DOI: 10.1063/1.2734507. 40% efficient metamorphic GaInP∕GaInAs∕Ge multijunction solar cells

40% efficient metamorphic GaInP∕GaInAs∕Ge multijunction solar cells

10.1063/1.2734507

Crossref journal-article

AIP Publishing

Applied Physics Letters (317)

Abstract

An efficiency of 40.7% was measured and independently confirmed for a metamorphic three-junction GaInP∕GaInAs∕Ge cell under the standard spectrum for terrestrial concentrator solar cells at 240 suns (24.0W∕cm2, AM1.5D, low aerosol optical depth, 25°C). This is the initial demonstration of a solar cell with over 40% efficiency, and is the highest solar conversion efficiency yet achieved for any type of photovoltaic device. Lattice-matched concentrator cells have now reached 40.1% efficiency. Electron-hole recombination mechanisms are analyzed in metamorphic GaxIn1−xAs and GaxIn1−xP materials, and fundamental power losses are quantified to identify paths to still higher efficiencies.

Bibliography

King, R. R., Law, D. C., Edmondson, K. M., Fetzer, C. M., Kinsey, G. S., Yoon, H., Sherif, R. A., & Karam, N. H. (2007). 40% efficient metamorphic GaInPâGaInAsâGe multijunction solar cells. Applied Physics Letters, 90(18).

Authors 8

R. R. King (first)
D. C. Law (additional)
K. M. Edmondson (additional)
C. M. Fetzer (additional)
G. S. Kinsey (additional)
H. Yoon (additional)
R. A. Sherif (additional)
N. H. Karam (additional)

References 12 Referenced 1,015

{'year': '2006', 'author': 'Energy Information Administration', 'key': '2023070304011858300_c1'} by Energy Information Administration (2006)
10.1063/1.1736034 / J. Appl. Phys. (1961)
10.1063/1.335737 / J. Appl. Phys. (1985)
{'year': '2000', 'key': '2023070304011858300_c4', 'first-page': '982'} (2000)
10.1109/55.841298 / IEEE Electron Device Lett. (2000)
{'year': '2002', 'key': '2023070304011858300_c6', 'first-page': '1043'} (2002)
{'year': '2003', 'key': '2023070304011858300_c7', 'first-page': '581'} (2003)
{'year': '2005', 'key': '2023070304011858300_c8', 'first-page': '530'} (2005)
{'year': '2005', 'key': '2023070304011858300_c9', 'first-page': '118'} (2005)
{'year': '2006', 'key': '2023070304011858300_c10', 'first-page': '760'} (2006)
{'year': '2005', 'key': '2023070304011858300_c11', 'first-page': '124'} (2005)
10.1063/1.328272 / J. Appl. Phys. (1980)

Dates

Type	When
Created	18 years, 3 months ago (May 4, 2007, 7:08 p.m.)
Deposited	2 months, 3 weeks ago (May 29, 2025, 2:05 p.m.)
Indexed	5 days, 1 hour ago (Aug. 20, 2025, 8:49 a.m.)
Issued	18 years, 3 months ago (April 30, 2007)
Published	18 years, 3 months ago (April 30, 2007)
Published Online	18 years, 3 months ago (May 4, 2007)
Published Print	18 years, 3 months ago (April 30, 2007)

Funders 0

None

BibTeX

@article{King_2007, title={40% efficient metamorphic GaInP‚ąēGaInAs‚ąēGe multijunction solar cells}, volume={90}, ISSN={1077-3118}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2734507}, DOI={10.1063/1.2734507}, number={18}, journal={Applied Physics Letters}, publisher={AIP Publishing}, author={King, R. R. and Law, D. C. and Edmondson, K. M. and Fetzer, C. M. and Kinsey, G. S. and Yoon, H. and Sherif, R. A. and Karam, N. H.}, year={2007}, month=apr }

JSON

{
  "indexed": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2025,
        8,
        20
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2025-08-20T12:49:15Z",
    "timestamp": 1755694155095,
    "version": "3.41.2"
  },
  "reference-count": 12,
  "publisher": "AIP Publishing",
  "issue": "18",
  "license": [
    {
      "start": {
        "date-parts": [
          [
            2007,
            5,
            4
          ]
        ],
        "date-time": "2007-05-04T00:00:00Z",
        "timestamp": 1178236800000
      },
      "content-version": "vor",
      "delay-in-days": 4,
      "URL": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/"
    },
    {
      "start": {
        "date-parts": [
          [
            2007,
            5,
            4
          ]
        ],
        "date-time": "2007-05-04T00:00:00Z",
        "timestamp": 1178236800000
      },
      "content-version": "tdm",
      "delay-in-days": 4,
      "URL": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/"
    }
  ],
  "content-domain": {
    "domain": [
      "pubs.aip.org"
    ],
    "crossmark-restriction": true
  },
  "published-print": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2007,
        4,
        30
      ]
    ]
  },
  "abstract": "<jats:p>An efficiency of 40.7% was measured and independently confirmed for a metamorphic three-junction GaInP\u2215GaInAs\u2215Ge cell under the standard spectrum for terrestrial concentrator solar cells at 240 suns (24.0W\u2215cm2, AM1.5D, low aerosol optical depth, 25\u00b0C). This is the initial demonstration of a solar cell with over 40% efficiency, and is the highest solar conversion efficiency yet achieved for any type of photovoltaic device. Lattice-matched concentrator cells have now reached 40.1% efficiency. Electron-hole recombination mechanisms are analyzed in metamorphic GaxIn1\u2212xAs and GaxIn1\u2212xP materials, and fundamental power losses are quantified to identify paths to still higher efficiencies.</jats:p>",
  "DOI": "10.1063/1.2734507",
  "type": "journal-article",
  "created": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2007,
        5,
        4
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2007-05-04T23:08:46Z",
    "timestamp": 1178320126000
  },
  "update-policy": "https://doi.org/10.1063/aip-crossmark-policy-page",
  "source": "Crossref",
  "is-referenced-by-count": 1015,
  "title": "40% efficient metamorphic GaInP\u2215GaInAs\u2215Ge multijunction solar cells",
  "prefix": "10.1063",
  "volume": "90",
  "author": [
    {
      "given": "R. R.",
      "family": "King",
      "sequence": "first",
      "affiliation": [
        {
          "name": "Spectrolab, Inc. , 12500 Gladstone Ave., Sylmar, California 91342"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "given": "D. C.",
      "family": "Law",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": [
        {
          "name": "Spectrolab, Inc. , 12500 Gladstone Ave., Sylmar, California 91342"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "given": "K. M.",
      "family": "Edmondson",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": [
        {
          "name": "Spectrolab, Inc. , 12500 Gladstone Ave., Sylmar, California 91342"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "given": "C. M.",
      "family": "Fetzer",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": [
        {
          "name": "Spectrolab, Inc. , 12500 Gladstone Ave., Sylmar, California 91342"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "given": "G. S.",
      "family": "Kinsey",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": [
        {
          "name": "Spectrolab, Inc. , 12500 Gladstone Ave., Sylmar, California 91342"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "given": "H.",
      "family": "Yoon",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": [
        {
          "name": "Spectrolab, Inc. , 12500 Gladstone Ave., Sylmar, California 91342"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "given": "R. A.",
      "family": "Sherif",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": [
        {
          "name": "Spectrolab, Inc. , 12500 Gladstone Ave., Sylmar, California 91342"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "given": "N. H.",
      "family": "Karam",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": [
        {
          "name": "Spectrolab, Inc. , 12500 Gladstone Ave., Sylmar, California 91342"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "member": "317",
  "published-online": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2007,
        5,
        4
      ]
    ]
  },
  "reference": [
    {
      "year": "2006",
      "author": "Energy Information Administration",
      "key": "2023070304011858300_c1"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023070304011858300_c2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "510",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.1736034",
      "volume": "32",
      "year": "1961",
      "journal-title": "J. Appl. Phys."
    },
    {
      "key": "2023070304011858300_c3",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "3601",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.335737",
      "volume": "58",
      "year": "1985",
      "journal-title": "J. Appl. Phys."
    },
    {
      "year": "2000",
      "key": "2023070304011858300_c4",
      "first-page": "982"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023070304011858300_c5",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "209",
      "DOI": "10.1109/55.841298",
      "volume": "21",
      "year": "2000",
      "journal-title": "IEEE Electron Device Lett."
    },
    {
      "year": "2002",
      "key": "2023070304011858300_c6",
      "first-page": "1043"
    },
    {
      "year": "2003",
      "key": "2023070304011858300_c7",
      "first-page": "581"
    },
    {
      "year": "2005",
      "key": "2023070304011858300_c8",
      "first-page": "530"
    },
    {
      "year": "2005",
      "key": "2023070304011858300_c9",
      "first-page": "118"
    },
    {
      "year": "2006",
      "key": "2023070304011858300_c10",
      "first-page": "760"
    },
    {
      "year": "2005",
      "key": "2023070304011858300_c11",
      "first-page": "124"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023070304011858300_c12",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "4494",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.328272",
      "volume": "51",
      "year": "1980",
      "journal-title": "J. Appl. Phys."
    }
  ],
  "container-title": "Applied Physics Letters",
  "original-title": [],
  "language": "en",
  "link": [
    {
      "URL": "https://pubs.aip.org/aip/apl/article-pdf/doi/10.1063/1.2734507/8848517/183516_1_online.pdf",
      "content-type": "application/pdf",
      "content-version": "vor",
      "intended-application": "text-mining"
    },
    {
      "URL": "https://pubs.aip.org/aip/apl/article-pdf/doi/10.1063/1.2734507/8848517/183516_1_online.pdf",
      "content-type": "application/pdf",
      "content-version": "vor",
      "intended-application": "syndication"
    },
    {
      "URL": "https://pubs.aip.org/aip/apl/article-pdf/doi/10.1063/1.2734507/8848517/183516_1_online.pdf",
      "content-type": "unspecified",
      "content-version": "vor",
      "intended-application": "similarity-checking"
    }
  ],
  "deposited": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2025,
        5,
        29
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2025-05-29T18:05:30Z",
    "timestamp": 1748541930000
  },
  "score": 1,
  "resource": {
    "primary": {
      "URL": "https://pubs.aip.org/apl/article/90/18/183516/333016/40-efficient-metamorphic-GaInP-GaInAs-Ge"
    }
  },
  "subtitle": [],
  "short-title": [],
  "issued": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2007,
        4,
        30
      ]
    ]
  },
  "references-count": 12,
  "journal-issue": {
    "issue": "18",
    "published-print": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          2007,
          4,
          30
        ]
      ]
    }
  },
  "URL": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2734507",
  "relation": {},
  "ISSN": [
    "0003-6951",
    "1077-3118"
  ],
  "subject": [],
  "published-other": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2007,
        4,
        30
      ]
    ]
  },
  "published": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2007,
        4,
        30
      ]
    ]
  },
  "article-number": "183516"
}