Over the last decade a variety of MS measurements, such as H/D exchange, collision cross sections, and electron capture dissociation (ECD), have been used to characterize protein folding in the gas phase, in the absence of solvent. To the extensive data already available on ubiquitin, here photofragmentation of its ECD-reduced (M + nH) (n−1)+• ions shows that only the 6+ to 9+, not the 10+ to 13+ ions, have tertiary noncovalent bonding; this is indicated as hydrogen bonding by the 3,050–3,775 cm −1 photofragment spectrum. ECD spectra and H/D exchange of the 13+ ions are consistent with an all α-helical secondary structure, with the 11+ and 10+ ions sufficiently destabilized to denature small bend regions near the helix termini. In the 8+ and 9+ ions these terminal helical regions are folded over to be antiparallel and noncovalently bonded to part of the central helix, whereas this overlap is extended in the 7+, 6+, and, presumably, 5+ ions to form a highly stable three-helix bundle. Thermal denaturing of the 7+ to 9+ conformers both peels and slides back the outer helices from the central one, but for the 6+ conformer, this instead extends the protein ends away to shrink the three-helix bundle. Thus removal of H 2 O from a native protein negates hydrophobic interactions, preferentially stabilizes the α-helical secondary structure with direct solvation of additional protons, and increases tertiary interhelix dipole-dipole and hydrogen bonding.

Oh, H., Breuker, K., Sze, S. K., Ge, Y., Carpenter, B. K., & McLafferty, F. W. (2002). Secondary and tertiary structures of gaseous protein ions characterized by electron capture dissociation mass spectrometry and photofragment spectroscopy. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 99(25), 15863–15868.