We have studied the voltage-activated influx of Ca2+ into synaptosomes. Rapid 45Ca2+ influx into synaptosomes, measured at 1 sec, was blocked by predepolarization and by low concentrations of cadmium (IC50, 1 microM), as anticipated for voltage-sensitive calcium channels (VSCCs). However, fluxes were insensitive to dihydropyridine drugs that block or activate VSCCs, including nitrendipine, Bay K 8644, and (+)- and (-)-PN202-791. Phenylalkylamine calcium antagonists, including verapamil and desmethoxyverapamil, blocked 45Ca2+ uptake in a nonspecific fashion. The peptide omega-conotoxin fraction GVIA (omega-CgTx GVIA) blocked 45Ca2+ uptake in a biphasic fashion, with a 30% reduction at 50 pM toxin and a further decrease at concentrations greater than 5 nM. The toxin inhibited neurotransmitter release from synaptosomes in nanomolar concentrations, corresponding to its low-affinity effects on 45Ca2+ influx. omega-CgTx GVIA also inhibited depolarization-induced increases in intracellular Ca2+ concentration in single hippocampal and striatal neurons. These findings indicate that omega-CgTx GVIA blocks VSCCs in both cell bodies and nerve terminals and that the predominant form of VSCC in nerve terminals is the dihydropyridine-insensitive N type.

Reynolds, I. J., Wagner, J. A., Snyder, S. H., Thayer, S. A., Olivera, B. M., & Miller, R. J. (1986). Brain voltage-sensitive calcium channel subtypes differentiated by omega-conotoxin fraction GVIA. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 83(22), 8804–8807.