DOI: 10.1063/1.481382. Scanning near-field optical microscopy with aperture probes: Fundamentals and applications

Scanning near-field optical microscopy with aperture probes: Fundamentals and applications

10.1063/1.481382

Crossref journal-article

AIP Publishing

The Journal of Chemical Physics (317)

Abstract

In this review we describe fundamentals of scanning near-field optical microscopy with aperture probes. After the discussion of instrumentation and probe fabrication, aspects of light propagation in metal-coated, tapered optical fibers are considered. This includes transmission properties and field distributions in the vicinity of subwavelength apertures. Furthermore, the near-field optical image formation mechanism is analyzed with special emphasis on potential sources of artifacts. To underline the prospects of the technique, selected applications including amplitude and phase contrast imaging, fluorescence imaging, and Raman spectroscopy, as well as near-field optical desorption, are presented. These examples demonstrate that scanning near-field optical microscopy is no longer an exotic method but has matured into a valuable tool.

Bibliography

Hecht, B., Sick, B., Wild, U. P., Deckert, V., Zenobi, R., Martin, O. J. F., & Pohl, D. W. (2000). Scanning near-field optical microscopy with aperture probes: Fundamentals and applications. The Journal of Chemical Physics, 112(18), 7761â7774.

Authors 7

Bert Hecht (first)
Beate Sick (additional)
Urs P. Wild (additional)
Volker Deckert (additional)
Renato Zenobi (additional)
Olivier J. F. Martin (additional)
Dieter W. Pohl (additional)

References 133 Referenced 631

{'key': '2024020608251048200_r1'}
10.1007/BF00332200 / Appl. Phys. A: Mater. Sci. Process. (1994)
10.1088/0034-4885/59/5/002 / Rep. Prog. Phys. (1996)
10.1021/cr980130e / Chem. Rev. (1999)
10.1146/annurev.matsci.29.1.433 / Annu. Rev. Mater. Sci. (1999)
{'key': '2024020608251048200_r6'}
{'key': '2024020608251048200_r7'}
{'key': '2024020608251048200_r8'}
{'key': '2024020608251048200_r9'}
{'key': '2024020608251048200_r10'}
10.1007/BF02956173 / Archiv. Mikroscop. Anat. Entwicklungsmech. (1873)
{'key': '2024020608251048200_r12'}
{'key': '2024020608251048200_r13'}
10.1080/14786440808564615 / Philos. Mag. (1928)
10.1080/14786443109461663 / Philos. Mag. (1931)
{'key': '2024020608251048200_r16', 'first-page': '726', 'volume': '55', 'year': '1982', 'journal-title': 'Helv. Phys. Acta'} / Helv. Phys. Acta (1982)
10.1063/1.94865 / Appl. Phys. Lett. (1984)
10.1063/1.336848 / J. Appl. Phys. (1986)
{'key': '2024020608251048200_r19'}
10.1016/0304-3991(84)90201-8 / Ultramicroscopy (1984)
10.1063/1.97565 / Appl. Phys. Lett. (1986)
10.1063/1.98956 / Appl. Phys. Lett. (1987)
10.1126/science.257.5067.189 / Science (1992)
{'key': '2024020608251048200_r24', 'first-page': '115', 'volume': '177', 'year': '1994', 'journal-title': 'J. Microsc.'} / J. Microsc. (1994)
10.1016/0304-3991(94)00144-C / Ultramicroscopy (1995)
10.1103/PhysRevLett.62.458 / Phys. Rev. Lett. (1989)
10.1126/science.269.5227.1083 / Science (1995)
10.1111/j.1365-2818.1995.tb03575.x / J. Microsc. (1995)
10.1016/0304-3991(94)00160-O / Ultramicroscopy (1995)
10.1103/PhysRevLett.75.3098 / Phys. Rev. Lett. (1995)
10.1117/12.227700 / J. Biomed. Opt. (1996)
10.1046/j.1365-2818.1999.00523.x / J. Microsc. (1999)
10.1038/20154 / Nature (London) (1999)
10.1103/PhysRevLett.82.4014 / Phys. Rev. Lett. (1999)
10.1016/0030-4018(89)90297-6 / Opt. Commun. (1989)
10.1103/PhysRevB.39.767 / Phys. Rev. B (1989)
10.1016/0030-4018(93)90265-7 / Opt. Commun. (1993)
10.1103/PhysRevLett.82.2590 / Phys. Rev. Lett. (1999)
10.1016/0304-3991(94)00123-5 / Ultramicroscopy (1995)
{'key': '2024020608251048200_r40'}
10.1063/1.106801 / Appl. Phys. Lett. (1992)
10.1063/1.106940 / Appl. Phys. Lett. (1992)
10.1063/1.113340 / Appl. Phys. Lett. (1995)
{'key': '2024020608251048200_r44'}
10.1063/1.1145471 / Rev. Sci. Instrum. (1995)
10.1063/1.1148450 / Rev. Sci. Instrum. (1997)
10.1063/1.119604 / Appl. Phys. Lett. (1997)
10.1063/1.122516 / Appl. Phys. Lett. (1998)
10.1063/1.116068 / Appl. Phys. Lett. (1996)
{'key': '2024020608251048200_r50'}
10.1063/1.119482 / Appl. Phys. Lett. (1997)
{'key': '2024020608251048200_r52'}
10.1364/JOSAA.16.000141 / J. Opt. Soc. Am. A (1999)
10.1063/1.368902 / J. Appl. Phys. (1998)
10.1046/j.1365-2818.1997.00173.x / J. Microsc. (1997)
10.1063/1.118540 / Appl. Phys. Lett. (1997)
10.1126/science.251.5000.1468 / Science (1991)
10.1364/AO.34.001215 / Appl. Opt. (1995)
{'key': '2024020608251048200_r59'}
10.1016/0304-3991(95)00122-0 / Ultramicroscopy (1995)
10.1063/1.115831 / Appl. Phys. Lett. (1996)
10.1063/1.122387 / Appl. Phys. Lett. (1998)
10.1063/1.124305 / Appl. Phys. Lett. (1999)
10.1364/AO.37.007289 / Appl. Opt. (1998)
{'key': '2024020608251048200_r65'}
10.1103/PhysRevE.50.4094 / Phys. Rev. E (1994)
10.1063/1.115143 / Appl. Phys. Lett. (1995)
10.1063/1.114588 / Appl. Phys. Lett. (1995)
10.1063/1.116195 / Appl. Phys. Lett. (1996)
10.1063/1.118048 / Appl. Phys. Lett. (1996)
10.1364/OL.20.000970 / Opt. Lett. (1995)
10.1103/PhysRev.66.163 / Phys. Rev. (1944)
{'key': '2024020608251048200_r73', 'first-page': '321', 'volume': '5', 'year': '1950', 'journal-title': 'Philips Res. Rep.'} / Philips Res. Rep. (1950)
10.1364/JOSAA.12.000695 / J. Opt. Soc. Am. A (1995)
{'key': '2024020608251048200_r75'}
10.1063/1.121564 / Appl. Phys. Lett. (1998)
10.1002/cpa.3160030403 / Commun. Pure Appl. Math. (1950)
10.1364/JOSAA.13.001801 / J. Opt. Soc. Am. A (1996)
10.1103/PhysRevLett.77.1889 / Phys. Rev. Lett. (1996)
10.1103/PhysRevLett.73.2764 / Phys. Rev. Lett. (1994)
{'key': '2024020608251048200_r81'}
10.1016/S0079-6816(98)00004-5 / Prog. Surf. Sci. (1997)
10.1046/j.1365-2818.1999.00560.x / J. Microsc. (1999)
{'key': '2024020608251048200_r84'}
10.1103/PhysRevE.58.3909 / Phys. Rev. E (1998)
10.1109/8.718567 / IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. (1998)
{'key': '2024020608251048200_r87'}
10.1063/1.363956 / J. Appl. Phys. (1997)
10.1116/1.571227 / J. Vac. Sci. Technol. (1981)
10.1063/1.93501 / Appl. Phys. Lett. (1982)
{'key': '2024020608251048200_r91'}
10.1016/0304-3991(95)00095-X / Ultramicroscopy (1995)
10.1002/1361-6374(199803)6:1<43::AID-BIO6>3.0.CO;2-F / Bioimaging (1998)
10.1063/1.481385 / J. Chem. Phys. (2000)
10.1021/la980037l / Langmuir (1998)
10.1021/ac960710g / Anal. Chem. (1996)
10.1021/ac980688m / Anal. Chem. (1999)
10.1016/0304-3991(95)00117-4 / Ultramicroscopy (1995)
10.1002/(SICI)1097-4555(199608)27:8<579::AID-JRS13>3.0.CO;2-4 / J. Raman Spectrosc. (1996)
10.1021/ac9609438 / Anal. Chem. (1997)
10.1063/1.120598 / Appl. Phys. Lett. (1998)
{'key': '2024020608251048200_r102', 'first-page': '54', 'volume': '2863', 'year': '1996', 'journal-title': 'SPIE'} / SPIE (1996)
10.1016/S0030-4018(96)00174-5 / Opt. Commun. (1996)
10.1063/1.119798 / Appl. Phys. Lett. (1997)
10.1103/RevModPhys.57.783 / Rev. Mod. Phys. (1985)
{'key': '2024020608251048200_r106', 'first-page': '1143', 'volume': '4', 'year': '1992', 'journal-title': 'J. Phys.: Condens. Matter'} / J. Phys.: Condens. Matter (1992)
10.1021/ac971304f / Anal. Chem. (1998)
10.1103/PhysRevLett.78.1667 / Phys. Rev. Lett. (1997)
10.1126/science.275.5303.1102 / Science (1997)
10.1016/S0009-2614(97)01391-2 / Chem. Phys. Lett. (1998)
10.1063/1.118665 / Appl. Phys. Lett. (1997)
{'key': '2024020608251048200_r112'}
{'key': '2024020608251048200_r113', 'first-page': '6955', 'volume': '101', 'year': '1997', 'journal-title': 'J. Phys. Chem. B'} / J. Phys. Chem. B (1997)
10.1063/1.115831 / Appl. Phys. Lett. (1996)
10.1063/1.118085 / Appl. Phys. Lett. (1996)
10.1016/0301-0104(90)80108-A / Chem. Phys. (1990)
10.1063/1.115297 / Appl. Phys. Lett. (1995)
10.1016/S0030-4018(97)00506-3 / Opt. Commun. (1998)
10.1016/S0006-3495(98)74070-6 / Biophys. J. (1998)
10.1016/S0006-3495(99)77274-7 / Biophys. J. (1999)
{'key': '2024020608251048200_r121', 'first-page': '15', 'volume': '194', 'year': '1999', 'journal-title': 'J. Microsc.'} / J. Microsc. (1999)
10.1016/S0006-3495(00)76608-2 / Biophys. J. (2000)
10.1016/0079-6816(84)90017-0 / Prog. Surf. Sci. (1984)
10.1063/1.369260 / J. Appl. Phys. (1999)
10.1007/s003400050119 / Appl. Phys. B: Lasers Opt. (1996)
10.1134/1.567380 / JETP Lett. (1997)
10.1016/S0006-3495(99)77341-8 / Biophys. J. (1999)
10.1063/1.124125 / Appl. Phys. Lett. (1999)
10.1103/PhysRevLett.76.1948 / Phys. Rev. Lett. (1996)
10.1063/1.122414 / Appl. Phys. Lett. (1998)
10.1063/1.123133 / Appl. Phys. Lett. (1999)
10.1063/1.125368 / Appl. Phys. Lett. (1999)
10.1016/S0304-3991(97)00054-5 / Ultramicroscopy (1998)

Dates

Type	When
Created	23 years, 1 month ago (July 26, 2002, 8:29 a.m.)
Deposited	1 year, 6 months ago (Feb. 6, 2024, 3:45 a.m.)
Indexed	2 days, 21 hours ago (Sept. 3, 2025, 7:08 a.m.)
Issued	25 years, 3 months ago (May 8, 2000)
Published	25 years, 3 months ago (May 8, 2000)
Published Print	25 years, 3 months ago (May 8, 2000)

Funders 0

None

BibTeX

@article{Hecht_2000, title={Scanning near-field optical microscopy with aperture probes: Fundamentals and applications}, volume={112}, ISSN={1089-7690}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.481382}, DOI={10.1063/1.481382}, number={18}, journal={The Journal of Chemical Physics}, publisher={AIP Publishing}, author={Hecht, Bert and Sick, Beate and Wild, Urs P. and Deckert, Volker and Zenobi, Renato and Martin, Olivier J. F. and Pohl, Dieter W.}, year={2000}, month=may, pages={7761–7774} }

JSON

{
  "indexed": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2025,
        9,
        3
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2025-09-03T11:08:30Z",
    "timestamp": 1756897710731
  },
  "reference-count": 133,
  "publisher": "AIP Publishing",
  "issue": "18",
  "content-domain": {
    "domain": [
      "pubs.aip.org"
    ],
    "crossmark-restriction": true
  },
  "published-print": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2000,
        5,
        8
      ]
    ]
  },
  "abstract": "<jats:p>In this review we describe fundamentals of scanning near-field optical microscopy with aperture probes. After the discussion of instrumentation and probe fabrication, aspects of light propagation in metal-coated, tapered optical fibers are considered. This includes transmission properties and field distributions in the vicinity of subwavelength apertures. Furthermore, the near-field optical image formation mechanism is analyzed with special emphasis on potential sources of artifacts. To underline the prospects of the technique, selected applications including amplitude and phase contrast imaging, fluorescence imaging, and Raman spectroscopy, as well as near-field optical desorption, are presented. These examples demonstrate that scanning near-field optical microscopy is no longer an exotic method but has matured into a valuable tool.</jats:p>",
  "DOI": "10.1063/1.481382",
  "type": "journal-article",
  "created": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2002,
        7,
        26
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2002-07-26T12:29:57Z",
    "timestamp": 1027686597000
  },
  "page": "7761-7774",
  "update-policy": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/aip-crossmark-policy-page",
  "source": "Crossref",
  "is-referenced-by-count": 631,
  "title": "Scanning near-field optical microscopy with aperture probes: Fundamentals and applications",
  "prefix": "10.1063",
  "volume": "112",
  "author": [
    {
      "given": "Bert",
      "family": "Hecht",
      "sequence": "first",
      "affiliation": [
        {
          "name": "Physical Chemistry Laboratory, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH-Z, Universit\u00e4tstr. 22, CH-8092\u2009Zurich, Switzerland"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "given": "Beate",
      "family": "Sick",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": [
        {
          "name": "Physical Chemistry Laboratory, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH-Z, Universit\u00e4tstr. 22, CH-8092\u2009Zurich, Switzerland"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "given": "Urs P.",
      "family": "Wild",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": [
        {
          "name": "Physical Chemistry Laboratory, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH-Z, Universit\u00e4tstr. 22, CH-8092\u2009Zurich, Switzerland"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "given": "Volker",
      "family": "Deckert",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": [
        {
          "name": "Organic Chemistry Laboratory, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH-Z, Universit\u00e4tstr. 16, CH-8092\u2009Zurich, Switzerland"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "given": "Renato",
      "family": "Zenobi",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": [
        {
          "name": "Organic Chemistry Laboratory, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH-Z, Universit\u00e4tstr. 16, CH-8092\u2009Zurich, Switzerland"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "given": "Olivier J. F.",
      "family": "Martin",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": [
        {
          "name": "Electromagnetic Fields and Microwave Electronics Laboratory, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Gloriastrasse 35, ETZ ETH-Zentrum, CH-8092\u2009Zurich, Switzerland"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "given": "Dieter W.",
      "family": "Pohl",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": [
        {
          "name": "Institute of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstr. 82, CH-4056\u2009Basel, Switzerland"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "member": "317",
  "reference": [
    {
      "key": "2024020608251048200_r1"
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020608251048200_r2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "89",
      "DOI": "10.1007/BF00332200",
      "volume": "59",
      "year": "1994",
      "journal-title": "Appl. Phys. A: Mater. Sci. Process."
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020608251048200_r3",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "657",
      "DOI": "10.1088/0034-4885/59/5/002",
      "volume": "59",
      "year": "1996",
      "journal-title": "Rep. Prog. Phys."
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020608251048200_r4",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "2891",
      "DOI": "10.1021/cr980130e",
      "volume": "99",
      "year": "1999",
      "journal-title": "Chem. Rev."
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020608251048200_r5",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "433",
      "DOI": "10.1146/annurev.matsci.29.1.433",
      "volume": "29",
      "year": "1999",
      "journal-title": "Annu. Rev. Mater. Sci."
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020608251048200_r6"
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020608251048200_r7"
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020608251048200_r8"
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020608251048200_r9"
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020608251048200_r10"
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020608251048200_r11",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "413",
      "DOI": "10.1007/BF02956173",
      "volume": "9",
      "year": "1873",
      "journal-title": "Archiv. Mikroscop. Anat. Entwicklungsmech."
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020608251048200_r12"
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020608251048200_r13"
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020608251048200_r14",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "356",
      "DOI": "10.1080/14786440808564615",
      "volume": "6",
      "year": "1928",
      "journal-title": "Philos. Mag."
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020608251048200_r15",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "65",
      "DOI": "10.1080/14786443109461663",
      "volume": "11",
      "year": "1931",
      "journal-title": "Philos. Mag."
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020608251048200_r16",
      "first-page": "726",
      "volume": "55",
      "year": "1982",
      "journal-title": "Helv. Phys. Acta"
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020608251048200_r17",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "651",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.94865",
      "volume": "44",
      "year": "1984",
      "journal-title": "Appl. Phys. Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020608251048200_r18",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "3318",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.336848",
      "volume": "59",
      "year": "1986",
      "journal-title": "J. Appl. Phys."
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020608251048200_r19"
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020608251048200_r20",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "227",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0304-3991(84)90201-8",
      "volume": "13",
      "year": "1984",
      "journal-title": "Ultramicroscopy"
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020608251048200_r21",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "674",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.97565",
      "volume": "49",
      "year": "1986",
      "journal-title": "Appl. Phys. Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020608251048200_r22",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "2088",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.98956",
      "volume": "51",
      "year": "1987",
      "journal-title": "Appl. Phys. Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020608251048200_r23",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "189",
      "DOI": "10.1126/science.257.5067.189",
      "volume": "257",
      "year": "1992",
      "journal-title": "Science"
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020608251048200_r24",
      "first-page": "115",
      "volume": "177",
      "year": "1994",
      "journal-title": "J. Microsc."
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020608251048200_r25",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "228",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0304-3991(94)00144-C",
      "volume": "57",
      "year": "1995",
      "journal-title": "Ultramicroscopy"
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020608251048200_r26",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "458",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevLett.62.458",
      "volume": "62",
      "year": "1989",
      "journal-title": "Phys. Rev. Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020608251048200_r27",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1083",
      "DOI": "10.1126/science.269.5227.1083",
      "volume": "269",
      "year": "1995",
      "journal-title": "Science"
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020608251048200_r28",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "14",
      "DOI": "10.1111/j.1365-2818.1995.tb03575.x",
      "volume": "178",
      "year": "1995",
      "journal-title": "J. Microsc."
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020608251048200_r29",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "318",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0304-3991(94)00160-O",
      "volume": "57",
      "year": "1995",
      "journal-title": "Ultramicroscopy"
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020608251048200_r30",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "3098",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevLett.75.3098",
      "volume": "75",
      "year": "1995",
      "journal-title": "Phys. Rev. Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020608251048200_r31",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "75",
      "DOI": "10.1117/12.227700",
      "volume": "1",
      "year": "1996",
      "journal-title": "J. Biomed. Opt."
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020608251048200_r32",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "291",
      "DOI": "10.1046/j.1365-2818.1999.00523.x",
      "volume": "194",
      "year": "1999",
      "journal-title": "J. Microsc."
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020608251048200_r33",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "134",
      "DOI": "10.1038/20154",
      "volume": "399",
      "year": "1999",
      "journal-title": "Nature (London)"
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020608251048200_r34",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "4014",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevLett.82.4014",
      "volume": "82",
      "year": "1999",
      "journal-title": "Phys. Rev. Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020608251048200_r35",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "23",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0030-4018(89)90297-6",
      "volume": "71",
      "year": "1989",
      "journal-title": "Opt. Commun."
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020608251048200_r36",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "767",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevB.39.767",
      "volume": "39",
      "year": "1989",
      "journal-title": "Phys. Rev. B"
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020608251048200_r37",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "225",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0030-4018(93)90265-7",
      "volume": "96",
      "year": "1993",
      "journal-title": "Opt. Commun."
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020608251048200_r38",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "2590",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevLett.82.2590",
      "volume": "82",
      "year": "1999",
      "journal-title": "Phys. Rev. Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020608251048200_r39",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "124",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0304-3991(94)00123-5",
      "volume": "57",
      "year": "1995",
      "journal-title": "Ultramicroscopy"
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020608251048200_r40"
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020608251048200_r41",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "2957",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.106801",
      "volume": "60",
      "year": "1992",
      "journal-title": "Appl. Phys. Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020608251048200_r42",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "2484",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.106940",
      "volume": "60",
      "year": "1992",
      "journal-title": "Appl. Phys. Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020608251048200_r43",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1842",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.113340",
      "volume": "66",
      "year": "1995",
      "journal-title": "Appl. Phys. Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020608251048200_r44"
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020608251048200_r45",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "3569",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.1145471",
      "volume": "66",
      "year": "1995",
      "journal-title": "Rev. Sci. Instrum."
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020608251048200_r46",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "4478",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.1148450",
      "volume": "68",
      "year": "1997",
      "journal-title": "Rev. Sci. Instrum."
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020608251048200_r47",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "545",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.119604",
      "volume": "71",
      "year": "1997",
      "journal-title": "Appl. Phys. Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020608251048200_r48",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "2594",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.122516",
      "volume": "73",
      "year": "1998",
      "journal-title": "Appl. Phys. Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020608251048200_r49",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "307",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.116068",
      "volume": "68",
      "year": "1996",
      "journal-title": "Appl. Phys. Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020608251048200_r50"
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020608251048200_r51",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "28",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.119482",
      "volume": "71",
      "year": "1997",
      "journal-title": "Appl. Phys. Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020608251048200_r52"
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020608251048200_r53",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "141",
      "DOI": "10.1364/JOSAA.16.000141",
      "volume": "16",
      "year": "1999",
      "journal-title": "J. Opt. Soc. Am. A"
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020608251048200_r54",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "5873",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.368902",
      "volume": "84",
      "year": "1998",
      "journal-title": "J. Appl. Phys."
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020608251048200_r55",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "17",
      "DOI": "10.1046/j.1365-2818.1997.00173.x",
      "volume": "186",
      "year": "1997",
      "journal-title": "J. Microsc."
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020608251048200_r56",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1236",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.118540",
      "volume": "70",
      "year": "1997",
      "journal-title": "Appl. Phys. Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020608251048200_r57",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1468",
      "DOI": "10.1126/science.251.5000.1468",
      "volume": "251",
      "year": "1991",
      "journal-title": "Science"
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020608251048200_r58",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1215",
      "DOI": "10.1364/AO.34.001215",
      "volume": "34",
      "year": "1995",
      "journal-title": "Appl. Opt."
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020608251048200_r59"
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020608251048200_r60",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "165",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0304-3991(95)00122-0",
      "volume": "61",
      "year": "1995",
      "journal-title": "Ultramicroscopy"
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020608251048200_r61",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "2491",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.115831",
      "volume": "68",
      "year": "1996",
      "journal-title": "Appl. Phys. Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020608251048200_r62",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "2090",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.122387",
      "volume": "73",
      "year": "1998",
      "journal-title": "Appl. Phys. Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020608251048200_r63",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "160",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.124305",
      "volume": "75",
      "year": "1999",
      "journal-title": "Appl. Phys. Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020608251048200_r64",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "7289",
      "DOI": "10.1364/AO.37.007289",
      "volume": "37",
      "year": "1998",
      "journal-title": "Appl. Opt."
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020608251048200_r65"
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020608251048200_r66",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "4094",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevE.50.4094",
      "volume": "50",
      "year": "1994",
      "journal-title": "Phys. Rev. E"
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020608251048200_r67",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "2597",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.115143",
      "volume": "67",
      "year": "1995",
      "journal-title": "Appl. Phys. Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020608251048200_r68",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "2771",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.114588",
      "volume": "67",
      "year": "1995",
      "journal-title": "Appl. Phys. Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020608251048200_r69",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "2603",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.116195",
      "volume": "68",
      "year": "1996",
      "journal-title": "Appl. Phys. Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020608251048200_r70",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "325",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.118048",
      "volume": "69",
      "year": "1996",
      "journal-title": "Appl. Phys. Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020608251048200_r71",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "970",
      "DOI": "10.1364/OL.20.000970",
      "volume": "20",
      "year": "1995",
      "journal-title": "Opt. Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020608251048200_r72",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "163",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRev.66.163",
      "volume": "66",
      "year": "1944",
      "journal-title": "Phys. Rev."
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020608251048200_r73",
      "first-page": "321",
      "volume": "5",
      "year": "1950",
      "journal-title": "Philips Res. Rep."
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020608251048200_r74",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "695",
      "DOI": "10.1364/JOSAA.12.000695",
      "volume": "12",
      "year": "1995",
      "journal-title": "J. Opt. Soc. Am. A"
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020608251048200_r75"
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020608251048200_r76",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "3115",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.121564",
      "volume": "72",
      "year": "1998",
      "journal-title": "Appl. Phys. Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020608251048200_r77",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "355",
      "DOI": "10.1002/cpa.3160030403",
      "volume": "3",
      "year": "1950",
      "journal-title": "Commun. Pure Appl. Math."
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020608251048200_r78",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1801",
      "DOI": "10.1364/JOSAA.13.001801",
      "volume": "13",
      "year": "1996",
      "journal-title": "J. Opt. Soc. Am. A"
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020608251048200_r79",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1889",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevLett.77.1889",
      "volume": "77",
      "year": "1996",
      "journal-title": "Phys. Rev. Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020608251048200_r80",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "2764",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevLett.73.2764",
      "volume": "73",
      "year": "1994",
      "journal-title": "Phys. Rev. Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020608251048200_r81"
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020608251048200_r82",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "133",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0079-6816(98)00004-5",
      "volume": "56",
      "year": "1997",
      "journal-title": "Prog. Surf. Sci."
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020608251048200_r83",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "235",
      "DOI": "10.1046/j.1365-2818.1999.00560.x",
      "volume": "194",
      "year": "1999",
      "journal-title": "J. Microsc."
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020608251048200_r84"
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020608251048200_r85",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "3909",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevE.58.3909",
      "volume": "58",
      "year": "1998",
      "journal-title": "Phys. Rev. E"
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020608251048200_r86",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1126",
      "DOI": "10.1109/8.718567",
      "volume": "46",
      "year": "1998",
      "journal-title": "IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020608251048200_r87"
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020608251048200_r88",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "2492",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.363956",
      "volume": "81",
      "year": "1997",
      "journal-title": "J. Appl. Phys."
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020608251048200_r89",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "881",
      "DOI": "10.1116/1.571227",
      "volume": "19",
      "year": "1981",
      "journal-title": "J. Vac. Sci. Technol."
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020608251048200_r90",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "377",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.93501",
      "volume": "41",
      "year": "1982",
      "journal-title": "Appl. Phys. Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020608251048200_r91"
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020608251048200_r92",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0304-3991(95)00095-X",
      "volume": "61",
      "year": "1995",
      "journal-title": "Ultramicroscopy"
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020608251048200_r93",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "43",
      "DOI": "10.1002/1361-6374(199803)6:1<43::AID-BIO6>3.0.CO;2-F",
      "volume": "6",
      "year": "1998",
      "journal-title": "Bioimaging"
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020608251048200_r94",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "7799",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.481385",
      "volume": "112",
      "year": "2000",
      "journal-title": "J. Chem. Phys."
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020608251048200_r95",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "2225",
      "DOI": "10.1021/la980037l",
      "volume": "14",
      "year": "1998",
      "journal-title": "Langmuir"
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020608251048200_r96",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "4397",
      "DOI": "10.1021/ac960710g",
      "volume": "68",
      "year": "1996",
      "journal-title": "Anal. Chem."
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020608251048200_r97",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "279",
      "DOI": "10.1021/ac980688m",
      "volume": "71",
      "year": "1999",
      "journal-title": "Anal. Chem."
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020608251048200_r98",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "247",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0304-3991(95)00117-4",
      "volume": "61",
      "year": "1995",
      "journal-title": "Ultramicroscopy"
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020608251048200_r99",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "579",
      "DOI": "10.1002/(SICI)1097-4555(199608)27:8<579::AID-JRS13>3.0.CO;2-4",
      "volume": "27",
      "year": "1996",
      "journal-title": "J. Raman Spectrosc."
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020608251048200_r100",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "749",
      "DOI": "10.1021/ac9609438",
      "volume": "69",
      "year": "1997",
      "journal-title": "Anal. Chem."
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020608251048200_r101",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1478",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.120598",
      "volume": "72",
      "year": "1998",
      "journal-title": "Appl. Phys. Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020608251048200_r102",
      "first-page": "54",
      "volume": "2863",
      "year": "1996",
      "journal-title": "SPIE"
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020608251048200_r103",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "414",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0030-4018(96)00174-5",
      "volume": "129",
      "year": "1996",
      "journal-title": "Opt. Commun."
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020608251048200_r104",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "575",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.119798",
      "volume": "71",
      "year": "1997",
      "journal-title": "Appl. Phys. Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020608251048200_r105",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "783",
      "DOI": "10.1103/RevModPhys.57.783",
      "volume": "57",
      "year": "1985",
      "journal-title": "Rev. Mod. Phys."
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020608251048200_r106",
      "first-page": "1143",
      "volume": "4",
      "year": "1992",
      "journal-title": "J. Phys.: Condens. Matter"
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020608251048200_r107",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "2646",
      "DOI": "10.1021/ac971304f",
      "volume": "70",
      "year": "1998",
      "journal-title": "Anal. Chem."
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020608251048200_r108",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1667",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevLett.78.1667",
      "volume": "78",
      "year": "1997",
      "journal-title": "Phys. Rev. Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020608251048200_r109",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1102",
      "DOI": "10.1126/science.275.5303.1102",
      "volume": "275",
      "year": "1997",
      "journal-title": "Science"
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020608251048200_r110",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "381",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0009-2614(97)01391-2",
      "volume": "283",
      "year": "1998",
      "journal-title": "Chem. Phys. Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020608251048200_r111",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1671",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.118665",
      "volume": "70",
      "year": "1997",
      "journal-title": "Appl. Phys. Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020608251048200_r112"
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020608251048200_r113",
      "first-page": "6955",
      "volume": "101",
      "year": "1997",
      "journal-title": "J. Phys. Chem. B"
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020608251048200_r114",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "2491",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.115831",
      "volume": "68",
      "year": "1996",
      "journal-title": "Appl. Phys. Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020608251048200_r115",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "433",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.118085",
      "volume": "69",
      "year": "1996",
      "journal-title": "Appl. Phys. Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020608251048200_r116",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "415",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0301-0104(90)80108-A",
      "volume": "144",
      "year": "1990",
      "journal-title": "Chem. Phys."
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020608251048200_r117",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "3859",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.115297",
      "volume": "67",
      "year": "1995",
      "journal-title": "Appl. Phys. Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020608251048200_r118",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "45",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0030-4018(97)00506-3",
      "volume": "146",
      "year": "1998",
      "journal-title": "Opt. Commun."
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020608251048200_r119",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1513",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0006-3495(98)74070-6",
      "volume": "75",
      "year": "1998",
      "journal-title": "Biophys. J."
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020608251048200_r120",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1092",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0006-3495(99)77274-7",
      "volume": "76",
      "year": "1999",
      "journal-title": "Biophys. J."
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020608251048200_r121",
      "first-page": "15",
      "volume": "194",
      "year": "1999",
      "journal-title": "J. Microsc."
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020608251048200_r122",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "458",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0006-3495(00)76608-2",
      "volume": "78",
      "year": "2000",
      "journal-title": "Biophys. J."
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020608251048200_r123",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "153",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0079-6816(84)90017-0",
      "volume": "17",
      "year": "1984",
      "journal-title": "Prog. Surf. Sci."
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020608251048200_r124",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1294",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.369260",
      "volume": "85",
      "year": "1999",
      "journal-title": "J. Appl. Phys."
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020608251048200_r125",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "525",
      "DOI": "10.1007/s003400050119",
      "volume": "63",
      "year": "1996",
      "journal-title": "Appl. Phys. B: Lasers Opt."
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020608251048200_r126",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "465",
      "DOI": "10.1134/1.567380",
      "volume": "65",
      "year": "1997",
      "journal-title": "JETP Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020608251048200_r127",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1812",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0006-3495(99)77341-8",
      "volume": "76",
      "year": "1999",
      "journal-title": "Biophys. J."
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020608251048200_r128",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "3453",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.124125",
      "volume": "74",
      "year": "1999",
      "journal-title": "Appl. Phys. Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020608251048200_r129",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1948",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevLett.76.1948",
      "volume": "76",
      "year": "1996",
      "journal-title": "Phys. Rev. Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020608251048200_r130",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "2176",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.122414",
      "volume": "73",
      "year": "1998",
      "journal-title": "Appl. Phys. Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020608251048200_r131",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "61",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.123133",
      "volume": "74",
      "year": "1999",
      "journal-title": "Appl. Phys. Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020608251048200_r132",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "3500",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.125368",
      "volume": "75",
      "year": "1999",
      "journal-title": "Appl. Phys. Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020608251048200_r133",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "111",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0304-3991(97)00054-5",
      "volume": "71",
      "year": "1998",
      "journal-title": "Ultramicroscopy"
    }
  ],
  "container-title": "The Journal of Chemical Physics",
  "original-title": [],
  "language": "en",
  "link": [
    {
      "URL": "https://pubs.aip.org/aip/jcp/article-pdf/112/18/7761/19194625/7761_1_online.pdf",
      "content-type": "application/pdf",
      "content-version": "vor",
      "intended-application": "syndication"
    },
    {
      "URL": "https://pubs.aip.org/aip/jcp/article-pdf/112/18/7761/19194625/7761_1_online.pdf",
      "content-type": "unspecified",
      "content-version": "vor",
      "intended-application": "similarity-checking"
    }
  ],
  "deposited": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2024,
        2,
        6
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2024-02-06T08:45:22Z",
    "timestamp": 1707209122000
  },
  "score": 1,
  "resource": {
    "primary": {
      "URL": "https://pubs.aip.org/jcp/article/112/18/7761/183580/Scanning-near-field-optical-microscopy-with"
    }
  },
  "subtitle": [],
  "short-title": [],
  "issued": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2000,
        5,
        8
      ]
    ]
  },
  "references-count": 133,
  "journal-issue": {
    "issue": "18",
    "published-print": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          2000,
          5,
          8
        ]
      ]
    }
  },
  "URL": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.481382",
  "relation": {},
  "ISSN": [
    "0021-9606",
    "1089-7690"
  ],
  "subject": [],
  "published-other": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2000,
        5,
        8
      ]
    ]
  },
  "published": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2000,
        5,
        8
      ]
    ]
  }
}