DOI: 10.1063/1.2994867. Time, frequency and physical measurement

Time, frequency and physical measurement

10.1063/1.2994867

Crossref journal-article

AIP Publishing

Physics Today (317)

Abstract

How many basic standards do we need? Standards are necessary to measurement, and for reasons of accuracy and convenience many measurements involve frequency. With atomic and molecular transitions serving as references, measurement precisions near 10−16 are possible. The duration of the second is determined by a resonance in the cesium atom, and international atomic time is the reference for all time and frequency measurements in the world. Furthermore, frequency measurements lead, via the speed of light, to the measurement of wavelengths and, via transducers, to the measurement of many other physical quantities such as temperature and pressure. As a result, time and frequency metrology is at the root of any thinking to revise or improve our system of basic standards of measurement.

Bibliography

Hellwig, H., Evenson, K. M., & Wineland, D. J. (1978). Time, frequency and physical measurement. Physics Today, 31(12), 23â30.

Authors 3

Helmut Hellwig (first)
Kenneth M. Evenson (additional)
David J. Wineland (additional)

References 23 Referenced 10

10.1103/PhysRev.51.652 / Phys. Rev. (1937)
10.1109/PROC.1975.9732 / Proc. IEEE (1975)
10.1109/TIM.1972.4313976 / Proc. IEEE Inst. and Meas. (1972)
{'key': '2023070718123607400_r3'}
{'key': '2023070718123607400_r4', 'first-page': '105', 'volume': 'IM-20', 'year': '1971', 'journal-title': 'Proc. IEEE'} / Proc. IEEE (1971)
10.1103/PhysRev.89.472 / Phys. Rev. (1953)
{'key': '2023070718123607400_r6'}
10.1063/1.323567 / J. Appl. Phys. (1977)
{'key': '2023070718123607400_r8', 'first-page': '62', 'volume': '18', 'year': '1976', 'journal-title': 'Opt. Commun.'} / Opt. Commun. (1976)
{'key': '2023070718123607400_r9'}
{'key': '2023070718123607400_r10', 'first-page': '751', 'volume': '94', 'year': '1954', 'journal-title': 'Phys. Rev.'} / Phys. Rev. (1954)
10.1103/PhysRevLett.40.729 / Phys. Rev. Lett. (1978)
{'key': '2023070718123607400_r11a', 'first-page': '698', 'volume': '45', 'year': '1977', 'journal-title': 'Sov. Phys.-JETP'} / Sov. Phys.-JETP (1977)
10.1103/PhysRevLett.40.1639 / Phys. Rev. Lett. (1978)
10.1103/PhysRevLett.41.233 / Phys. Rev. Lett. (1978)
10.1111/j.1749-6632.1952.tb26600.x / Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. (1952)
10.1109/PROC.1972.8696 / Proc. IEEE (1972)
10.1126/science.177.4044.166 / Science (1972)
{'key': '2023070718123607400_r16', 'first-page': '371', 'volume': '34', 'year': '1977', 'journal-title': 'Accademia Nazionale della Linzei, Rome'} / Accademia Nazionale della Linzei, Rome (1977)
{'key': '2023070718123607400_r17', 'first-page': '10', 'volume': '49', 'year': '1978', 'journal-title': 'J. Appl. Phys.'} / J. Appl. Phys. (1978)
{'key': '2023070718123607400_r18', 'first-page': '599', 'volume': 'QE-10', 'year': '1974', 'journal-title': 'Proc. IEEE'} / Proc. IEEE (1974)
10.1103/PhysRevLett.29.1346 / Phys. Rev. Lett. (1972)
{'key': '2023070718123607400_r20'}

Dates

Type	When
Created	16 years, 4 months ago (April 13, 2009, 2:02 p.m.)
Deposited	2 years, 1 month ago (July 7, 2023, 2:14 p.m.)
Indexed	1 year, 6 months ago (Feb. 5, 2024, 8:09 a.m.)
Issued	46 years, 9 months ago (Dec. 1, 1978)
Published	46 years, 9 months ago (Dec. 1, 1978)
Published Online	16 years, 8 months ago (Dec. 29, 2008)
Published Print	46 years, 9 months ago (Dec. 1, 1978)

Funders 0

None

BibTeX

@article{Hellwig_1978, title={Time, frequency and physical measurement}, volume={31}, ISSN={1945-0699}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2994867}, DOI={10.1063/1.2994867}, number={12}, journal={Physics Today}, publisher={AIP Publishing}, author={Hellwig, Helmut and Evenson, Kenneth M. and Wineland, David J.}, year={1978}, month=dec, pages={23–30} }

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