup.com/clinchem/article-pdf/44/9/2015/32721688/clinchem2015.pdf",
      "content-type": "application/pdf",
      "content-version": "vor",
      "intended-application": "syndication"
    },
    {
      "URL": "http://academic.oup.com/clinchem/article-pdf/44/9/2015/32721688/clinchem2015.pdf",
      "content-type": "unspecified",
      "content-version": "vor",
      "intended-application": "similarity-checking"
    }
  ],
  "deposited": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2020,
        2,
        29
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2020-02-29T09:13:12Z",
    "timestamp": 1582967592000
  },
  "score": 1,
  "resource": {
    "primary": {
      "URL": "https://academic.oup.com/clinchem/article/44/9/2015/5642961"
    }
  },
  "subtitle": [],
  "short-title": [],
  "issued": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        1998,
        9,
        1
      ]
    ]
  },
  "references-count": 44,
  "journal-issue": {
    "issue": "9",
    "published-online": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          1998,
          9,
          1
        ]
      ]
    },
    "published-print": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          1998,
          9,
          1
        ]
      ]
    }
  },
  "URL": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/44.9.2015",
  "relation": {},
  "ISSN": [
    "0009-9147",
    "1530-8561"
  ],
  "subject": [],
  "published-other": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        1998,
        9,
        1
      ]
    ]
  },
  "published": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        1998,
        9,
        1
      ]
    ]
  }
}