DOI: 10.1083/jcb.139.4.985. Astral Microtubule Dynamics in Yeast: A Microtubule-based Searching Mechanism for Spindle Orientation and Nuclear Migration into the Bud

Astral Microtubule Dynamics in Yeast: A Microtubule-based Searching Mechanism for Spindle Orientation and Nuclear Migration into the Bud

10.1083/jcb.139.4.985

Crossref journal-article

Rockefeller University Press

The Journal of Cell Biology (291)

Abstract

Localization of dynein–green fluorescent protein (GFP) to cytoplasmic microtubules allowed us to obtain one of the first views of the dynamic properties of astral microtubules in live budding yeast. Several novel aspects of microtubule function were revealed by time-lapse, three-dimensional fluorescence microscopy. Astral microtubules, about four to six in number for each pole, exhibited asynchronous dynamic instability throughout the cell cycle, growing at ≅0.3–1.5 μm/min toward the cell surface then switching to shortening at similar velocities back to the spindle pole body (SPB). During interphase, a conical array of microtubules trailed the SPB as the nucleus traversed the cytoplasm. Microtubule disassembly by nocodozole inhibited these movements, indicating that the nucleus was pushed around the interior of the cell via dynamic astral microtubules. These forays were evident in unbudded G1 cells, as well as in late telophase cells after spindle disassembly. Nuclear movement and orientation to the bud neck in S/G2 or G2/M was dependent on dynamic astral microtubules growing into the bud. The SPB and nucleus were then pulled toward the bud neck, and further microtubule growth from that SPB was mainly oriented toward the bud. After SPB separation and central spindle formation, a temporal delay in the acquisition of cytoplasmic dynein at one of the spindle poles was evident. Stable microtubule interactions with the cell cortex were rarely observed during anaphase, and did not appear to contribute significantly to spindle alignment or elongation into the bud. Alterations of microtubule dynamics, as observed in cells overexpressing dynein-GFP, resulted in eventual spindle misalignment. These studies provide the first mechanistic basis for understanding how spindle orientation and nuclear positioning are established and are indicative of a microtubule-based searching mechanism that requires dynamic microtubules for nuclear migration into the bud.

Bibliography

Shaw, S. L., Yeh, E., Maddox, P., Salmon, E. D., & Bloom, K. (1997). Astral Microtubule Dynamics in Yeast: A Microtubule-based Searching Mechanism for Spindle Orientation and Nuclear Migration into the Bud. The Journal of Cell Biology, 139(4), 985â994.

Authors 5

Sidney L. Shaw (first)
Elaine Yeh (additional)
Paul Maddox (additional)
E.D. Salmon (additional)
Kerry Bloom (additional)

References 38 Referenced 257

10.1242/dev.115.3.873 / Development (Camb) / Nuclear rotation and lineage specification in Pelvetiaembryos by Allen (1992)
10.1091/mbc.8.4.729 / Mol Biol Cell / Aip3p/Bud6p, a yeast actin-interacting protein that is involved in morphogenesis and the selection of bipolar budding sites by Amberg (1997)
10.1083/jcb.122.1.113 / J Cell Biol / Dynamic changes in microtubule configuration correlate with nuclear migration in the preblastoderm Drosophilaembryo by Baker (1993)
10.1002/j.1460-2075.1987.tb04743.x / EMBO (Eur Mol Biol Organ) J / A novel leader peptide which allows efficient secretion of a fragment of human interleukin 1 beta in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. by Baldari (1987)
{'key': '2023072207101906100_B5'}
10.1128/jb.124.1.511-523.1975 / J Bacteriol / The behavior of spindles and spindle plaques in the cell cycle and conjugation of Saccharomyces cerivisiae. by Byers (1975)
10.1083/jcb.138.3.629 / J Cell Biol / Microtubules orient the mitotic spindle in yeast through dynein-dependent interactions with the cell cortex by Carminati (1997)
10.1073/pnas.90.23.11172 / Proc Natl Acad Sci USA / Cytoplasmic dynein is required for normal nuclear segregation in yeast by Eshel (1993)
10.1016/0092-8674(95)90187-6 / Cell / Asymmetrically distributed PAR-3 protein contributes to cell polarity and spindle alignment in early C. elegansembryos by Etemad-Moghadam (1995)
10.1126/science.276.5309.118 / Science / Bni1p, a yeast formin linking Cdc42p and the actin cytoskeleton during polarized morphogenesis by Evangelista (1997)
10.1038/373663b0 / Nature / Improved green fluorescence by Heim (1995)
10.1073/pnas.91.12.5682 / Proc Natl Acad Sci USA / Dynamic instability of microtubules as an efficient way to search in space by Holy (1994)
10.1083/jcb.106.6.1997 / J Cell Biol / Diverse effects of β-tubulin mutations on microtubule formation and function by Huffaker (1988)
10.1083/jcb.109.3.1185 / J Cell Biol / Centrosome movement in the early divisions of Caenorhabditis elegans: a cortical site determining centrosome position by Hyman (1989)
10.1083/jcb.105.5.2123 / J Cell Biol / Determination of cell division axes in the early embryogenesis of Caenorhabditis elegans. by Hyman (1987)
10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81285-4 / Cell / Morphogenetic properties of microtubules and mitotic spindle assembly by Hyman (1996)
10.1083/jcb.107.4.1409 / J Cell Biol / Functions of microtubules in the Saccharomyces cerevisiaecell cycle by Jacobs (1988)
10.1002/cm.970250202 / Cell Motil Cytoskeleton / DiOC6 staining reveals organelle structure and dynamics in living cells by Koning (1993)
10.1073/pnas.92.21.9707 / Proc Natl Acad Sci USA / Kinetics of spindle pole body separation in budding yeast by Kahana (1995)
10.1016/S0959-437X(95)90048-9 / Curr Opin Genet Dev / Cell cycle control of morphogenesis in budding yeast by Lew (1995)
10.1073/pnas.90.21.10096 / Proc Natl Acad Sci USA / Disruption of mitotic spindle orientation in a yeast dynein mutant by Li (1993)
10.1002/yea.320090705 / Yeast / Vectors for the inducible overexpression of glutathione S-transferase fusion proteins in yeast by Mitchell (1993)
10.1016/0092-8674(86)90283-7 / Cell / Sites of microtubule assembly and disassembly in the mitotic spindle by Mitchison (1986)
10.1083/jcb.119.3.583 / J Cell Biol / Role of astral microtubules and actin in spindle orientation and migration in the budding yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. by Palmer (1992)
10.1016/S0091-679X(08)61620-9 / Methods Cell Biol / Fluorescence microscopy methods in yeast by Pringle (1989)
10.1101/SQB.1995.060.01.079 / Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol / Establishment of cell polarity in yeast by Pringle (1995)
10.1086/BBLv187n2p231 / Biol Bull / High resolution multimode digital imaging system for mitosis studies in vivo and in vitro by Salmon (1994)
10.1016/0092-8674(92)90169-D / Cell / Kinesin-related proteins required for structural integrity of the mitotic spindle by Saunders (1992)
10.1083/jcb.128.4.617 / J Cell Biol / Saccharomyces cerevisiaekinesin- and dynein-related proteins required for anaphase chromosome segregation by Saunders (1995)
{'key': '2023072207101906100_B30'}
10.1083/jcb.127.1.1 / J Cell Biol / New insights into the interaction of cytoplasmic dynein with the actin-related protein, Arp1 by Schroer (1994)
10.1016/S0960-9822(06)00299-5 / Curr Biol / Imaging green fluorescent protein fusion proteins in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. by Shaw (1997)
10.1083/jcb.114.3.515 / J Cell Biol / Studies concerning the temporal and genetic control of cell polarity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. by Snyder (1991)
10.1083/jcb.119.2.379 / J Cell Biol / Astral microtubules are not required for anaphase B in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. by Sullivan (1992)
10.1016/0092-8674(86)90485-X / Cell / A gene required for the separation of chromosomes on the spindle apparatus in yeast by Thomas (1986)
10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80974-5 / Cell / Cleavage plane specification in C. elegans: how to divide the spoils by White (1996)
10.1083/jcb.122.4.743 / J Cell Biol / NDC1: A nuclear periphery component required for yeast spindle pole body duplication by Winey (1993)
10.1083/jcb.130.3.687 / J Cell Biol / Spindle dynamics and cell cycle regulation of dynein in the budding yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. by Yeh (1995)

Dates

Type	When
Created	23 years, 1 month ago (July 26, 2002, 12:47 p.m.)
Deposited	2 years, 1 month ago (July 22, 2023, 3:11 a.m.)
Indexed	3 weeks, 4 days ago (Aug. 5, 2025, 9 a.m.)
Issued	27 years, 9 months ago (Nov. 17, 1997)
Published	27 years, 9 months ago (Nov. 17, 1997)
Published Online	27 years, 9 months ago (Nov. 17, 1997)
Published Print	27 years, 9 months ago (Nov. 17, 1997)

Funders 0

None

BibTeX

@article{Shaw_1997, title={Astral Microtubule Dynamics in Yeast: A Microtubule-based Searching Mechanism for Spindle Orientation and Nuclear Migration into the Bud}, volume={139}, ISSN={1540-8140}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.139.4.985}, DOI={10.1083/jcb.139.4.985}, number={4}, journal={The Journal of Cell Biology}, publisher={Rockefeller University Press}, author={Shaw, Sidney L. and Yeh, Elaine and Maddox, Paul and Salmon, E.D. and Bloom, Kerry}, year={1997}, month=nov, pages={985–994} }

JSON

{
  "indexed": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2025,
        8,
        5
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2025-08-05T13:00:22Z",
    "timestamp": 1754398822612
  },
  "reference-count": 38,
  "publisher": "Rockefeller University Press",
  "issue": "4",
  "content-domain": {
    "domain": [
      "rupress.org"
    ],
    "crossmark-restriction": true
  },
  "published-print": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        1997,
        11,
        17
      ]
    ]
  },
  "abstract": "<jats:p>Localization of dynein\u2013green fluorescent protein (GFP) to cytoplasmic microtubules allowed us to obtain one of the first views of the dynamic properties of astral microtubules in live budding yeast. Several novel aspects of microtubule function were revealed by time-lapse, three-dimensional fluorescence microscopy. Astral microtubules, about four to six in number for each pole, exhibited asynchronous dynamic instability throughout the cell cycle, growing at \u22450.3\u20131.5 \u03bcm/min toward the cell surface then switching to shortening at similar velocities back to the spindle pole body (SPB). During interphase, a conical array of microtubules trailed the SPB as the nucleus traversed the cytoplasm. Microtubule disassembly by nocodozole inhibited these movements, indicating that the nucleus was pushed around the interior of the cell via dynamic astral microtubules. These forays were evident in unbudded G1 cells, as well as in late telophase cells after spindle disassembly. Nuclear movement and orientation to the bud neck in S/G2 or G2/M was dependent on dynamic astral microtubules growing into the bud. The SPB and nucleus were then pulled toward the bud neck, and further microtubule growth from that SPB was mainly oriented toward the bud. After SPB separation and central spindle formation, a temporal delay in the acquisition of cytoplasmic dynein at one of the spindle poles was evident. Stable microtubule interactions with the cell cortex were rarely observed during anaphase, and did not appear to contribute significantly to spindle alignment or elongation into the bud. Alterations of microtubule dynamics, as observed in cells overexpressing dynein-GFP, resulted in eventual spindle misalignment. These studies provide the first mechanistic basis for understanding how spindle orientation and nuclear positioning are established and are indicative of a microtubule-based searching mechanism that requires dynamic microtubules for nuclear migration into the bud.</jats:p>",
  "DOI": "10.1083/jcb.139.4.985",
  "type": "journal-article",
  "created": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2002,
        7,
        26
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2002-07-26T16:47:50Z",
    "timestamp": 1027702070000
  },
  "page": "985-994",
  "update-policy": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.crossmarkpolicy",
  "source": "Crossref",
  "is-referenced-by-count": 257,
  "title": "Astral Microtubule Dynamics in Yeast: A Microtubule-based Searching Mechanism for Spindle Orientation and Nuclear Migration into the Bud",
  "prefix": "10.1083",
  "volume": "139",
  "author": [
    {
      "given": "Sidney L.",
      "family": "Shaw",
      "sequence": "first",
      "affiliation": [
        {
          "name": "Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3280"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "given": "Elaine",
      "family": "Yeh",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": [
        {
          "name": "Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3280"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "given": "Paul",
      "family": "Maddox",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": [
        {
          "name": "Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3280"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "given": "E.D.",
      "family": "Salmon",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": [
        {
          "name": "Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3280"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "given": "Kerry",
      "family": "Bloom",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": [
        {
          "name": "Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3280"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "member": "291",
  "published-online": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        1997,
        11,
        17
      ]
    ]
  },
  "reference": [
    {
      "key": "2023072207101906100_B1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "873",
      "DOI": "10.1242/dev.115.3.873",
      "article-title": "Nuclear rotation and lineage specification in Pelvetiaembryos",
      "volume": "115",
      "author": "Allen",
      "year": "1992",
      "journal-title": "Development (Camb)"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023072207101906100_B2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "729",
      "DOI": "10.1091/mbc.8.4.729",
      "article-title": "Aip3p/Bud6p, a yeast actin-interacting protein that is involved in morphogenesis and the selection of bipolar budding sites",
      "volume": "8",
      "author": "Amberg",
      "year": "1997",
      "journal-title": "Mol Biol Cell"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023072207101906100_B3",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "113",
      "DOI": "10.1083/jcb.122.1.113",
      "article-title": "Dynamic changes in microtubule configuration correlate with nuclear migration in the preblastoderm Drosophilaembryo",
      "volume": "122",
      "author": "Baker",
      "year": "1993",
      "journal-title": "J Cell Biol"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023072207101906100_B4",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "229",
      "DOI": "10.1002/j.1460-2075.1987.tb04743.x",
      "article-title": "A novel leader peptide which allows efficient secretion of a fragment of human interleukin 1 beta in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.",
      "volume": "6",
      "author": "Baldari",
      "year": "1987",
      "journal-title": "EMBO (Eur Mol Biol Organ) J"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023072207101906100_B5"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023072207101906100_B6",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "511",
      "DOI": "10.1128/jb.124.1.511-523.1975",
      "article-title": "The behavior of spindles and spindle plaques in the cell cycle and conjugation of Saccharomyces cerivisiae.",
      "volume": "124",
      "author": "Byers",
      "year": "1975",
      "journal-title": "J Bacteriol"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023072207101906100_B7",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "629",
      "DOI": "10.1083/jcb.138.3.629",
      "article-title": "Microtubules orient the mitotic spindle in yeast through dynein-dependent interactions with the cell cortex",
      "volume": "138",
      "author": "Carminati",
      "year": "1997",
      "journal-title": "J Cell Biol"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023072207101906100_B8",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "11172",
      "DOI": "10.1073/pnas.90.23.11172",
      "article-title": "Cytoplasmic dynein is required for normal nuclear segregation in yeast",
      "volume": "90",
      "author": "Eshel",
      "year": "1993",
      "journal-title": "Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023072207101906100_B9",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "743",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0092-8674(95)90187-6",
      "article-title": "Asymmetrically distributed PAR-3 protein contributes to cell polarity and spindle alignment in early C. elegansembryos",
      "volume": "83",
      "author": "Etemad-Moghadam",
      "year": "1995",
      "journal-title": "Cell"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023072207101906100_B10",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "118",
      "DOI": "10.1126/science.276.5309.118",
      "article-title": "Bni1p, a yeast formin linking Cdc42p and the actin cytoskeleton during polarized morphogenesis",
      "volume": "276",
      "author": "Evangelista",
      "year": "1997",
      "journal-title": "Science"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023072207101906100_B11",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "663",
      "DOI": "10.1038/373663b0",
      "article-title": "Improved green fluorescence",
      "volume": "373",
      "author": "Heim",
      "year": "1995",
      "journal-title": "Nature"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023072207101906100_B12",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "5682",
      "DOI": "10.1073/pnas.91.12.5682",
      "article-title": "Dynamic instability of microtubules as an efficient way to search in space",
      "volume": "91",
      "author": "Holy",
      "year": "1994",
      "journal-title": "Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023072207101906100_B13",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1997",
      "DOI": "10.1083/jcb.106.6.1997",
      "article-title": "Diverse effects of \u03b2-tubulin mutations on microtubule formation and function",
      "volume": "106",
      "author": "Huffaker",
      "year": "1988",
      "journal-title": "J Cell Biol"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023072207101906100_B14",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1185",
      "DOI": "10.1083/jcb.109.3.1185",
      "article-title": "Centrosome movement in the early divisions of Caenorhabditis elegans: a cortical site determining centrosome position",
      "volume": "109",
      "author": "Hyman",
      "year": "1989",
      "journal-title": "J Cell Biol"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023072207101906100_B15",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "2123",
      "DOI": "10.1083/jcb.105.5.2123",
      "article-title": "Determination of cell division axes in the early embryogenesis of Caenorhabditis elegans.",
      "volume": "105",
      "author": "Hyman",
      "year": "1987",
      "journal-title": "J Cell Biol"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023072207101906100_B16",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "401",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81285-4",
      "article-title": "Morphogenetic properties of microtubules and mitotic spindle assembly",
      "volume": "84",
      "author": "Hyman",
      "year": "1996",
      "journal-title": "Cell"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023072207101906100_B17",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1409",
      "DOI": "10.1083/jcb.107.4.1409",
      "article-title": "Functions of microtubules in the Saccharomyces cerevisiaecell cycle",
      "volume": "107",
      "author": "Jacobs",
      "year": "1988",
      "journal-title": "J Cell Biol"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023072207101906100_B18",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "111",
      "DOI": "10.1002/cm.970250202",
      "article-title": "DiOC6 staining reveals organelle structure and dynamics in living cells",
      "volume": "25",
      "author": "Koning",
      "year": "1993",
      "journal-title": "Cell Motil Cytoskeleton"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023072207101906100_B19",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "9707",
      "DOI": "10.1073/pnas.92.21.9707",
      "article-title": "Kinetics of spindle pole body separation in budding yeast",
      "volume": "92",
      "author": "Kahana",
      "year": "1995",
      "journal-title": "Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023072207101906100_B20",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "17",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0959-437X(95)90048-9",
      "article-title": "Cell cycle control of morphogenesis in budding yeast",
      "volume": "5",
      "author": "Lew",
      "year": "1995",
      "journal-title": "Curr Opin Genet Dev"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023072207101906100_B21",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "10096",
      "DOI": "10.1073/pnas.90.21.10096",
      "article-title": "Disruption of mitotic spindle orientation in a yeast dynein mutant",
      "volume": "90",
      "author": "Li",
      "year": "1993",
      "journal-title": "Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023072207101906100_B22",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "715",
      "DOI": "10.1002/yea.320090705",
      "article-title": "Vectors for the inducible overexpression of glutathione S-transferase fusion proteins in yeast",
      "volume": "9",
      "author": "Mitchell",
      "year": "1993",
      "journal-title": "Yeast"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023072207101906100_B23",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "515",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0092-8674(86)90283-7",
      "article-title": "Sites of microtubule assembly and disassembly in the mitotic spindle",
      "volume": "45",
      "author": "Mitchison",
      "year": "1986",
      "journal-title": "Cell"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023072207101906100_B24",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "583",
      "DOI": "10.1083/jcb.119.3.583",
      "article-title": "Role of astral microtubules and actin in spindle orientation and migration in the budding yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae.",
      "volume": "119",
      "author": "Palmer",
      "year": "1992",
      "journal-title": "J Cell Biol"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023072207101906100_B25",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "357",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0091-679X(08)61620-9",
      "article-title": "Fluorescence microscopy methods in yeast",
      "volume": "31",
      "author": "Pringle",
      "year": "1989",
      "journal-title": "Methods Cell Biol"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023072207101906100_B26",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "729",
      "DOI": "10.1101/SQB.1995.060.01.079",
      "article-title": "Establishment of cell polarity in yeast",
      "volume": "60",
      "author": "Pringle",
      "year": "1995",
      "journal-title": "Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023072207101906100_B27",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "231",
      "DOI": "10.1086/BBLv187n2p231",
      "article-title": "High resolution multimode digital imaging system for mitosis studies in vivo and in vitro",
      "volume": "187",
      "author": "Salmon",
      "year": "1994",
      "journal-title": "Biol Bull"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023072207101906100_B28",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "451",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0092-8674(92)90169-D",
      "article-title": "Kinesin-related proteins required for structural integrity of the mitotic spindle",
      "volume": "70",
      "author": "Saunders",
      "year": "1992",
      "journal-title": "Cell"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023072207101906100_B29",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "617",
      "DOI": "10.1083/jcb.128.4.617",
      "article-title": "Saccharomyces cerevisiaekinesin- and dynein-related proteins required for anaphase chromosome segregation",
      "volume": "128",
      "author": "Saunders",
      "year": "1995",
      "journal-title": "J Cell Biol"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023072207101906100_B30"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023072207101906100_B31",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1",
      "DOI": "10.1083/jcb.127.1.1",
      "article-title": "New insights into the interaction of cytoplasmic dynein with the actin-related protein, Arp1",
      "volume": "127",
      "author": "Schroer",
      "year": "1994",
      "journal-title": "J Cell Biol"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023072207101906100_B32",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "701",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0960-9822(06)00299-5",
      "article-title": "Imaging green fluorescent protein fusion proteins in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.",
      "volume": "7",
      "author": "Shaw",
      "year": "1997",
      "journal-title": "Curr Biol"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023072207101906100_B33",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "515",
      "DOI": "10.1083/jcb.114.3.515",
      "article-title": "Studies concerning the temporal and genetic control of cell polarity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.",
      "volume": "114",
      "author": "Snyder",
      "year": "1991",
      "journal-title": "J Cell Biol"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023072207101906100_B34",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "379",
      "DOI": "10.1083/jcb.119.2.379",
      "article-title": "Astral microtubules are not required for anaphase B in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.",
      "volume": "119",
      "author": "Sullivan",
      "year": "1992",
      "journal-title": "J Cell Biol"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023072207101906100_B35",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "65",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0092-8674(86)90485-X",
      "article-title": "A gene required for the separation of chromosomes on the spindle apparatus in yeast",
      "volume": "44",
      "author": "Thomas",
      "year": "1986",
      "journal-title": "Cell"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023072207101906100_B36",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "195",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80974-5",
      "article-title": "Cleavage plane specification in C. elegans: how to divide the spoils",
      "volume": "84",
      "author": "White",
      "year": "1996",
      "journal-title": "Cell"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023072207101906100_B37",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "743",
      "DOI": "10.1083/jcb.122.4.743",
      "article-title": "NDC1: A nuclear periphery component required for yeast spindle pole body duplication",
      "volume": "122",
      "author": "Winey",
      "year": "1993",
      "journal-title": "J Cell Biol"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023072207101906100_B38",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "687",
      "DOI": "10.1083/jcb.130.3.687",
      "article-title": "Spindle dynamics and cell cycle regulation of dynein in the budding yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae.",
      "volume": "130",
      "author": "Yeh",
      "year": "1995",
      "journal-title": "J Cell Biol"
    }
  ],
  "container-title": "The Journal of Cell Biology",
  "original-title": [],
  "language": "en",
  "link": [
    {
      "URL": "https://rupress.org/jcb/article-pdf/139/4/985/1486966/32847.pdf",
      "content-type": "application/pdf",
      "content-version": "vor",
      "intended-application": "syndication"
    },
    {
      "URL": "https://rupress.org/jcb/article-pdf/139/4/985/1486966/32847.pdf",
      "content-type": "unspecified",
      "content-version": "vor",
      "intended-application": "similarity-checking"
    }
  ],
  "deposited": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2023,
        7,
        22
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2023-07-22T07:11:02Z",
    "timestamp": 1690009862000
  },
  "score": 1,
  "resource": {
    "primary": {
      "URL": "https://rupress.org/jcb/article/139/4/985/15598/Astral-Microtubule-Dynamics-in-Yeast-A-Microtubule"
    }
  },
  "subtitle": [],
  "short-title": [],
  "issued": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        1997,
        11,
        17
      ]
    ]
  },
  "references-count": 38,
  "journal-issue": {
    "issue": "4",
    "published-print": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          1997,
          11,
          17
        ]
      ]
    }
  },
  "URL": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.139.4.985",
  "relation": {},
  "ISSN": [
    "0021-9525",
    "1540-8140"
  ],
  "subject": [],
  "published": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        1997,
        11,
        17
      ]
    ]
  }
}