DOI: 10.1083/jcb.137.7.1459. Chromatin Dynamics in Interphase Nuclei and Its Implications for Nuclear Structure

Chromatin Dynamics in Interphase Nuclei and Its Implications for Nuclear Structure

10.1083/jcb.137.7.1459

Crossref journal-article

Rockefeller University Press

The Journal of Cell Biology (291)

Abstract

Translational dynamics of chromatin in interphase nuclei of living Swiss 3T3 and HeLa cells was studied using fluorescence microscopy and fluorescence recovery after photobleaching. Chromatin was fluorescently labeled using dihydroethidium, a membrane-permeant derivative of ethidium bromide. After labeling, a laser was used to bleach small (∼0.4 μm radius) spots in the heterochromatin and euchromatin of cells of both types. These spots were observed to persist for &gt;1 h, implying that interphase chromatin is immobile over distance scales ⩾0.4 μm. Over very short times (&lt;1 s), a partial fluorescence recovery within the spots was observed. This partial recovery is attributed to independent dye motion, based on comparison with results obtained using ethidium homodimer-1, which binds essentially irreversibly to nucleic acids. The immobility observed here is consistent with chromosome confinement to domains in interphase nuclei. This immobility may reflect motion-impeding steric interactions that arise in the highly concentrated nuclear milieu or outright attachment of the chromatin to underlying nuclear substructures, such as nucleoli, the nuclear lamina, or the nuclear matrix.

Bibliography

Abney, J. R., Cutler, B., Fillbach, M. L., Axelrod, D., & Scalettar, B. A. (1997). Chromatin Dynamics in Interphase Nuclei and Its Implications for Nuclear Structure. The Journal of Cell Biology, 137(7), 1459â1468.

Authors 5

James R. Abney (first)
Bryan Cutler (additional)
Misty L. Fillbach (additional)
Daniel Axelrod (additional)
Bethe A. Scalettar (additional)

References 70 Referenced 154

10.1016/S0006-3495(89)82882-6 / Biophys J / Self diffusion of interacting membrane proteins by Abney (1989)
10.1083/jcb.113.4.805 / J Cell Biol / Chromosome motion during attachment to the vertebrate spindle: initial saltatory-like behavior of chromosomes and quantitative analysis of force production by nascent kinetochore fibers by Alexander (1991)
10.1016/S0006-3495(76)85755-4 / Biophys J / Mobility measurement by analysis of fluorescence photobleaching recovery kinetics by Axelrod (1976)
{'key': '2023072823514599900_B4'}
10.1242/jcs.99.2.255 / J Cell Sci / Nuclear distribution of centromeres during the cell cycle of human diploid fibroblasts by Bartholdi (1991)
{'key': '2023072823514599900_B6', 'first-page': '1', 'article-title': 'The nuclear matrix: a structural milieu for genomic function', 'volume': '162A', 'author': 'Berezney', 'year': '1995', 'journal-title': 'Int Rev Cytol'} / Int Rev Cytol / The nuclear matrix: a structural milieu for genomic function by Berezney (1995)
10.1111/j.1365-2818.1993.tb03312.x / J Microsc (Oxf) / Fluorescence photobleaching recovery in the confocal scanning light microscope by Blonk (1993)
10.1126/science.3201257 / Science (Wash DC) / Movement of the X chromosome in epilepsy by Borden (1988)
10.1007/BF00281263 / Hum Genet / Rabl's model of the interphase chromosome arrangement tested in Chinese hamster cells by premature chromosome condensation and laser–UV-microbeam experiments by Cremer (1982)
10.1007/BF01790091 / Hum Genet / Detection of chromosome aberrations in metaphase and interphase tumor cells by in situhybridization using chromosome-specific library probes by Cremer (1988)
{'key': '2023072823514599900_B11', 'first-page': '191', 'article-title': 'The nuclear matrix and the regulation of chromatin organization and function', 'volume': '162A', 'author': 'Davie', 'year': '1995', 'journal-title': 'Int Rev Cytol'} / Int Rev Cytol / The nuclear matrix and the regulation of chromatin organization and function by Davie (1995)
10.1126/science.3775367 / Science (Wash DC) / Curvilinear, three-dimensional motion of chromatin domains and nucleoli in neuronal interphase cells by De Boni (1986)
{'key': '2023072823514599900_B13', 'first-page': '135', 'article-title': 'Three-dimensional distribution of DNase I-sensitive chromatin regions in interphase nuclei of embryonal carcinoma cells', 'volume': '52', 'author': 'de Graaf', 'year': '1990', 'journal-title': 'Eur J Cell Biol'} / Eur J Cell Biol / Three-dimensional distribution of DNase I-sensitive chromatin regions in interphase nuclei of embryonal carcinoma cells by de Graaf (1990)
10.1159/000132736 / Cyogenet Cell Genet / Molecular cytological differentiation of active from inactive X domains in interphase: implications for X chromosome inactivation by Dyer (1989)
10.1083/jcb.135.6.1427 / J Cell Biol / Three-dimensional reconstruction of painted human interphase chromosomes: active and inactive X chromosome territories have similar volumes but differ in shape and surface structure by Eils (1996)
10.1007/BF00660315 / Chromosoma / Cell cycle dependent chromosomal movement in pre-mitotic human T-lymphocyte nuclei by Ferguson (1992)
10.1083/jcb.102.5.1654 / J Cell Biol / The nonchromatin substructures of the nucleus: the ribonucleoprotein (RNP)-containing and RNP- depleted matrices analyzed by sequential fractionation and resinless section microscopy by Fey (1986)
10.1083/jcb.121.5.961 / J Cell Biol / Cell cycle–dependent specific positioning and clustering of centromeres and telomeres in fission yeast by Funabiki (1993)
10.1021/bi00617a002 / Biochemistry / DNA bifunctional intercalators. 2. Fluorescence properties and DNA binding interaction of an ethidium homodimer and an acridine ethidium heterodimer by Gaugain (1978)
10.1146/annurev.cb.04.110188.002003 / Annu Rev Cell Biol / Functional organization of the nuclear envelope by Gerace (1988)
{'key': '2023072823514599900_B21'}
10.1083/jcb.110.3.569 / J Cell Biol / Core filaments of the nuclear matrix by He (1990)
10.1016/0014-4827(83)90397-X / Exp Cell Res / Immunocytochemical localization of chromatin regions UV-microirradiated in S phase or anaphase. Evidence for a territorial organization of chromosomes during cell cycle of cultured Chinese hamster cells by Hens (1983)
10.1038/342293a0 / Nature (Lond) / Focal points for chromosome condensation and decondensation revealed by three-dimensional in vivotime-lapse microscopy by Hiraoka (1989)
10.1083/jcb.104.6.1471 / J Cell Biol / Three-dimensional organization of Drosophila melanogasterinterphase nuclei. II. Chromosome spatial organization and gene regulation by Hochstrasser (1987)
10.1016/S0006-3495(90)82351-1 / Biophys J / Tracer diffusion in F-actin and ficoll mixtures: toward a model for cytoplasm by Hou (1990)
10.1016/0092-8674(85)90177-1 / Cell / Localization of DNase I-sensitive sequences to specific regions of interphase nuclei by Hutchison (1985)
10.1002/bip.360220808 / Biopolymers / Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy and photobleaching recovery of multiple binding reactions. I. Theory and FCS measurements by Icenogle (1983)
10.1002/bip.360220809 / Biopolymers / Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy and photobleaching recovery of multiple binding reactions. II. FPR and FCS measurements at low and high DNA concentrations by Icenogle (1983)
10.1002/bies.950130102 / BioEssays / Structure–function relationships in eukaryotic nuclei by Jackson (1991)
10.1146/annurev.ph.49.030187.001115 / Annu Rev Physiol / Lateral diffusion of proteins in membranes by Jacobson (1987)
10.1006/excr.1995.1082 / Exp Cell Res / Organization of centromeric domains in hepatocyte nuclei: rearrangement associated with de novo activation of the vitellogenin gene family in Xenopus laevis. by Janevski (1995)
10.1083/jcb.120.1.175 / J Cell Biol / Determinants of the translational mobility of a small solute in cell cytoplasm by Kao (1993)
10.1083/jcb.102.4.1183 / J Cell Biol / Molecular mobility and nucleocytoplasmic flux in hepatoma cells by Lang (1986)
10.1126/science.272.5262.725 / Science (Wash DC) / Homologous association of oppositely imprinted chromosomal domains by LaSalle (1996)
10.1021/bi00660a021 / Biochemistry / Ethidium bromide as a probe of conformational heterogeneity of DNA in chromatin. The role of histone H1 by Lawrence (1976)
10.1016/0092-8674(89)90924-0 / Cell / Highly localized tracks of specific transcripts within interphase nuclei visualized by in situhybridization by Lawrence (1989)
10.1242/jcs.95.3.335 / J Cell Sci / Genomic in situhybridization to sectioned nuclei shows chromosome domains in grass hybrids by Leitch (1990)
10.1007/BF01790090 / Hum Genet / Delineation of individual human chromosomes in metaphase and interphase cells by in situhybridization using recombinant DNA libraries by Lichter (1988)
10.1021/bi00408a058 / Biochemistry / Circular dichroism microscopy of compact forms of DNA and chromatin in vivo and in vitro: cholesteric liquid-crystalline phases of DNA and single dinoflagellate nuclei by Livolant (1988)
10.1073/pnas.84.14.4910 / Proc Natl Acad Sci USA / Hindered diffusion of inert tracer particles in the cytoplasm of mouse 3T3 cells by Luby-Phelps (1987)
10.1146/annurev.bb.17.060188.002101 / Annu Rev Biophys Biophys Chem / The submicroscopic properties of cytoplasm as a determinant of cellular function by Luby-Phelps (1988)
10.1073/pnas.81.10.3123 / Proc Natl Acad Sci USA / Different central nervous system cell types display distinct and nonrandom arrangements of satellite DNA sequences by Manuelidis (1984)
10.1111/j.1749-6632.1985.tb21494.x / Ann NY Acad Sci / Indications of centromere movement during interphase and differentiation by Manuelidis (1985)
10.1126/science.2274784 / Science (Wash DC) / A view of interphase chromosomes by Manuelidis (1990)
10.1007/BF00303033 / Chromosoma (Berl) / Reproducible compartmentalization of individual chromosome domains in human CNS cells revealed by in situhybridization and three-dimensional reconstruction by Manuelidis (1988)
10.1093/nar/13.10.3773 / Nucleic Acids Res / Effect of B–Z transition and nucleic acid structure on the conformational dynamics of bound ethidium dimer measured by hydrogen deuterium exchange kinetics by Markovits (1985)
10.1038/308414a0 / Nature (Lond) / Characteristic folding pattern of polytene chromosomes in Drosophilasalivary gland nuclei by Mathog (1984)
10.1083/jcb.90.1.254 / J Cell Biol / Distribution of kinetochore (centromere) antigen in mammalian cell nuclei by Moroi (1981)
10.1146/annurev.bb.15.060186.002325 / Annu Rev Biophys Biophys Chem / The role of the nuclear matrix in the organization and function of DNA by Nelson (1986)
{'key': '2023072823514599900_B51', 'first-page': '67', 'article-title': 'The architectural organization of nuclear metabolism', 'volume': '162A', 'author': 'Nickerson', 'year': '1995', 'journal-title': 'Int Rev Cytol'} / Int Rev Cytol / The architectural organization of nuclear metabolism by Nickerson (1995)
10.1073/pnas.85.23.9138 / Proc Natl Acad Sci USA / Fluorescence in situhybridization with human chromosome– specific libraries: detection of trisomy 21 and translocations of chromosome 4 by Pinkel (1988)
10.1126/science.270.5242.1591 / Science (Wash DC) / The centromere: hub of chromosomal activities by Pluta (1995)
10.1016/0014-4827(90)90249-A / Exp Cell Res / Distribution of chromosome 18 and X centric heterochromatin in the interphase nucleus of cultured human cells by Popp (1990)
10.1093/nar/23.7.1215 / Nucleic Acids Res / Interaction of dimeric intercalating dyes with single-stranded DNA by Rye (1995)
10.1021/ac60214a047 / Anal Chem / Smoothing and differentiation of data by simplified least squares procedures by Savitzky (1964)
10.1016/S0006-3495(93)81471-1 / Biophys J / Lateral diffusion in an archipelago. Dependence on tracer size by Saxton (1993)
10.1073/pnas.85.18.6726 / Proc Natl Acad Sci USA / Theoretical comparison of the self diffusion and mutual diffusion of interacting membrane proteins by Scalettar (1988)
10.1016/S0006-3495(88)83083-2 / Biophys J / A fluorescence photobleaching study of the microsecond reorientational motions of DNA by Scalettar (1988)
10.1021/ma00202a030 / Macromolecules / FRAP and FCS studies of self-diffusion and mutual diffusion in entangled DNA solutions by Scalettar (1989)
10.1021/bi00472a007 / Biochemistry / A polarized photobleaching study of DNA reorientation in agarose gels by Scalettar (1990)
10.1046/j.1365-2818.1996.122402.x / J Microsc (Oxf) / Dispersion, aberration and deconvolution in multi-wavelength fluorescence images by Scalettar (1996)
10.1007/BF00388452 / Hum Genet / Specific staining of human chromosomes in Chinese hamster x man hybrid cell lines demonstrates interphase chromosome territories by Schardin (1985)
10.1016/0022-2836(90)90345-M / J Mol Biol / A polarized photobleaching study of chromatin reorientation in intact nuclei by Selvin (1990)
10.1083/jcb.135.3.545 / J Cell Biol / Dynamic elastic behavior of α-satellite DNA domains visualized in situin living human cells by Shelby (1996)
10.1083/jcb.131.1.33 / J Cell Biol / A chromatin binding site in the tail domain of nuclear lamins that interacts with core histones by Taniura (1995)
10.1002/bip.1980.360190804 / Biopolymers / Dynamic light scattering studies of internal motions in DNA. II. Clean viral DNAs by Thomas (1980)
{'key': '2023072823514599900_B68', 'first-page': '151', 'article-title': 'Nuclear domains and the nuclear matrix', 'volume': '162A', 'author': 'van Driel', 'year': '1995', 'journal-title': 'Int Rev Cytol'} / Int Rev Cytol / Nuclear domains and the nuclear matrix by van Driel (1995)
10.1016/S0006-3495(88)83137-0 / Biophys J / Polarized fluorescence photobleaching recovery for measuring rotational diffusion in solutions and membranes by Velez (1988)
10.1016/S0006-3495(95)79944-1 / Biophys J / Subnanosecond polarized fluorescence photobleaching: rotational diffusion of acetylcholine receptors on developing muscle cells by Yuan (1995)

Dates

Type	When
Created	23 years, 1 month ago (July 26, 2002, 12:47 p.m.)
Deposited	2 years, 1 month ago (July 28, 2023, 7:52 p.m.)
Indexed	1 month, 2 weeks ago (July 12, 2025, 6:48 p.m.)
Issued	28 years, 1 month ago (June 30, 1997)
Published	28 years, 1 month ago (June 30, 1997)
Published Online	28 years, 1 month ago (June 30, 1997)
Published Print	28 years, 1 month ago (June 30, 1997)

Funders 0

None

BibTeX

@article{Abney_1997, title={Chromatin Dynamics in Interphase Nuclei and Its Implications for Nuclear Structure}, volume={137}, ISSN={1540-8140}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.137.7.1459}, DOI={10.1083/jcb.137.7.1459}, number={7}, journal={The Journal of Cell Biology}, publisher={Rockefeller University Press}, author={Abney, James R. and Cutler, Bryan and Fillbach, Misty L. and Axelrod, Daniel and Scalettar, Bethe A.}, year={1997}, month=jun, pages={1459–1468} }

JSON

{
  "indexed": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2025,
        7,
        12
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2025-07-12T22:48:44Z",
    "timestamp": 1752360524571
  },
  "reference-count": 70,
  "publisher": "Rockefeller University Press",
  "issue": "7",
  "content-domain": {
    "domain": [
      "rupress.org"
    ],
    "crossmark-restriction": true
  },
  "published-print": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        1997,
        6,
        30
      ]
    ]
  },
  "abstract": "<jats:p>Translational dynamics of chromatin in interphase nuclei of living Swiss 3T3 and HeLa cells was studied using fluorescence microscopy and fluorescence recovery after photobleaching. Chromatin was fluorescently labeled using dihydroethidium, a membrane-permeant derivative of ethidium bromide. After labeling, a laser was used to bleach small (\u223c0.4 \u03bcm radius) spots in the heterochromatin and euchromatin of cells of both types. These spots were observed to persist for &amp;gt;1 h, implying that interphase chromatin is immobile over distance scales \u2a7e0.4 \u03bcm. Over very short times (&amp;lt;1 s), a partial fluorescence recovery within the spots was observed. This partial recovery is attributed to independent dye motion, based on comparison with results obtained using ethidium homodimer-1, which binds essentially irreversibly to nucleic acids. The immobility observed here is consistent with chromosome confinement to domains in interphase nuclei. This immobility may reflect motion-impeding steric interactions that arise in the highly concentrated nuclear milieu or outright attachment of the chromatin to underlying nuclear substructures, such as nucleoli, the nuclear lamina, or the nuclear matrix.</jats:p>",
  "DOI": "10.1083/jcb.137.7.1459",
  "type": "journal-article",
  "created": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2002,
        7,
        26
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2002-07-26T16:47:50Z",
    "timestamp": 1027702070000
  },
  "page": "1459-1468",
  "update-policy": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.crossmarkpolicy",
  "source": "Crossref",
  "is-referenced-by-count": 154,
  "title": "Chromatin Dynamics in Interphase Nuclei and Its Implications for Nuclear Structure",
  "prefix": "10.1083",
  "volume": "137",
  "author": [
    {
      "given": "James R.",
      "family": "Abney",
      "sequence": "first",
      "affiliation": [
        {
          "name": "*Department of Physics, \u2021Northwestern School of Law, and \u00a7Department of Mathematics, Lewis & Clark College, Portland, Oregon 97219; and \u2016Biophysics Research Division and Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109"
        },
        {
          "name": "*Department of Physics, \u2021Northwestern School of Law, and \u00a7Department of Mathematics, Lewis & Clark College, Portland, Oregon 97219; and \u2016Biophysics Research Division and Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "given": "Bryan",
      "family": "Cutler",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": [
        {
          "name": "*Department of Physics, \u2021Northwestern School of Law, and \u00a7Department of Mathematics, Lewis & Clark College, Portland, Oregon 97219; and \u2016Biophysics Research Division and Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "given": "Misty L.",
      "family": "Fillbach",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": [
        {
          "name": "*Department of Physics, \u2021Northwestern School of Law, and \u00a7Department of Mathematics, Lewis & Clark College, Portland, Oregon 97219; and \u2016Biophysics Research Division and Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "given": "Daniel",
      "family": "Axelrod",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": [
        {
          "name": "*Department of Physics, \u2021Northwestern School of Law, and \u00a7Department of Mathematics, Lewis & Clark College, Portland, Oregon 97219; and \u2016Biophysics Research Division and Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "given": "Bethe A.",
      "family": "Scalettar",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": [
        {
          "name": "*Department of Physics, \u2021Northwestern School of Law, and \u00a7Department of Mathematics, Lewis & Clark College, Portland, Oregon 97219; and \u2016Biophysics Research Division and Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "member": "291",
  "published-online": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        1997,
        6,
        30
      ]
    ]
  },
  "reference": [
    {
      "key": "2023072823514599900_B1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "817",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0006-3495(89)82882-6",
      "article-title": "Self diffusion of interacting membrane proteins",
      "volume": "55",
      "author": "Abney",
      "year": "1989",
      "journal-title": "Biophys J"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023072823514599900_B2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "805",
      "DOI": "10.1083/jcb.113.4.805",
      "article-title": "Chromosome motion during attachment to the vertebrate spindle: initial saltatory-like behavior of chromosomes and quantitative analysis of force production by nascent kinetochore fibers",
      "volume": "113",
      "author": "Alexander",
      "year": "1991",
      "journal-title": "J Cell Biol"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023072823514599900_B3",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1055",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0006-3495(76)85755-4",
      "article-title": "Mobility measurement by analysis of fluorescence photobleaching recovery kinetics",
      "volume": "16",
      "author": "Axelrod",
      "year": "1976",
      "journal-title": "Biophys J"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023072823514599900_B4"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023072823514599900_B5",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "255",
      "DOI": "10.1242/jcs.99.2.255",
      "article-title": "Nuclear distribution of centromeres during the cell cycle of human diploid fibroblasts",
      "volume": "99",
      "author": "Bartholdi",
      "year": "1991",
      "journal-title": "J Cell Sci"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023072823514599900_B6",
      "first-page": "1",
      "article-title": "The nuclear matrix: a structural milieu for genomic function",
      "volume": "162A",
      "author": "Berezney",
      "year": "1995",
      "journal-title": "Int Rev Cytol"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023072823514599900_B7",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "363",
      "DOI": "10.1111/j.1365-2818.1993.tb03312.x",
      "article-title": "Fluorescence photobleaching recovery in the confocal scanning light microscope",
      "volume": "169",
      "author": "Blonk",
      "year": "1993",
      "journal-title": "J Microsc (Oxf)"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023072823514599900_B8",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1687",
      "DOI": "10.1126/science.3201257",
      "article-title": "Movement of the X chromosome in epilepsy",
      "volume": "242",
      "author": "Borden",
      "year": "1988",
      "journal-title": "Science (Wash DC)"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023072823514599900_B9",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "46",
      "DOI": "10.1007/BF00281263",
      "article-title": "Rabl's model of the interphase chromosome arrangement tested in Chinese hamster cells by premature chromosome condensation and laser\u2013UV-microbeam experiments",
      "volume": "60",
      "author": "Cremer",
      "year": "1982",
      "journal-title": "Hum Genet"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023072823514599900_B10",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "235",
      "DOI": "10.1007/BF01790091",
      "article-title": "Detection of chromosome aberrations in metaphase and interphase tumor cells by in situhybridization using chromosome-specific library probes",
      "volume": "80",
      "author": "Cremer",
      "year": "1988",
      "journal-title": "Hum Genet"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023072823514599900_B11",
      "first-page": "191",
      "article-title": "The nuclear matrix and the regulation of chromatin organization and function",
      "volume": "162A",
      "author": "Davie",
      "year": "1995",
      "journal-title": "Int Rev Cytol"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023072823514599900_B12",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "863",
      "DOI": "10.1126/science.3775367",
      "article-title": "Curvilinear, three-dimensional motion of chromatin domains and nucleoli in neuronal interphase cells",
      "volume": "234",
      "author": "De Boni",
      "year": "1986",
      "journal-title": "Science (Wash DC)"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023072823514599900_B13",
      "first-page": "135",
      "article-title": "Three-dimensional distribution of DNase I-sensitive chromatin regions in interphase nuclei of embryonal carcinoma cells",
      "volume": "52",
      "author": "de Graaf",
      "year": "1990",
      "journal-title": "Eur J Cell Biol"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023072823514599900_B14",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "116",
      "DOI": "10.1159/000132736",
      "article-title": "Molecular cytological differentiation of active from inactive X domains in interphase: implications for X chromosome inactivation",
      "volume": "50",
      "author": "Dyer",
      "year": "1989",
      "journal-title": "Cyogenet Cell Genet"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023072823514599900_B15",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1427",
      "DOI": "10.1083/jcb.135.6.1427",
      "article-title": "Three-dimensional reconstruction of painted human interphase chromosomes: active and inactive X chromosome territories have similar volumes but differ in shape and surface structure",
      "volume": "135",
      "author": "Eils",
      "year": "1996",
      "journal-title": "J Cell Biol"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023072823514599900_B16",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "557",
      "DOI": "10.1007/BF00660315",
      "article-title": "Cell cycle dependent chromosomal movement in pre-mitotic human T-lymphocyte nuclei",
      "volume": "101",
      "author": "Ferguson",
      "year": "1992",
      "journal-title": "Chromosoma"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023072823514599900_B17",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1654",
      "DOI": "10.1083/jcb.102.5.1654",
      "article-title": "The nonchromatin substructures of the nucleus: the ribonucleoprotein (RNP)-containing and RNP- depleted matrices analyzed by sequential fractionation and resinless section microscopy",
      "volume": "102",
      "author": "Fey",
      "year": "1986",
      "journal-title": "J Cell Biol"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023072823514599900_B18",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "961",
      "DOI": "10.1083/jcb.121.5.961",
      "article-title": "Cell cycle\u2013dependent specific positioning and clustering of centromeres and telomeres in fission yeast",
      "volume": "121",
      "author": "Funabiki",
      "year": "1993",
      "journal-title": "J Cell Biol"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023072823514599900_B19",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "5078",
      "DOI": "10.1021/bi00617a002",
      "article-title": "DNA bifunctional intercalators. 2. Fluorescence properties and DNA binding interaction of an ethidium homodimer and an acridine ethidium heterodimer",
      "volume": "17",
      "author": "Gaugain",
      "year": "1978",
      "journal-title": "Biochemistry"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023072823514599900_B20",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "335",
      "DOI": "10.1146/annurev.cb.04.110188.002003",
      "article-title": "Functional organization of the nuclear envelope",
      "volume": "4",
      "author": "Gerace",
      "year": "1988",
      "journal-title": "Annu Rev Cell Biol"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023072823514599900_B21"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023072823514599900_B22",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "569",
      "DOI": "10.1083/jcb.110.3.569",
      "article-title": "Core filaments of the nuclear matrix",
      "volume": "110",
      "author": "He",
      "year": "1990",
      "journal-title": "J Cell Biol"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023072823514599900_B23",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "257",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0014-4827(83)90397-X",
      "article-title": "Immunocytochemical localization of chromatin regions UV-microirradiated in S phase or anaphase. Evidence for a territorial organization of chromosomes during cell cycle of cultured Chinese hamster cells",
      "volume": "149",
      "author": "Hens",
      "year": "1983",
      "journal-title": "Exp Cell Res"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023072823514599900_B24",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "293",
      "DOI": "10.1038/342293a0",
      "article-title": "Focal points for chromosome condensation and decondensation revealed by three-dimensional in vivotime-lapse microscopy",
      "volume": "342",
      "author": "Hiraoka",
      "year": "1989",
      "journal-title": "Nature (Lond)"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023072823514599900_B25",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1471",
      "DOI": "10.1083/jcb.104.6.1471",
      "article-title": "Three-dimensional organization of Drosophila melanogasterinterphase nuclei. II. Chromosome spatial organization and gene regulation",
      "volume": "106",
      "author": "Hochstrasser",
      "year": "1987",
      "journal-title": "J Cell Biol"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023072823514599900_B26",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "31",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0006-3495(90)82351-1",
      "article-title": "Tracer diffusion in F-actin and ficoll mixtures: toward a model for cytoplasm",
      "volume": "58",
      "author": "Hou",
      "year": "1990",
      "journal-title": "Biophys J"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023072823514599900_B27",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "471",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0092-8674(85)90177-1",
      "article-title": "Localization of DNase I-sensitive sequences to specific regions of interphase nuclei",
      "volume": "43",
      "author": "Hutchison",
      "year": "1985",
      "journal-title": "Cell"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023072823514599900_B28",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1919",
      "DOI": "10.1002/bip.360220808",
      "article-title": "Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy and photobleaching recovery of multiple binding reactions. I. Theory and FCS measurements",
      "volume": "22",
      "author": "Icenogle",
      "year": "1983",
      "journal-title": "Biopolymers"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023072823514599900_B29",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1949",
      "DOI": "10.1002/bip.360220809",
      "article-title": "Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy and photobleaching recovery of multiple binding reactions. II. FPR and FCS measurements at low and high DNA concentrations",
      "volume": "22",
      "author": "Icenogle",
      "year": "1983",
      "journal-title": "Biopolymers"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023072823514599900_B30",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1",
      "DOI": "10.1002/bies.950130102",
      "article-title": "Structure\u2013function relationships in eukaryotic nuclei",
      "volume": "13",
      "author": "Jackson",
      "year": "1991",
      "journal-title": "BioEssays"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023072823514599900_B31",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "163",
      "DOI": "10.1146/annurev.ph.49.030187.001115",
      "article-title": "Lateral diffusion of proteins in membranes",
      "volume": "49",
      "author": "Jacobson",
      "year": "1987",
      "journal-title": "Annu Rev Physiol"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023072823514599900_B32",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "227",
      "DOI": "10.1006/excr.1995.1082",
      "article-title": "Organization of centromeric domains in hepatocyte nuclei: rearrangement associated with de novo activation of the vitellogenin gene family in Xenopus laevis.",
      "volume": "217",
      "author": "Janevski",
      "year": "1995",
      "journal-title": "Exp Cell Res"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023072823514599900_B33",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "175",
      "DOI": "10.1083/jcb.120.1.175",
      "article-title": "Determinants of the translational mobility of a small solute in cell cytoplasm",
      "volume": "120",
      "author": "Kao",
      "year": "1993",
      "journal-title": "J Cell Biol"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023072823514599900_B34",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1183",
      "DOI": "10.1083/jcb.102.4.1183",
      "article-title": "Molecular mobility and nucleocytoplasmic flux in hepatoma cells",
      "volume": "102",
      "author": "Lang",
      "year": "1986",
      "journal-title": "J Cell Biol"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023072823514599900_B35",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "725",
      "DOI": "10.1126/science.272.5262.725",
      "article-title": "Homologous association of oppositely imprinted chromosomal domains",
      "volume": "272",
      "author": "LaSalle",
      "year": "1996",
      "journal-title": "Science (Wash DC)"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023072823514599900_B36",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "3301",
      "DOI": "10.1021/bi00660a021",
      "article-title": "Ethidium bromide as a probe of conformational heterogeneity of DNA in chromatin. The role of histone H1",
      "volume": "15",
      "author": "Lawrence",
      "year": "1976",
      "journal-title": "Biochemistry"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023072823514599900_B37",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "493",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0092-8674(89)90924-0",
      "article-title": "Highly localized tracks of specific transcripts within interphase nuclei visualized by in situhybridization",
      "volume": "57",
      "author": "Lawrence",
      "year": "1989",
      "journal-title": "Cell"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023072823514599900_B38",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "335",
      "DOI": "10.1242/jcs.95.3.335",
      "article-title": "Genomic in situhybridization to sectioned nuclei shows chromosome domains in grass hybrids",
      "volume": "95",
      "author": "Leitch",
      "year": "1990",
      "journal-title": "J Cell Sci"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023072823514599900_B39",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "224",
      "DOI": "10.1007/BF01790090",
      "article-title": "Delineation of individual human chromosomes in metaphase and interphase cells by in situhybridization using recombinant DNA libraries",
      "volume": "80",
      "author": "Lichter",
      "year": "1988",
      "journal-title": "Hum Genet"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023072823514599900_B40",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "3056",
      "DOI": "10.1021/bi00408a058",
      "article-title": "Circular dichroism microscopy of compact forms of DNA and chromatin in vivo and in vitro: cholesteric liquid-crystalline phases of DNA and single dinoflagellate nuclei",
      "volume": "27",
      "author": "Livolant",
      "year": "1988",
      "journal-title": "Biochemistry"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023072823514599900_B41",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "4910",
      "DOI": "10.1073/pnas.84.14.4910",
      "article-title": "Hindered diffusion of inert tracer particles in the cytoplasm of mouse 3T3 cells",
      "volume": "84",
      "author": "Luby-Phelps",
      "year": "1987",
      "journal-title": "Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023072823514599900_B42",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "369",
      "DOI": "10.1146/annurev.bb.17.060188.002101",
      "article-title": "The submicroscopic properties of cytoplasm as a determinant of cellular function",
      "volume": "17",
      "author": "Luby-Phelps",
      "year": "1988",
      "journal-title": "Annu Rev Biophys Biophys Chem"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023072823514599900_B43",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "3123",
      "DOI": "10.1073/pnas.81.10.3123",
      "article-title": "Different central nervous system cell types display distinct and nonrandom arrangements of satellite DNA sequences",
      "volume": "81",
      "author": "Manuelidis",
      "year": "1984",
      "journal-title": "Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023072823514599900_B44",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "205",
      "DOI": "10.1111/j.1749-6632.1985.tb21494.x",
      "article-title": "Indications of centromere movement during interphase and differentiation",
      "volume": "450",
      "author": "Manuelidis",
      "year": "1985",
      "journal-title": "Ann NY Acad Sci"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023072823514599900_B45",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1533",
      "DOI": "10.1126/science.2274784",
      "article-title": "A view of interphase chromosomes",
      "volume": "250",
      "author": "Manuelidis",
      "year": "1990",
      "journal-title": "Science (Wash DC)"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023072823514599900_B46",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "397",
      "DOI": "10.1007/BF00303033",
      "article-title": "Reproducible compartmentalization of individual chromosome domains in human CNS cells revealed by in situhybridization and three-dimensional reconstruction",
      "volume": "96",
      "author": "Manuelidis",
      "year": "1988",
      "journal-title": "Chromosoma (Berl)"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023072823514599900_B47",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "3773",
      "DOI": "10.1093/nar/13.10.3773",
      "article-title": "Effect of B\u2013Z transition and nucleic acid structure on the conformational dynamics of bound ethidium dimer measured by hydrogen deuterium exchange kinetics",
      "volume": "13",
      "author": "Markovits",
      "year": "1985",
      "journal-title": "Nucleic Acids Res"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023072823514599900_B48",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "414",
      "DOI": "10.1038/308414a0",
      "article-title": "Characteristic folding pattern of polytene chromosomes in Drosophilasalivary gland nuclei",
      "volume": "308",
      "author": "Mathog",
      "year": "1984",
      "journal-title": "Nature (Lond)"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023072823514599900_B49",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "254",
      "DOI": "10.1083/jcb.90.1.254",
      "article-title": "Distribution of kinetochore (centromere) antigen in mammalian cell nuclei",
      "volume": "90",
      "author": "Moroi",
      "year": "1981",
      "journal-title": "J Cell Biol"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023072823514599900_B50",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "457",
      "DOI": "10.1146/annurev.bb.15.060186.002325",
      "article-title": "The role of the nuclear matrix in the organization and function of DNA",
      "volume": "15",
      "author": "Nelson",
      "year": "1986",
      "journal-title": "Annu Rev Biophys Biophys Chem"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023072823514599900_B51",
      "first-page": "67",
      "article-title": "The architectural organization of nuclear metabolism",
      "volume": "162A",
      "author": "Nickerson",
      "year": "1995",
      "journal-title": "Int Rev Cytol"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023072823514599900_B52",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "9138",
      "DOI": "10.1073/pnas.85.23.9138",
      "article-title": "Fluorescence in situhybridization with human chromosome\u2013 specific libraries: detection of trisomy 21 and translocations of chromosome 4",
      "volume": "85",
      "author": "Pinkel",
      "year": "1988",
      "journal-title": "Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023072823514599900_B53",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1591",
      "DOI": "10.1126/science.270.5242.1591",
      "article-title": "The centromere: hub of chromosomal activities",
      "volume": "270",
      "author": "Pluta",
      "year": "1995",
      "journal-title": "Science (Wash DC)"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023072823514599900_B54",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0014-4827(90)90249-A",
      "article-title": "Distribution of chromosome 18 and X centric heterochromatin in the interphase nucleus of cultured human cells",
      "volume": "189",
      "author": "Popp",
      "year": "1990",
      "journal-title": "Exp Cell Res"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023072823514599900_B55",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1215",
      "DOI": "10.1093/nar/23.7.1215",
      "article-title": "Interaction of dimeric intercalating dyes with single-stranded DNA",
      "volume": "23",
      "author": "Rye",
      "year": "1995",
      "journal-title": "Nucleic Acids Res"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023072823514599900_B56",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1627",
      "DOI": "10.1021/ac60214a047",
      "article-title": "Smoothing and differentiation of data by simplified least squares procedures",
      "volume": "36",
      "author": "Savitzky",
      "year": "1964",
      "journal-title": "Anal Chem"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023072823514599900_B57",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1053",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0006-3495(93)81471-1",
      "article-title": "Lateral diffusion in an archipelago. Dependence on tracer size",
      "volume": "64",
      "author": "Saxton",
      "year": "1993",
      "journal-title": "Biophys J"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023072823514599900_B58",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "6726",
      "DOI": "10.1073/pnas.85.18.6726",
      "article-title": "Theoretical comparison of the self diffusion and mutual diffusion of interacting membrane proteins",
      "volume": "85",
      "author": "Scalettar",
      "year": "1988",
      "journal-title": "Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023072823514599900_B59",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "215",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0006-3495(88)83083-2",
      "article-title": "A fluorescence photobleaching study of the microsecond reorientational motions of DNA",
      "volume": "53",
      "author": "Scalettar",
      "year": "1988",
      "journal-title": "Biophys J"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023072823514599900_B60",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "4550",
      "DOI": "10.1021/ma00202a030",
      "article-title": "FRAP and FCS studies of self-diffusion and mutual diffusion in entangled DNA solutions",
      "volume": "22",
      "author": "Scalettar",
      "year": "1989",
      "journal-title": "Macromolecules"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023072823514599900_B61",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "4790",
      "DOI": "10.1021/bi00472a007",
      "article-title": "A polarized photobleaching study of DNA reorientation in agarose gels",
      "volume": "29",
      "author": "Scalettar",
      "year": "1990",
      "journal-title": "Biochemistry"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023072823514599900_B62",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "50",
      "DOI": "10.1046/j.1365-2818.1996.122402.x",
      "article-title": "Dispersion, aberration and deconvolution in multi-wavelength fluorescence images",
      "volume": "182",
      "author": "Scalettar",
      "year": "1996",
      "journal-title": "J Microsc (Oxf)"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023072823514599900_B63",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "281",
      "DOI": "10.1007/BF00388452",
      "article-title": "Specific staining of human chromosomes in Chinese hamster x man hybrid cell lines demonstrates interphase chromosome territories",
      "volume": "71",
      "author": "Schardin",
      "year": "1985",
      "journal-title": "Hum Genet"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023072823514599900_B64",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "911",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0022-2836(90)90345-M",
      "article-title": "A polarized photobleaching study of chromatin reorientation in intact nuclei",
      "volume": "214",
      "author": "Selvin",
      "year": "1990",
      "journal-title": "J Mol Biol"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023072823514599900_B65",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "545",
      "DOI": "10.1083/jcb.135.3.545",
      "article-title": "Dynamic elastic behavior of \u03b1-satellite DNA domains visualized in situin living human cells",
      "volume": "135",
      "author": "Shelby",
      "year": "1996",
      "journal-title": "J Cell Biol"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023072823514599900_B66",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "33",
      "DOI": "10.1083/jcb.131.1.33",
      "article-title": "A chromatin binding site in the tail domain of nuclear lamins that interacts with core histones",
      "volume": "131",
      "author": "Taniura",
      "year": "1995",
      "journal-title": "J Cell Biol"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023072823514599900_B67",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1451",
      "DOI": "10.1002/bip.1980.360190804",
      "article-title": "Dynamic light scattering studies of internal motions in DNA. II. Clean viral DNAs",
      "volume": "19",
      "author": "Thomas",
      "year": "1980",
      "journal-title": "Biopolymers"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023072823514599900_B68",
      "first-page": "151",
      "article-title": "Nuclear domains and the nuclear matrix",
      "volume": "162A",
      "author": "van Driel",
      "year": "1995",
      "journal-title": "Int Rev Cytol"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023072823514599900_B69",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "575",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0006-3495(88)83137-0",
      "article-title": "Polarized fluorescence photobleaching recovery for measuring rotational diffusion in solutions and membranes",
      "volume": "53",
      "author": "Velez",
      "year": "1988",
      "journal-title": "Biophys J"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023072823514599900_B70",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "690",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0006-3495(95)79944-1",
      "article-title": "Subnanosecond polarized fluorescence photobleaching: rotational diffusion of acetylcholine receptors on developing muscle cells",
      "volume": "69",
      "author": "Yuan",
      "year": "1995",
      "journal-title": "Biophys J"
    }
  ],
  "container-title": "The Journal of Cell Biology",
  "original-title": [],
  "language": "en",
  "link": [
    {
      "URL": "https://rupress.org/jcb/article-pdf/137/7/1459/1859413/32755.pdf",
      "content-type": "application/pdf",
      "content-version": "vor",
      "intended-application": "syndication"
    },
    {
      "URL": "https://rupress.org/jcb/article-pdf/137/7/1459/1859413/32755.pdf",
      "content-type": "unspecified",
      "content-version": "vor",
      "intended-application": "similarity-checking"
    }
  ],
  "deposited": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2023,
        7,
        28
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2023-07-28T23:52:40Z",
    "timestamp": 1690588360000
  },
  "score": 1,
  "resource": {
    "primary": {
      "URL": "https://rupress.org/jcb/article/137/7/1459/15542/Chromatin-Dynamics-in-Interphase-Nuclei-and-Its"
    }
  },
  "subtitle": [],
  "short-title": [],
  "issued": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        1997,
        6,
        30
      ]
    ]
  },
  "references-count": 70,
  "journal-issue": {
    "issue": "7",
    "published-print": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          1997,
          6,
          30
        ]
      ]
    }
  },
  "URL": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.137.7.1459",
  "relation": {},
  "ISSN": [
    "0021-9525",
    "1540-8140"
  ],
  "subject": [],
  "published": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        1997,
        6,
        30
      ]
    ]
  }
}