A number of recent studies have indicated that the expression of keratins is altered upon malignant transformation of human epithelial cells. We have shown that the altered expression of 67-kDa and 40-kDa keratins in established squamous cell carcinoma lines from tongue and epidermis stems largely from a difference in their sensitivity to vitamin A apparently acquired during tumorigenesis. When the vitamin A concentration in the medium is raised, the 40-kDa keratin is produced at increased levels. Conversely, when the amount of vitamin is reduced, the 67-kDa keratin is synthesized and the cells undergo stratification and terminal differentiation. However, even when vitamin A is quantitatively removed from the medium, the maximal degree of differentiation attained by each squamous cell carcinoma cell as judged by the synthesis of 67-kDa keratin was still less than that of the normal keratinocytes. These findings suggest that the altered patterns of keratins observed for some tissues upon malignant transformation arise from a complex mixture of intracellular changes in the differentiative pathway in addition to changes in the responsiveness of cells to extracellular regulators of keratin gene expression.

Kim, K. H., Schwartz, F., & Fuchs, E. (1984). Differences in keratin synthesis between normal epithelial cells and squamous cell carcinomas are mediated by vitamin A. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 81(14), 4280–4284.