DOI: 10.1063/1.1927699. Ultrafast electron microscopy in materials science, biology, and chemistry

Ultrafast electron microscopy in materials science, biology, and chemistry

10.1063/1.1927699

Crossref journal-article

AIP Publishing

Journal of Applied Physics (317)

Abstract

The use of pump-probe experiments to study complex transient events has been an area of significant interest in materials science, biology, and chemistry. While the emphasis has been on laser pump with laser probe and laser pump with x-ray probe experiments, there is a significant and growing interest in using electrons as probes. Early experiments used electrons for gas-phase diffraction of photostimulated chemical reactions. More recently, scientists are beginning to explore phenomena in the solid state such as phase transformations, twinning, solid-state chemical reactions, radiation damage, and shock propagation. This review focuses on the emerging area of ultrafast electron microscopy (UEM), which comprises ultrafast electron diffraction (UED) and dynamic transmission electron microscopy (DTEM). The topics that are treated include the following: (1) The physics of electrons as an ultrafast probe. This encompasses the propagation dynamics of the electrons (space-charge effect, Child’s law, Boersch effect) and extends to relativistic effects. (2) The anatomy of UED and DTEM instruments. This includes discussions of the photoactivated electron gun (also known as photogun or photoelectron gun) at conventional energies (60–200 keV) and extends to MeV beams generated by rf guns. Another critical aspect of the systems is the electron detector. Charge-coupled device cameras and microchannel-plate-based cameras are compared and contrasted. The effect of various physical phenomena on detective quantum efficiency is discussed. (3) Practical aspects of operation. This includes determination of time zero, measurement of pulse-length, and strategies for pulse compression. (4) Current and potential applications in materials science, biology, and chemistry. UEM has the potential to make a significant impact in future science and technology. Understanding of reaction pathways of complex transient phenomena in materials science, biology, and chemistry will provide fundamental knowledge for discovery-class science.

Bibliography

King, W. E., Campbell, G. H., Frank, A., Reed, B., Schmerge, J. F., Siwick, B. J., Stuart, B. C., & Weber, P. M. (2005). Ultrafast electron microscopy in materials science, biology, and chemistry. Journal of Applied Physics, 97(11).

Authors 8

Wayne E. King (first)
Geoffrey H. Campbell (additional)
Alan Frank (additional)
Bryan Reed (additional)
John F. Schmerge (additional)
Bradley J. Siwick (additional)
Brent C. Stuart (additional)
Peter M. Weber (additional)

References 238 Referenced 294

{'volume-title': 'First National Laboratory and University Alliance Workshop on Ultrafast Electron Microscopies', 'year': '2004', 'key': '2023073023082681400_c1'} / First National Laboratory and University Alliance Workshop on Ultrafast Electron Microscopies (2004)
10.1016/S1076-5670(02)80024-6 / Adv. Imaging Electron Phys. (2002)
{'volume-title': 'First National Laboratory and University Alliance Workshop on Ultrafast Electron Microscopies', 'year': '2004', 'key': '2023073023082681400_c3'} / First National Laboratory and University Alliance Workshop on Ultrafast Electron Microscopies (2004)
10.1063/1.1356011 / J. Chem. Phys. (2001)
10.1063/1.465484 / J. Chem. Phys. (1993)
10.1364/JOSAB.3.000595 / J. Opt. Soc. Am. B (1986)
10.1107/S0021889899006603 / J. Appl. Crystallogr. (1999)
10.1126/science.1090052 / Science (2003)
10.1038/35065045 / Nature (London) (2001)
10.1103/PhysRevLett.87.225701 / Phys. Rev. Lett. (2001)
10.1063/1.1593831 / Appl. Phys. Lett. (2003)
10.1016/S0304-3991(99)00180-1 / Ultramicroscopy (2000)
{'key': '2023073023082681400_c13', 'first-page': '1763', 'volume': '86', 'year': '2003', 'journal-title': 'Helv. Chim. Acta'} / Helv. Chim. Acta (2003)
{'volume-title': 'First National Laboratory and University Alliance Workshop on Ultrafast Electron Microscopies', 'year': '2004', 'key': '2023073023082681400_c14'} / First National Laboratory and University Alliance Workshop on Ultrafast Electron Microscopies (2004)
{'key': '2023073023082681400_c15', 'first-page': '19', 'volume-title': 'Femtochemistry and Femtobiology: Ultrafast Events in Molecular Science', 'author': 'Martin', 'year': '2004'} / Femtochemistry and Femtobiology: Ultrafast Events in Molecular Science by Martin (2004)
10.1016/j.chemphys.2003.11.040 / Chem. Phys. (2004)
{'key': '2023073023082681400_c17', 'first-page': '1123'}
10.1063/1.1611612 / Rev. Sci. Instrum. (2003)
10.1063/1.1148168 / Rev. Sci. Instrum. (1997)
{'key': '2023073023082681400_c20', 'first-page': '105', 'volume': '93', 'year': '1988', 'journal-title': 'Inst. Phys. Conf. Ser.'} / Inst. Phys. Conf. Ser. (1988)
10.1088/0022-3735/20/5/018 / J. Phys. E (1987)
{'key': '2023073023082681400_c22', 'first-page': '190', 'volume': '32', 'year': '1976', 'journal-title': 'Mikroskopie'} / Mikroskopie (1976)
{'key': '2023073023082681400_c23', 'first-page': '358', 'volume': '9', 'year': '2003', 'journal-title': 'Microsc. Microanal.'} / Microsc. Microanal. (2003)
10.1002/1527-2648(20020806)4:8<623::AID-ADEM623>3.0.CO;2-M / Adv. Eng. Mater. (2002)
{'volume-title': 'First National Laboratory and University Alliance Workshop on Ultrafast Electron Microscopies', 'year': '2004', 'key': '2023073023082681400_c25'} / First National Laboratory and University Alliance Workshop on Ultrafast Electron Microscopies (2004)
10.1093/oso/9780198500322.001.0001 / Time Resolved Diffraction by Helliwell (1997)
10.1080/713819603 / Opt. Acta (1977)
{'year': '1983', 'key': '2023073023082681400_c28', 'first-page': '361'} (1983)
{'year': '1982', 'key': '2023073023082681400_c29', 'first-page': '91'} (1982)
10.1002/pssa.2210700214 / Phys. Status Solidi A (1982)
10.1002/pssa.2210730113 / Phys. Status Solidi A (1982)
10.1002/pssa.2210680226 / Phys. Status Solidi A (1981)
10.1002/pssa.2210570212 / Phys. Status Solidi A (1980)
10.1002/pssa.2210600215 / Phys. Status Solidi A (1980)
{'key': '2023073023082681400_c35', 'first-page': '344', 'volume': '36', 'year': '1980', 'journal-title': 'Mikroskopie'} / Mikroskopie (1980)
{'key': '2023073023082681400_c36', 'first-page': '188', 'volume': '34', 'year': '1978', 'journal-title': 'Mikroskopie'} / Mikroskopie (1978)
10.1007/BF00688823 / Appl. Phys. B (1983)
10.1103/PhysRevLett.52.307 / Phys. Rev. Lett. (1984)
{'year': '1984', 'key': '2023073023082681400_c39', 'first-page': '1145'} (1984)
10.1063/1.1137624 / Rev. Sci. Instrum. (1984)
{'key': '2023073023082681400_c41', 'first-page': '249', 'volume': '28', 'year': '1982', 'journal-title': 'Appl. Phys. B'} / Appl. Phys. B (1982)
10.1063/1.93316 / Appl. Phys. Lett. (1982)
10.1103/PhysRevLett.52.2364 / Phys. Rev. Lett. (1984)
{'key': '2023073023082681400_c44', 'first-page': '10', 'volume': '44', 'year': '1987', 'journal-title': 'Eur. J. Cell Biol.'} / Eur. J. Cell Biol. (1987)
10.1088/0022-3735/22/12/010 / J. Phys. E (1989)
10.1016/0304-3991(87)90034-9 / Ultramicroscopy (1987)
10.1021/j100136a016 / J. Phys. Chem. (1993)
10.1021/j100062a011 / J. Phys. Chem. (1994)
10.1021/jp010122t / J. Phys. Chem. A (2001)
10.1126/science.291.5503.458 / Science (2001)
{'key': '2023073023082681400_c51', 'first-page': '442', 'volume': '208', 'year': '2003', 'journal-title': 'Appl. Surf. Sci.'} / Appl. Surf. Sci. (2003)
{'first-page': '360', 'year': '1976', 'author': 'Brandon', 'key': '2023073023082681400_c52'} by Brandon (1976)
{'first-page': '88', 'year': '1980', 'author': 'Brederoo', 'key': '2023073023082681400_c53'} by Brederoo (1980)
{'key': '2023073023082681400_c54', 'first-page': '1529', 'volume': '15–18', 'year': '1980', 'journal-title': 'J. Magn. Magn. Mater.'} / J. Magn. Magn. Mater. (1980)
10.1557/PROC-71-345 / Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. (1986)
10.1002/pssa.2210910103 / Phys. Status Solidi A (1985)
{'key': '2023073023082681400_c57', 'first-page': '101', 'volume': '109–110', 'year': '1996', 'journal-title': 'Appl. Surf. Sci.'} / Appl. Surf. Sci. (1996)
10.1063/1.362499 / J. Appl. Phys. (1996)
10.1016/0921-5093(93)90254-C / Mater. Sci. Eng., A (1993)
10.1063/1.348647 / J. Appl. Phys. (1991)
{'year': '1990', 'key': '2023073023082681400_c61', 'first-page': '180'} (1990)
{'key': '2023073023082681400_c62', 'first-page': '197', 'volume': '1', 'year': '1987', 'journal-title': 'Scanning Microsc.'} / Scanning Microsc. (1987)
10.1088/0022-3735/20/12/014 / J. Phys. E (1987)
10.1063/1.357484 / J. Appl. Phys. (1994)
10.1002/pssa.2211500114 / Phys. Status Solidi A (1995)
{'year': '1992', 'key': '2023073023082681400_c66', 'first-page': '9'} (1992)
{'key': '2023073023082681400_c67', 'first-page': '439', 'volume': '139', 'year': '1999', 'journal-title': 'Appl. Surf. Sci.'} / Appl. Surf. Sci. (1999)
10.1016/S0169-4332(99)00438-9 / Appl. Surf. Sci. (2000)
10.1063/1.1462850 / J. Appl. Phys. (2002)
10.1063/1.1619570 / J. Appl. Phys. (2003)
10.1063/1.1139665 / Rev. Sci. Instrum. (1987)
10.1016/S0042-207X(80)80016-9 / Vacuum (1980)
10.1063/1.94960 / Appl. Phys. Lett. (1984)
J. C. Williamson, Ph.D. thesis, California Institute of Technology, 1998.
10.1063/1.362553 / J. Appl. Phys. (1996)
10.1063/1.1310347 / Rev. Sci. Instrum. (2000)
{'first-page': '134', 'volume-title': 'Proceedings of EPAC 2002', 'year': '2002', 'key': '2023073023082681400_c77'} / Proceedings of EPAC 2002 (2002)
10.1063/1.1419209 / J. Appl. Phys. (2002)
10.1016/S0168-9002(99)00072-8 / Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A (1999)
10.1016/0168-9002(89)91286-2 / Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A (1989)
10.1016/S0168-9002(02)00326-1 / Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A (2002)
{'key': '2023073023082681400_c82'}
{'year': '1990', 'key': '2023073023082681400_c83'} (1990)
10.1016/0168-9002(92)91043-9 / Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A (1992)
{'key': '2023073023082681400_c85', 'first-page': '3', 'article-title': 'The Physics and Applications of High Brightness Electron Beams', 'author': 'Rosenzweig', 'year': '2003'} / The Physics and Applications of High Brightness Electron Beams by Rosenzweig (2003)
10.1016/S0168-9002(03)00939-2 / Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A (2003)
{'key': '2023073023082681400_c87', 'first-page': '127', 'article-title': 'The Physics and Applications of High Brightness Electron Beams', 'author': 'Rosenzweig', 'year': '2003'} / The Physics and Applications of High Brightness Electron Beams by Rosenzweig (2003)
10.1103/PhysRevLett.43.267 / Phys. Rev. Lett. (1979)
10.1109/27.509991 / IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. (1996)
10.1088/0022-3727/36/8/202 / J. Phys. D (2003)
10.1038/nature02963 / Nature (London) (2004)
10.1038/nature02900 / Nature (London) (2004)
10.1038/431515a / Nature (London) (2004)
10.1038/nature02939 / Nature (London) (2004)
10.1103/PhysRevLett.92.063902 / Phys. Rev. Lett. (2004)
{'year': '2004', 'key': '2023073023082681400_c96'} (2004)
{'year': '2004', 'key': '2023073023082681400_c97'} (2004)
{'year': '2004', 'key': '2023073023082681400_c98'} (2004)
10.1016/S1047-8477(03)00124-2 / J. Struct. Biol. (2003)
10.1016/S0304-3991(98)00051-5 / Ultramicroscopy (1998)
10.1017/S0033583500003577 / Q. Rev. Biophys. (2000)
10.1016/0304-3991(93)90019-T / Ultramicroscopy (1993)
10.1046/j.1365-2818.2000.00737.x / J. Microsc. (2000)
{'key': '2023073023082681400_c104', 'first-page': '290', 'volume': '40', 'year': '1991', 'journal-title': 'J. Electron Microsc.'} / J. Electron Microsc. (1991)
10.1016/S0304-3991(98)00072-2 / Ultramicroscopy (1999)
10.1016/S0304-3991(96)00092-7 / Ultramicroscopy (1996)
{'year': '2004', 'key': '2023073023082681400_c107'} (2004)
10.1016/S0168-9002(97)00217-9 / Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A (1997)
{'year': '2004', 'key': '2023073023082681400_c109'} (2004)
10.1016/S0304-3991(02)00336-4 / Ultramicroscopy (2003)
10.1016/j.nima.2003.08.055 / Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A (2003)
10.1016/S0168-9002(03)01908-9 / Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A (2003)
{'first-page': '242', 'year': '2004', 'author': 'Blouke', 'key': '2023073023082681400_c113'} by Blouke (2004)
{'volume-title': 'MEDIPIX2, a single photon counting chip to improve X-ray and gamma-ray imaging', 'key': '2023073023082681400_c114'} / MEDIPIX2, a single photon counting chip to improve X-ray and gamma-ray imaging
10.1016/S0168-9002(03)01914-4 / Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A (2003)
{'key': '2023073023082681400_c116'}
{'key': '2023073023082681400_c117'}
10.1002/(SICI)1097-0029(20000501)49:3<245::AID-JEMT4>3.0.CO;2-O / Microsc. Res. Tech. (2000)
{'volume-title': 'Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy in the Electron Microscope', 'year': '1986', 'key': '2023073023082681400_c119'} / Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy in the Electron Microscope (1986)
{'volume-title': 'The Direct Observation of Dislocations', 'year': '1964', 'key': '2023073023082681400_c120'} / The Direct Observation of Dislocations (1964)
10.1063/1.1655536 / Appl. Phys. Lett. (1974)
10.1063/1.1653116 / Appl. Phys. Lett. (1970)
10.1143/JJAP.39.1815 / Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., Part 1 (2000)
{'key': '2023073023082681400_c124', 'first-page': '549', 'volume': '68', 'year': '1978', 'journal-title': 'J. Opt. Soc. Am.'} / J. Opt. Soc. Am. (1978)
{'key': '2023073023082681400_c125', 'first-page': '475', 'volume': '13C', 'year': '1983', 'journal-title': 'Adv. Electron. Electron Phys., Suppl.'} / Adv. Electron. Electron Phys., Suppl. (1983)
10.1109/TNS.1979.4329929 / IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. (1979)
10.1103/PhysRevSTAB.6.024201 / Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams (2003)
10.1063/1.1136540 / Rev. Sci. Instrum. (1981)
10.1103/PhysRevA.46.6628 / Phys. Rev. A (1992)
10.1103/PhysRevSTAB.2.081301 / Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams (1999)
10.1109/27.510006 / IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. (1996)
10.1103/PhysRevSTAB.5.034401 / Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams (2002)
{'volume-title': 'Handbook of Charged Particle Optics', 'year': '1997', 'key': '2023073023082681400_c133'} / Handbook of Charged Particle Optics (1997)
{'volume-title': 'Theory and Design of Charged Particle Beams', 'year': '1994', 'key': '2023073023082681400_c134'} / Theory and Design of Charged Particle Beams (1994)
10.1063/1.1567816 / J. Appl. Phys. (2003)
10.1063/1.1487437 / J. Appl. Phys. (2002)
10.1063/1.1567817 / J. Appl. Phys. (2003)
{'key': '2023073023082681400_c138', 'first-page': '310', 'volume': '36', 'year': '1980', 'journal-title': 'Mikroskopie'} / Mikroskopie (1980)
{'year': '1980', 'key': '2023073023082681400_c139', 'first-page': '339'} (1980)
B. J. Siwick and D. Miller, Ph.D. thesis, University of Toronto, 2004.
{'year': '2004', 'key': '2023073023082681400_c141'} (2004)
{'volume-title': 'J. Appl. Phys.', 'key': '2023073023082681400_c142'} / J. Appl. Phys.
10.1063/1.118099 / Appl. Phys. Lett. (1996)
10.1063/1.1146843 / Rev. Sci. Instrum. (1996)
{'key': '2023073023082681400_c145', 'first-page': '622', 'volume': '1032', 'year': '1988', 'journal-title': 'Proc. SPIE'} / Proc. SPIE (1988)
{'year': '2004', 'key': '2023073023082681400_c146'} (2004)
10.1016/S0168-9002(03)00876-3 / Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A (2003)
10.1007/978-3-642-59319-2 / Ultrafast Phenomena XIII by Miller (2003)
10.1103/PhysRevLett.58.349 / Phys. Rev. Lett. (1987)
10.1364/OL.30.001057 / Opt. Lett. (2005)
10.1016/0009-2614(93)85635-2 / Chem. Phys. Lett. (1993)
{'year': '2004', 'key': '2023073023082681400_c152'} (2004)
10.1063/1.93485 / Appl. Phys. Lett. (1982)
10.1103/PhysRevLett.88.124801 / Phys. Rev. Lett. (2002)
10.1103/PhysRevLett.77.4182 / Phys. Rev. Lett. (1996)
10.1126/science.274.5285.236 / Science (1996)
{'year': '2004', 'key': '2023073023082681400_c157'} (2004)
10.1103/PhysRevLett.91.074803 / Phys. Rev. Lett. (2003)
10.1016/S0168-9002(97)00455-5 / Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A (1997)
10.1103/PhysRevSTAB.6.054201 / Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams (2003)
10.1103/PhysRevLett.73.967 / Phys. Rev. Lett. (1994)
10.1016/S0168-9002(97)00920-0 / Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A (1997)
10.1103/PhysRevE.65.046502 / Phys. Rev. E (2002)
10.1116/1.1523373 / J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B (2002)
10.1016/S0168-9002(02)00332-7 / Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A (2002)
10.1016/S0168-9002(03)00940-9 / Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A (2003)
{'key': '2023073023082681400_c167', 'first-page': '439', 'volume': '139', 'year': '1999', 'journal-title': 'Appl. Surf. Sci.'} / Appl. Surf. Sci. (1999)
10.1063/1.368962 / J. Appl. Phys. (1998)
10.1063/1.363942 / J. Appl. Phys. (1997)
10.1016/S0169-4332(96)00912-9 / Appl. Surf. Sci. (1997)
10.1063/1.360180 / J. Appl. Phys. (1995)
10.1103/PhysRevLett.50.454 / Phys. Rev. Lett. (1983)
10.1107/S0108767388004957 / Acta Crystallogr., Sect. A: Found. Crystallogr. (1988)
{'edition': '1st ed.', 'volume-title': 'Underneath the Bragg Peaks: Structural Analysis of Complex Materials', 'year': '2003', 'key': '2023073023082681400_c174'} / Underneath the Bragg Peaks: Structural Analysis of Complex Materials (2003)
10.1103/PhysRevLett.84.4493 / Phys. Rev. Lett. (2000)
10.1103/PhysRevLett.87.055703 / Phys. Rev. Lett. (2001)
10.1063/1.1563046 / Appl. Phys. Lett. (2003)
10.1103/PhysRevB.65.214303 / Phys. Rev. B (2002)
10.1103/PhysRevB.65.092103 / Phys. Rev. B (2002)
10.1103/PhysRevLett.91.105701 / Phys. Rev. Lett. (2003)
10.1103/PhysRevB.68.064114 / Phys. Rev. B (2003)
10.1016/0921-5093(90)90303-K / Mater. Sci. Eng., A (1990)
{'key': '2023073023082681400_c183', 'first-page': '1507', 'volume-title': 'Physical Metallurgy', 'author': 'Cahn', 'year': '1996', 'edition': '4th ed.'} / Physical Metallurgy by Cahn (1996)
{'key': '2023073023082681400_c184', 'first-page': '287', 'volume': '47', 'year': '1994', 'journal-title': 'Solid State Phys., Adv. Res. Appl.'} / Solid State Phys., Adv. Res. Appl. (1994)
10.1016/S1359-6454(96)00132-2 / Acta Mater. (1996)
10.1063/1.1419219 / Rev. Sci. Instrum. (2001)
{'volume-title': 'Applied RHEED: Reflection High-energy Electron Diffraction During Crystal Growth', 'year': '1999', 'key': '2023073023082681400_c187'} / Applied RHEED: Reflection High-energy Electron Diffraction During Crystal Growth (1999)
10.1063/1.103378 / Appl. Phys. Lett. (1990)
{'volume-title': 'The Optical Principles of the Diffraction of X-Rays', 'year': '1982', 'key': '2023073023082681400_c189'} / The Optical Principles of the Diffraction of X-Rays (1982)
10.1016/S0039-6028(01)01764-2 / Surf. Sci. (2002)
10.1016/S0039-6028(99)00735-9 / Surf. Sci. (1999)
10.1103/PhysRevB.59.14907 / Phys. Rev. B (1999)
10.1016/S0039-6028(01)01675-2 / Surf. Sci. (2002)
10.1103/PhysRevB.48.4921 / Phys. Rev. B (1993)
10.1103/PhysRevLett.71.400 / Phys. Rev. Lett. (1993)
10.1016/0009-2614(93)87193-7 / Chem. Phys. Lett. (1993)
10.1006/jsbi.1999.4172 / J. Struct. Biol. (1999)
10.1038/217130a0 / Nature (London) (1968)
10.1038/34465 / Nature (London) (1998)
10.1016/S0022-2836(05)80271-2 / J. Mol. Biol. (1990)
10.1006/jmbi.1996.0328 / J. Mol. Biol. (1996)
10.1006/jmbi.1998.2529 / J. Mol. Biol. (1999)
10.1038/367614a0 / Nature (London) (1994)
10.1038/24421 / Nature (London) (1998)
10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80961-7 / Cell (1999)
10.1073/pnas.95.14.8040 / Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (1998)
10.1006/jsbi.1999.4155 / J. Struct. Biol. (1999)
{'volume-title': 'Three-Dimensional Electron Microscopy of Macromolecular Assemblies', 'year': '1996', 'key': '2023073023082681400_c208'} / Three-Dimensional Electron Microscopy of Macromolecular Assemblies (1996)
10.1017/S003358350000305X / Q. Rev. Biophys. (1995)
10.1016/S0959-440X(99)80031-1 / Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol. (1999)
10.1126/science.285.5430.1077 / Science (1999)
10.1038/386088a0 / Nature (London) (1997)
10.1021/bi010715u / Biochemistry (2001)
10.1021/bi0107142 / Biochemistry (2001)
10.1126/science.1078797 / Science (2003)
10.1006/jmbi.1999.2589 / J. Mol. Biol. (1999)
10.1038/35021099 / Nature (London) (2000)
{'volume-title': 'Chemical Applications of Ultrafast Spectroscopy', 'year': '1986', 'key': '2023073023082681400_c218'} / Chemical Applications of Ultrafast Spectroscopy (1986)
10.1021/jp001460h / J. Phys. Chem. A (2000)
10.1126/science.1073866 / Science (2002)
{'key': '2023073023082681400_c221', 'first-page': '205', 'volume': '18', 'year': '1930', 'journal-title': 'Naturwiss.'} / Naturwiss. (1930)
{'volume-title': 'Stereochemical Applications of Gas-Phase Electron Diffraction', 'year': '1988', 'author': 'Hargittai', 'key': '2023073023082681400_c222'} / Stereochemical Applications of Gas-Phase Electron Diffraction by Hargittai (1988)
{'volume-title': 'Stereochemical Applications of Gas-phase Electron Diffraction', 'year': '1988', 'author': 'Hargittai', 'key': '2023073023082681400_c223'} / Stereochemical Applications of Gas-phase Electron Diffraction by Hargittai (1988)
10.1063/1.1138646 / Rev. Sci. Instrum. (1986)
{'key': '2023073023082681400_c225', 'first-page': '351', 'volume': '187', 'year': '1990', 'journal-title': 'Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst.'} / Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. (1990)
10.1063/1.1142552 / Rev. Sci. Instrum. (1992)
10.1366/0003702874448580 / Appl. Spectrosc. (1987)
10.1016/0022-2860(86)87037-5 / J. Mol. Struct. (1986)
10.1021/j100086a015 / J. Phys. Chem. (1994)
{'key': '2023073023082681400_c230', 'first-page': '123', 'volume-title': 'Time-Resolved Electron and X-ray Diffraction', 'author': 'Rentzepis', 'year': '1995'} / Time-Resolved Electron and X-ray Diffraction by Rentzepis (1995)
10.1073/pnas.88.11.5021 / Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (1991)
10.1016/0009-2614(92)85988-M / Chem. Phys. Lett. (1992)
10.1038/386159a0 / Nature (London) (1997)
10.1021/j100062a010 / J. Phys. Chem. (1994)
10.1021/jp013705b / J. Phys. Chem. A (2001)
10.1016/j.chemphys.2003.12.018 / Chem. Phys. (2004)
10.1063/1.481478 / J. Chem. Phys. (2000)
10.1021/jp031061x / J. Phys. Chem. A (2004)

Dates

Type	When
Created	20 years, 2 months ago (June 6, 2005, 8:20 p.m.)
Deposited	1 year, 7 months ago (Jan. 26, 2024, 7:45 a.m.)
Indexed	3 days ago (Aug. 27, 2025, 12:09 p.m.)
Issued	20 years, 2 months ago (June 1, 2005)
Published	20 years, 2 months ago (June 1, 2005)
Published Online	20 years, 2 months ago (June 8, 2005)
Published Print	20 years, 2 months ago (June 1, 2005)

Funders 0

None

BibTeX

@article{King_2005, title={Ultrafast electron microscopy in materials science, biology, and chemistry}, volume={97}, ISSN={1089-7550}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1927699}, DOI={10.1063/1.1927699}, number={11}, journal={Journal of Applied Physics}, publisher={AIP Publishing}, author={King, Wayne E. and Campbell, Geoffrey H. and Frank, Alan and Reed, Bryan and Schmerge, John F. and Siwick, Bradley J. and Stuart, Brent C. and Weber, Peter M.}, year={2005}, month=jun }

JSON

{
  "indexed": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2025,
        8,
        27
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2025-08-27T16:09:33Z",
    "timestamp": 1756310973354,
    "version": "3.41.2"
  },
  "reference-count": 238,
  "publisher": "AIP Publishing",
  "issue": "11",
  "content-domain": {
    "domain": [
      "pubs.aip.org"
    ],
    "crossmark-restriction": true
  },
  "published-print": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2005,
        6,
        1
      ]
    ]
  },
  "abstract": "<jats:p>The use of pump-probe experiments to study complex transient events has been an area of significant interest in materials science, biology, and chemistry. While the emphasis has been on laser pump with laser probe and laser pump with x-ray probe experiments, there is a significant and growing interest in using electrons as probes. Early experiments used electrons for gas-phase diffraction of photostimulated chemical reactions. More recently, scientists are beginning to explore phenomena in the solid state such as phase transformations, twinning, solid-state chemical reactions, radiation damage, and shock propagation. This review focuses on the emerging area of ultrafast electron microscopy (UEM), which comprises ultrafast electron diffraction (UED) and dynamic transmission electron microscopy (DTEM). The topics that are treated include the following: (1) The physics of electrons as an ultrafast probe. This encompasses the propagation dynamics of the electrons (space-charge effect, Child\u2019s law, Boersch effect) and extends to relativistic effects. (2) The anatomy of UED and DTEM instruments. This includes discussions of the photoactivated electron gun (also known as photogun or photoelectron gun) at conventional energies (60\u2013200 keV) and extends to MeV beams generated by rf guns. Another critical aspect of the systems is the electron detector. Charge-coupled device cameras and microchannel-plate-based cameras are compared and contrasted. The effect of various physical phenomena on detective quantum efficiency is discussed. (3) Practical aspects of operation. This includes determination of time zero, measurement of pulse-length, and strategies for pulse compression. (4) Current and potential applications in materials science, biology, and chemistry. UEM has the potential to make a significant impact in future science and technology. Understanding of reaction pathways of complex transient phenomena in materials science, biology, and chemistry will provide fundamental knowledge for discovery-class science.</jats:p>",
  "DOI": "10.1063/1.1927699",
  "type": "journal-article",
  "created": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2005,
        6,
        7
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2005-06-07T00:20:52Z",
    "timestamp": 1118103652000
  },
  "update-policy": "https://doi.org/10.1063/aip-crossmark-policy-page",
  "source": "Crossref",
  "is-referenced-by-count": 294,
  "title": "Ultrafast electron microscopy in materials science, biology, and chemistry",
  "prefix": "10.1063",
  "volume": "97",
  "author": [
    {
      "given": "Wayne E.",
      "family": "King",
      "sequence": "first",
      "affiliation": [
        {
          "name": "University of California Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory , L-356, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94551"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "given": "Geoffrey H.",
      "family": "Campbell",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": [
        {
          "name": "University of California Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory , L-356, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94551"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "given": "Alan",
      "family": "Frank",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": [
        {
          "name": "University of California Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory , L-356, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94551"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "given": "Bryan",
      "family": "Reed",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": [
        {
          "name": "University of California Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory , L-356, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94551"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "given": "John F.",
      "family": "Schmerge",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": [
        {
          "name": "Stanford Linear Accelerator Center , MS 69, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "given": "Bradley J.",
      "family": "Siwick",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": [
        {
          "name": "Fundamenteel Onderzoek der Materie (FOM) Institute for Atomic and Molecular Physics (AMOLF) , P.O. Box 41883, 1009 DB Amsterdam, The Netherlands"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "given": "Brent C.",
      "family": "Stuart",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": [
        {
          "name": "University of California Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory , L-470, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94551"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "given": "Peter M.",
      "family": "Weber",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": [
        {
          "name": "Brown University Department of Chemistry, , Providence, Rhode Island 02912"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "member": "317",
  "published-online": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2005,
        6,
        8
      ]
    ]
  },
  "reference": [
    {
      "volume-title": "First National Laboratory and University Alliance Workshop on Ultrafast Electron Microscopies",
      "year": "2004",
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c1"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S1076-5670(02)80024-6",
      "volume": "121",
      "year": "2002",
      "journal-title": "Adv. Imaging Electron Phys."
    },
    {
      "volume-title": "First National Laboratory and University Alliance Workshop on Ultrafast Electron Microscopies",
      "year": "2004",
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c3"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c4",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "6795",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.1356011",
      "volume": "114",
      "year": "2001",
      "journal-title": "J. Chem. Phys."
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c5",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "9496",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.465484",
      "volume": "99",
      "year": "1993",
      "journal-title": "J. Chem. Phys."
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c6",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "595",
      "DOI": "10.1364/JOSAB.3.000595",
      "volume": "3",
      "year": "1986",
      "journal-title": "J. Opt. Soc. Am. B"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c7",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "911",
      "DOI": "10.1107/S0021889899006603",
      "volume": "32",
      "year": "1999",
      "journal-title": "J. Appl. Crystallogr."
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c8",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "1382",
      "DOI": "10.1126/science.1090052",
      "volume": "302",
      "year": "2003",
      "journal-title": "Science"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c9",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "65",
      "DOI": "10.1038/35065045",
      "volume": "410",
      "year": "2001",
      "journal-title": "Nature (London)"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c10",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "225701",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevLett.87.225701",
      "volume": "87",
      "year": "2001",
      "journal-title": "Phys. Rev. Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c11",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "1044",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.1593831",
      "volume": "83",
      "year": "2003",
      "journal-title": "Appl. Phys. Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c12",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "141",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0304-3991(99)00180-1",
      "volume": "81",
      "year": "2000",
      "journal-title": "Ultramicroscopy"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c13",
      "first-page": "1763",
      "volume": "86",
      "year": "2003",
      "journal-title": "Helv. Chim. Acta"
    },
    {
      "volume-title": "First National Laboratory and University Alliance Workshop on Ultrafast Electron Microscopies",
      "year": "2004",
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c14"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c15",
      "first-page": "19",
      "volume-title": "Femtochemistry and Femtobiology: Ultrafast Events in Molecular Science",
      "author": "Martin",
      "year": "2004"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c16",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "285",
      "DOI": "10.1016/j.chemphys.2003.11.040",
      "volume": "299",
      "year": "2004",
      "journal-title": "Chem. Phys."
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c17",
      "first-page": "1123"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c18",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "4369",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.1611612",
      "volume": "74",
      "year": "2003",
      "journal-title": "Rev. Sci. Instrum."
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c19",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "2456",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.1148168",
      "volume": "68",
      "year": "1997",
      "journal-title": "Rev. Sci. Instrum."
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c20",
      "first-page": "105",
      "volume": "93",
      "year": "1988",
      "journal-title": "Inst. Phys. Conf. Ser."
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c21",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "556",
      "DOI": "10.1088/0022-3735/20/5/018",
      "volume": "20",
      "year": "1987",
      "journal-title": "J. Phys. E"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c22",
      "first-page": "190",
      "volume": "32",
      "year": "1976",
      "journal-title": "Mikroskopie"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c23",
      "first-page": "358",
      "volume": "9",
      "year": "2003",
      "journal-title": "Microsc. Microanal."
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c24",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "623",
      "DOI": "10.1002/1527-2648(20020806)4:8<623::AID-ADEM623>3.0.CO;2-M",
      "volume": "4",
      "year": "2002",
      "journal-title": "Adv. Eng. Mater."
    },
    {
      "volume-title": "First National Laboratory and University Alliance Workshop on Ultrafast Electron Microscopies",
      "year": "2004",
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c25"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c26",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "323",
      "DOI": "10.1093/oso/9780198500322.001.0001",
      "volume-title": "Time Resolved Diffraction",
      "author": "Helliwell",
      "year": "1997"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c27",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "657",
      "DOI": "10.1080/713819603",
      "volume": "24",
      "year": "1977",
      "journal-title": "Opt. Acta"
    },
    {
      "year": "1983",
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c28",
      "first-page": "361"
    },
    {
      "year": "1982",
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c29",
      "first-page": "91"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c30",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "473",
      "DOI": "10.1002/pssa.2210700214",
      "volume": "70",
      "year": "1982",
      "journal-title": "Phys. Status Solidi A"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c31",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "95",
      "DOI": "10.1002/pssa.2210730113",
      "volume": "73",
      "year": "1982",
      "journal-title": "Phys. Status Solidi A"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c32",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "555",
      "DOI": "10.1002/pssa.2210680226",
      "volume": "68",
      "year": "1981",
      "journal-title": "Phys. Status Solidi A"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c33",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "561",
      "DOI": "10.1002/pssa.2210570212",
      "volume": "57",
      "year": "1980",
      "journal-title": "Phys. Status Solidi A"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c34",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "451",
      "DOI": "10.1002/pssa.2210600215",
      "volume": "60",
      "year": "1980",
      "journal-title": "Phys. Status Solidi A"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c35",
      "first-page": "344",
      "volume": "36",
      "year": "1980",
      "journal-title": "Mikroskopie"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c36",
      "first-page": "188",
      "volume": "34",
      "year": "1978",
      "journal-title": "Mikroskopie"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c37",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "161",
      "DOI": "10.1007/BF00688823",
      "volume": "32",
      "year": "1983",
      "journal-title": "Appl. Phys. B"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c38",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "307",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevLett.52.307",
      "volume": "52",
      "year": "1984",
      "journal-title": "Phys. Rev. Lett."
    },
    {
      "year": "1984",
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c39",
      "first-page": "1145"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c40",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "1598",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.1137624",
      "volume": "55",
      "year": "1984",
      "journal-title": "Rev. Sci. Instrum."
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c41",
      "first-page": "249",
      "volume": "28",
      "year": "1982",
      "journal-title": "Appl. Phys. B"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c42",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "44",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.93316",
      "volume": "41",
      "year": "1982",
      "journal-title": "Appl. Phys. Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c43",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "2364",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevLett.52.2364",
      "volume": "52",
      "year": "1984",
      "journal-title": "Phys. Rev. Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c44",
      "first-page": "10",
      "volume": "44",
      "year": "1987",
      "journal-title": "Eur. J. Cell Biol."
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c45",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "1008",
      "DOI": "10.1088/0022-3735/22/12/010",
      "volume": "22",
      "year": "1989",
      "journal-title": "J. Phys. E"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c46",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "367",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0304-3991(87)90034-9",
      "volume": "21",
      "year": "1987",
      "journal-title": "Ultramicroscopy"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c47",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "8745",
      "DOI": "10.1021/j100136a016",
      "volume": "97",
      "year": "1993",
      "journal-title": "J. Phys. Chem."
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c48",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "2782",
      "DOI": "10.1021/j100062a011",
      "volume": "98",
      "year": "1994",
      "journal-title": "J. Phys. Chem."
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c49",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "4167",
      "DOI": "10.1021/jp010122t",
      "volume": "105",
      "year": "2001",
      "journal-title": "J. Phys. Chem. A"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c50",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "458",
      "DOI": "10.1126/science.291.5503.458",
      "volume": "291",
      "year": "2001",
      "journal-title": "Science"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c51",
      "first-page": "442",
      "volume": "208",
      "year": "2003",
      "journal-title": "Appl. Surf. Sci."
    },
    {
      "first-page": "360",
      "year": "1976",
      "author": "Brandon",
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c52"
    },
    {
      "first-page": "88",
      "year": "1980",
      "author": "Brederoo",
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c53"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c54",
      "first-page": "1529",
      "volume": "15\u201318",
      "year": "1980",
      "journal-title": "J. Magn. Magn. Mater."
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c55",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "345",
      "DOI": "10.1557/PROC-71-345",
      "volume": "71",
      "year": "1986",
      "journal-title": "Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc."
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c56",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "17",
      "DOI": "10.1002/pssa.2210910103",
      "volume": "91",
      "year": "1985",
      "journal-title": "Phys. Status Solidi A"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c57",
      "first-page": "101",
      "volume": "109\u2013110",
      "year": "1996",
      "journal-title": "Appl. Surf. Sci."
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c58",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "8725",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.362499",
      "volume": "79",
      "year": "1996",
      "journal-title": "J. Appl. Phys."
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c59",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "407",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0921-5093(93)90254-C",
      "volume": "173",
      "year": "1993",
      "journal-title": "Mater. Sci. Eng., A"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c60",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "2581",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.348647",
      "volume": "69",
      "year": "1991",
      "journal-title": "J. Appl. Phys."
    },
    {
      "year": "1990",
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c61",
      "first-page": "180"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c62",
      "first-page": "197",
      "volume": "1",
      "year": "1987",
      "journal-title": "Scanning Microsc."
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c63",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "1491",
      "DOI": "10.1088/0022-3735/20/12/014",
      "volume": "20",
      "year": "1987",
      "journal-title": "J. Phys. E"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c64",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "3045",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.357484",
      "volume": "76",
      "year": "1994",
      "journal-title": "J. Appl. Phys."
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c65",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "163",
      "DOI": "10.1002/pssa.2211500114",
      "volume": "150",
      "year": "1995",
      "journal-title": "Phys. Status Solidi A"
    },
    {
      "year": "1992",
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c66",
      "first-page": "9"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c67",
      "first-page": "439",
      "volume": "139",
      "year": "1999",
      "journal-title": "Appl. Surf. Sci."
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c68",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "140",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0169-4332(99)00438-9",
      "volume": "154",
      "year": "2000",
      "journal-title": "Appl. Surf. Sci."
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c69",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "5462",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.1462850",
      "volume": "91",
      "year": "2002",
      "journal-title": "J. Appl. Phys."
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c70",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "6280",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.1619570",
      "volume": "94",
      "year": "2003",
      "journal-title": "J. Appl. Phys."
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c71",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "932",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.1139665",
      "volume": "58",
      "year": "1987",
      "journal-title": "Rev. Sci. Instrum."
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c72",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "515",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0042-207X(80)80016-9",
      "volume": "30",
      "year": "1980",
      "journal-title": "Vacuum"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c73",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "866",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.94960",
      "volume": "44",
      "year": "1984",
      "journal-title": "Appl. Phys. Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c74",
      "unstructured": "J. C.\u2008Williamson, Ph.D. thesis, California Institute of Technology, 1998."
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c75",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "8187",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.362553",
      "volume": "79",
      "year": "1996",
      "journal-title": "J. Appl. Phys."
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c76",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "3627",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.1310347",
      "volume": "71",
      "year": "2000",
      "journal-title": "Rev. Sci. Instrum."
    },
    {
      "first-page": "134",
      "volume-title": "Proceedings of EPAC 2002",
      "year": "2002",
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c77"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c78",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "462",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.1419209",
      "volume": "91",
      "year": "2002",
      "journal-title": "J. Appl. Phys."
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c79",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "324",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0168-9002(99)00072-8",
      "volume": "429",
      "year": "1999",
      "journal-title": "Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c80",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "405",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0168-9002(89)91286-2",
      "volume": "279",
      "year": "1989",
      "journal-title": "Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c81",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "273",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0168-9002(02)00326-1",
      "volume": "483",
      "year": "2002",
      "journal-title": "Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c82"
    },
    {
      "year": "1990",
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c83"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c84",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "159",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0168-9002(92)91043-9",
      "volume": "318",
      "year": "1992",
      "journal-title": "Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c85",
      "first-page": "3",
      "article-title": "The Physics and Applications of High Brightness Electron Beams",
      "author": "Rosenzweig",
      "year": "2003"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c86",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "327",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0168-9002(03)00939-2",
      "volume": "507",
      "year": "2003",
      "journal-title": "Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c87",
      "first-page": "127",
      "article-title": "The Physics and Applications of High Brightness Electron Beams",
      "author": "Rosenzweig",
      "year": "2003"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c88",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "267",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevLett.43.267",
      "volume": "43",
      "year": "1979",
      "journal-title": "Phys. Rev. Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c89",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "252",
      "DOI": "10.1109/27.509991",
      "volume": "24",
      "year": "1996",
      "journal-title": "IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci."
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c90",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "R151",
      "DOI": "10.1088/0022-3727/36/8/202",
      "volume": "36",
      "year": "2003",
      "journal-title": "J. Phys. D"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c91",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "541",
      "DOI": "10.1038/nature02963",
      "volume": "431",
      "year": "2004",
      "journal-title": "Nature (London)"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c92",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "538",
      "DOI": "10.1038/nature02900",
      "volume": "431",
      "year": "2004",
      "journal-title": "Nature (London)"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c93",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "515",
      "DOI": "10.1038/431515a",
      "volume": "431",
      "year": "2004",
      "journal-title": "Nature (London)"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c94",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "535",
      "DOI": "10.1038/nature02939",
      "volume": "431",
      "year": "2004",
      "journal-title": "Nature (London)"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c95",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "063902",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevLett.92.063902",
      "volume": "92",
      "year": "2004",
      "journal-title": "Phys. Rev. Lett."
    },
    {
      "year": "2004",
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c96"
    },
    {
      "year": "2004",
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c97"
    },
    {
      "year": "2004",
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c98"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c99",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "135",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S1047-8477(03)00124-2",
      "volume": "143",
      "year": "2003",
      "journal-title": "J. Struct. Biol."
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c100",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "23",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0304-3991(98)00051-5",
      "volume": "75",
      "year": "1998",
      "journal-title": "Ultramicroscopy"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c101",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1",
      "DOI": "10.1017/S0033583500003577",
      "volume": "33",
      "year": "2000",
      "journal-title": "Q. Rev. Biophys."
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c102",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "21",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0304-3991(93)90019-T",
      "volume": "52",
      "year": "1993",
      "journal-title": "Ultramicroscopy"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c103",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1",
      "DOI": "10.1046/j.1365-2818.2000.00737.x",
      "volume": "200",
      "year": "2000",
      "journal-title": "J. Microsc."
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c104",
      "first-page": "290",
      "volume": "40",
      "year": "1991",
      "journal-title": "J. Electron Microsc."
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c105",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "69",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0304-3991(98)00072-2",
      "volume": "76",
      "year": "1999",
      "journal-title": "Ultramicroscopy"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c106",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "11",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0304-3991(96)00092-7",
      "volume": "66",
      "year": "1996",
      "journal-title": "Ultramicroscopy"
    },
    {
      "year": "2004",
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c107"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c108",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "233",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0168-9002(97)00217-9",
      "volume": "392",
      "year": "1997",
      "journal-title": "Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A"
    },
    {
      "year": "2004",
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c109"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c110",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "263",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0304-3991(02)00336-4",
      "volume": "94",
      "year": "2003",
      "journal-title": "Ultramicroscopy"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c111",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "317",
      "DOI": "10.1016/j.nima.2003.08.055",
      "volume": "513",
      "year": "2003",
      "journal-title": "Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c112",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "310",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0168-9002(03)01908-9",
      "volume": "512",
      "year": "2003",
      "journal-title": "Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A"
    },
    {
      "first-page": "242",
      "year": "2004",
      "author": "Blouke",
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c113"
    },
    {
      "volume-title": "MEDIPIX2, a single photon counting chip to improve X-ray and gamma-ray imaging",
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c114"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c115",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "358",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0168-9002(03)01914-4",
      "volume": "512",
      "year": "2003",
      "journal-title": "Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c116"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c117"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c118",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "245",
      "DOI": "10.1002/(SICI)1097-0029(20000501)49:3&lt;245::AID-JEMT4&gt;3.0.CO;2-O",
      "volume": "49",
      "year": "2000",
      "journal-title": "Microsc. Res. Tech."
    },
    {
      "volume-title": "Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy in the Electron Microscope",
      "year": "1986",
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c119"
    },
    {
      "volume-title": "The Direct Observation of Dislocations",
      "year": "1964",
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c120"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c121",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "431",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.1655536",
      "volume": "25",
      "year": "1974",
      "journal-title": "Appl. Phys. Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c122",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "113",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.1653116",
      "volume": "16",
      "year": "1970",
      "journal-title": "Appl. Phys. Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c123",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "1815",
      "DOI": "10.1143/JJAP.39.1815",
      "volume": "39",
      "year": "2000",
      "journal-title": "Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., Part 1"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c124",
      "first-page": "549",
      "volume": "68",
      "year": "1978",
      "journal-title": "J. Opt. Soc. Am."
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c125",
      "first-page": "475",
      "volume": "13C",
      "year": "1983",
      "journal-title": "Adv. Electron. Electron Phys., Suppl."
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c126",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "3031",
      "DOI": "10.1109/TNS.1979.4329929",
      "volume": "26",
      "year": "1979",
      "journal-title": "IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci."
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c127",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "024201",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevSTAB.6.024201",
      "volume": "6",
      "year": "2003",
      "journal-title": "Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c128",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "1830",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.1136540",
      "volume": "52",
      "year": "1981",
      "journal-title": "Rev. Sci. Instrum."
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c129",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "6628",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevA.46.6628",
      "volume": "46",
      "year": "1992",
      "journal-title": "Phys. Rev. A"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c130",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "081301",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevSTAB.2.081301",
      "volume": "2",
      "year": "1999",
      "journal-title": "Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c131",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "421",
      "DOI": "10.1109/27.510006",
      "volume": "24",
      "year": "1996",
      "journal-title": "IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci."
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c132",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "034401",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevSTAB.5.034401",
      "volume": "5",
      "year": "2002",
      "journal-title": "Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams"
    },
    {
      "volume-title": "Handbook of Charged Particle Optics",
      "year": "1997",
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c133"
    },
    {
      "volume-title": "Theory and Design of Charged Particle Beams",
      "year": "1994",
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c134"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c135",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "803",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.1567816",
      "volume": "94",
      "year": "2003",
      "journal-title": "J. Appl. Phys."
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c136",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "1643",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.1487437",
      "volume": "92",
      "year": "2002",
      "journal-title": "J. Appl. Phys."
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c137",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "807",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.1567817",
      "volume": "94",
      "year": "2003",
      "journal-title": "J. Appl. Phys."
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c138",
      "first-page": "310",
      "volume": "36",
      "year": "1980",
      "journal-title": "Mikroskopie"
    },
    {
      "year": "1980",
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c139",
      "first-page": "339"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c140",
      "unstructured": "B. J.\u2008Siwick and D.\u2008Miller, Ph.D. thesis, University of Toronto, 2004."
    },
    {
      "year": "2004",
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c141"
    },
    {
      "volume-title": "J. Appl. Phys.",
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c142"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c143",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "133",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.118099",
      "volume": "69",
      "year": "1996",
      "journal-title": "Appl. Phys. Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c144",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "697",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.1146843",
      "volume": "67",
      "year": "1996",
      "journal-title": "Rev. Sci. Instrum."
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c145",
      "first-page": "622",
      "volume": "1032",
      "year": "1988",
      "journal-title": "Proc. SPIE"
    },
    {
      "year": "2004",
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c146"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c147",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "220",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0168-9002(03)00876-3",
      "volume": "507",
      "year": "2003",
      "journal-title": "Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c148",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "322",
      "DOI": "10.1007/978-3-642-59319-2",
      "volume-title": "Ultrafast Phenomena XIII",
      "author": "Miller",
      "year": "2003"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c149",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "349",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevLett.58.349",
      "volume": "58",
      "year": "1987",
      "journal-title": "Phys. Rev. Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c150",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1057",
      "DOI": "10.1364/OL.30.001057",
      "volume": "30",
      "year": "2005",
      "journal-title": "Opt. Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c151",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "281",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0009-2614(93)85635-2",
      "volume": "214",
      "year": "1993",
      "journal-title": "Chem. Phys. Lett."
    },
    {
      "year": "2004",
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c152"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c153",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "211",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.93485",
      "volume": "41",
      "year": "1982",
      "journal-title": "Appl. Phys. Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c154",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "124801",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevLett.88.124801",
      "volume": "88",
      "year": "2002",
      "journal-title": "Phys. Rev. Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c155",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "4182",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevLett.77.4182",
      "volume": "77",
      "year": "1996",
      "journal-title": "Phys. Rev. Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c156",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "236",
      "DOI": "10.1126/science.274.5285.236",
      "volume": "274",
      "year": "1996",
      "journal-title": "Science"
    },
    {
      "year": "2004",
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c157"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c158",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "074803",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevLett.91.074803",
      "volume": "91",
      "year": "2003",
      "journal-title": "Phys. Rev. Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c159",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "184",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0168-9002(97)00455-5",
      "volume": "393",
      "year": "1997",
      "journal-title": "Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c160",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "054201",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevSTAB.6.054201",
      "volume": "6",
      "year": "2003",
      "journal-title": "Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c161",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "967",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevLett.73.967",
      "volume": "73",
      "year": "1994",
      "journal-title": "Phys. Rev. Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c162",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "180",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0168-9002(97)00920-0",
      "volume": "399",
      "year": "1997",
      "journal-title": "Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c163",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "046502",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevE.65.046502",
      "volume": "65",
      "year": "2002",
      "journal-title": "Phys. Rev. E"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c164",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "2526",
      "DOI": "10.1116/1.1523373",
      "volume": "20",
      "year": "2002",
      "journal-title": "J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c165",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "301",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0168-9002(02)00332-7",
      "volume": "483",
      "year": "2002",
      "journal-title": "Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c166",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "331",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0168-9002(03)00940-9",
      "volume": "507",
      "year": "2003",
      "journal-title": "Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c167",
      "first-page": "439",
      "volume": "139",
      "year": "1999",
      "journal-title": "Appl. Surf. Sci."
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c168",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "6355",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.368962",
      "volume": "84",
      "year": "1998",
      "journal-title": "J. Appl. Phys."
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c169",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "2835",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.363942",
      "volume": "81",
      "year": "1997",
      "journal-title": "J. Appl. Phys."
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c170",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "101",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0169-4332(96)00912-9",
      "volume": "110",
      "year": "1997",
      "journal-title": "Appl. Surf. Sci."
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c171",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "2037",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.360180",
      "volume": "78",
      "year": "1995",
      "journal-title": "J. Appl. Phys."
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c172",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "454",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevLett.50.454",
      "volume": "50",
      "year": "1983",
      "journal-title": "Phys. Rev. Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c173",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "870",
      "DOI": "10.1107/S0108767388004957",
      "volume": "A44",
      "year": "1988",
      "journal-title": "Acta Crystallogr., Sect. A: Found. Crystallogr."
    },
    {
      "edition": "1st ed.",
      "volume-title": "Underneath the Bragg Peaks: Structural Analysis of Complex Materials",
      "year": "2003",
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c174"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c175",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "4493",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevLett.84.4493",
      "volume": "84",
      "year": "2000",
      "journal-title": "Phys. Rev. Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c176",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "055703",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevLett.87.055703",
      "volume": "87",
      "year": "2001",
      "journal-title": "Phys. Rev. Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c177",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "1836",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.1563046",
      "volume": "82",
      "year": "2003",
      "journal-title": "Appl. Phys. Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c178",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "214303",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevB.65.214303",
      "volume": "65",
      "year": "2002",
      "journal-title": "Phys. Rev. B"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c179",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "092103",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevB.65.092103",
      "volume": "65",
      "year": "2002",
      "journal-title": "Phys. Rev. B"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c180",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "105701",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevLett.91.105701",
      "volume": "91",
      "year": "2003",
      "journal-title": "Phys. Rev. Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c181",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "064114",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevB.68.064114",
      "volume": "68",
      "year": "2003",
      "journal-title": "Phys. Rev. B"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c182",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "137",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0921-5093(90)90303-K",
      "volume": "127",
      "year": "1990",
      "journal-title": "Mater. Sci. Eng., A"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c183",
      "first-page": "1507",
      "volume-title": "Physical Metallurgy",
      "author": "Cahn",
      "year": "1996",
      "edition": "4th ed."
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c184",
      "first-page": "287",
      "volume": "47",
      "year": "1994",
      "journal-title": "Solid State Phys., Adv. Res. Appl."
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c185",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "4749",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S1359-6454(96)00132-2",
      "volume": "44",
      "year": "1996",
      "journal-title": "Acta Mater."
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c186",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "4404",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.1419219",
      "volume": "72",
      "year": "2001",
      "journal-title": "Rev. Sci. Instrum."
    },
    {
      "volume-title": "Applied RHEED: Reflection High-energy Electron Diffraction During Crystal Growth",
      "year": "1999",
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c187"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c188",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "1508",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.103378",
      "volume": "57",
      "year": "1990",
      "journal-title": "Appl. Phys. Lett."
    },
    {
      "volume-title": "The Optical Principles of the Diffraction of X-Rays",
      "year": "1982",
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c189"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c190",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "275",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0039-6028(01)01764-2",
      "volume": "498",
      "year": "2002",
      "journal-title": "Surf. Sci."
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c191",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "95",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0039-6028(99)00735-9",
      "volume": "439",
      "year": "1999",
      "journal-title": "Surf. Sci."
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c192",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "14907",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevB.59.14907",
      "volume": "59",
      "year": "1999",
      "journal-title": "Phys. Rev. B"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c193",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "373",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0039-6028(01)01675-2",
      "volume": "497",
      "year": "2002",
      "journal-title": "Surf. Sci."
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c194",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "4921",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevB.48.4921",
      "volume": "48",
      "year": "1993",
      "journal-title": "Phys. Rev. B"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c195",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "400",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevLett.71.400",
      "volume": "71",
      "year": "1993",
      "journal-title": "Phys. Rev. Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c196",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "10",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0009-2614(93)87193-7",
      "volume": "209",
      "year": "1993",
      "journal-title": "Chem. Phys. Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c197",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "3",
      "DOI": "10.1006/jsbi.1999.4172",
      "volume": "128",
      "year": "1999",
      "journal-title": "J. Struct. Biol."
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c198",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "130",
      "DOI": "10.1038/217130a0",
      "volume": "217",
      "year": "1968",
      "journal-title": "Nature (London)"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c199",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "199",
      "DOI": "10.1038/34465",
      "volume": "391",
      "year": "1998",
      "journal-title": "Nature (London)"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c200",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "899",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0022-2836(05)80271-2",
      "volume": "213",
      "year": "1990",
      "journal-title": "J. Mol. Biol."
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c201",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "393",
      "DOI": "10.1006/jmbi.1996.0328",
      "volume": "259",
      "year": "1996",
      "journal-title": "J. Mol. Biol."
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c202",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "861",
      "DOI": "10.1006/jmbi.1998.2529",
      "volume": "286",
      "year": "1999",
      "journal-title": "J. Mol. Biol."
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c203",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "614",
      "DOI": "10.1038/367614a0",
      "volume": "367",
      "year": "1994",
      "journal-title": "Nature (London)"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c204",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "283",
      "DOI": "10.1038/24421",
      "volume": "396",
      "year": "1998",
      "journal-title": "Nature (London)"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c205",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "79",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80961-7",
      "volume": "96",
      "year": "1999",
      "journal-title": "Cell"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c206",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "8040",
      "DOI": "10.1073/pnas.95.14.8040",
      "volume": "95",
      "year": "1998",
      "journal-title": "Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c207",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "44",
      "DOI": "10.1006/jsbi.1999.4155",
      "volume": "127",
      "year": "1999",
      "journal-title": "J. Struct. Biol."
    },
    {
      "volume-title": "Three-Dimensional Electron Microscopy of Macromolecular Assemblies",
      "year": "1996",
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c208"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c209",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "171",
      "DOI": "10.1017/S003358350000305X",
      "volume": "28",
      "year": "1995",
      "journal-title": "Q. Rev. Biophys."
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c210",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "215",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0959-440X(99)80031-1",
      "volume": "9",
      "year": "1999",
      "journal-title": "Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol."
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c211",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1077",
      "DOI": "10.1126/science.285.5430.1077",
      "volume": "285",
      "year": "1999",
      "journal-title": "Science"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c212",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "88",
      "DOI": "10.1038/386088a0",
      "volume": "386",
      "year": "1997",
      "journal-title": "Nature (London)"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c213",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "13802",
      "DOI": "10.1021/bi010715u",
      "volume": "40",
      "year": "2001",
      "journal-title": "Biochemistry"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c214",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "13788",
      "DOI": "10.1021/bi0107142",
      "volume": "40",
      "year": "2001",
      "journal-title": "Biochemistry"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c215",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "1944",
      "DOI": "10.1126/science.1078797",
      "volume": "300",
      "year": "2003",
      "journal-title": "Science"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c216",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "145",
      "DOI": "10.1006/jmbi.1999.2589",
      "volume": "287",
      "year": "1999",
      "journal-title": "J. Mol. Biol."
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c217",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "752",
      "DOI": "10.1038/35021099",
      "volume": "406",
      "year": "2000",
      "journal-title": "Nature (London)"
    },
    {
      "volume-title": "Chemical Applications of Ultrafast Spectroscopy",
      "year": "1986",
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c218"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c219",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "5660",
      "DOI": "10.1021/jp001460h",
      "volume": "104",
      "year": "2000",
      "journal-title": "J. Phys. Chem. A"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c220",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "1144",
      "DOI": "10.1126/science.1073866",
      "volume": "297",
      "year": "2002",
      "journal-title": "Science"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c221",
      "first-page": "205",
      "volume": "18",
      "year": "1930",
      "journal-title": "Naturwiss."
    },
    {
      "volume-title": "Stereochemical Applications of Gas-Phase Electron Diffraction",
      "year": "1988",
      "author": "Hargittai",
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c222"
    },
    {
      "volume-title": "Stereochemical Applications of Gas-phase Electron Diffraction",
      "year": "1988",
      "author": "Hargittai",
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c223"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c224",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "967",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.1138646",
      "volume": "57",
      "year": "1986",
      "journal-title": "Rev. Sci. Instrum."
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c225",
      "first-page": "351",
      "volume": "187",
      "year": "1990",
      "journal-title": "Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst."
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c226",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "3352",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.1142552",
      "volume": "63",
      "year": "1992",
      "journal-title": "Rev. Sci. Instrum."
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c227",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "631",
      "DOI": "10.1366/0003702874448580",
      "volume": "41",
      "year": "1987",
      "journal-title": "Appl. Spectrosc."
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c228",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "135",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0022-2860(86)87037-5",
      "volume": "145",
      "year": "1986",
      "journal-title": "J. Mol. Struct."
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c229",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "8673",
      "DOI": "10.1021/j100086a015",
      "volume": "98",
      "year": "1994",
      "journal-title": "J. Phys. Chem."
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c230",
      "first-page": "123",
      "volume-title": "Time-Resolved Electron and X-ray Diffraction",
      "author": "Rentzepis",
      "year": "1995"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c231",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "5021",
      "DOI": "10.1073/pnas.88.11.5021",
      "volume": "88",
      "year": "1991",
      "journal-title": "Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c232",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "529",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0009-2614(92)85988-M",
      "volume": "196",
      "year": "1992",
      "journal-title": "Chem. Phys. Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c233",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "159",
      "DOI": "10.1038/386159a0",
      "volume": "386",
      "year": "1997",
      "journal-title": "Nature (London)"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c234",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "2766",
      "DOI": "10.1021/j100062a010",
      "volume": "98",
      "year": "1994",
      "journal-title": "J. Phys. Chem."
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c235",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "11159",
      "DOI": "10.1021/jp013705b",
      "volume": "105",
      "year": "2001",
      "journal-title": "J. Phys. Chem. A"
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c236",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "307",
      "DOI": "10.1016/j.chemphys.2003.12.018",
      "volume": "299",
      "year": "2004",
      "journal-title": "Chem. Phys."
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c237",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "8347",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.481478",
      "volume": "112",
      "year": "2000",
      "journal-title": "J. Chem. Phys."
    },
    {
      "key": "2023073023082681400_c238",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1189",
      "DOI": "10.1021/jp031061x",
      "volume": "108",
      "year": "2004",
      "journal-title": "J. Phys. Chem. A"
    }
  ],
  "container-title": "Journal of Applied Physics",
  "original-title": [],
  "language": "en",
  "link": [
    {
      "URL": "https://pubs.aip.org/aip/jap/article-pdf/doi/10.1063/1.1927699/14936228/111101_1_online.pdf",
      "content-type": "application/pdf",
      "content-version": "vor",
      "intended-application": "syndication"
    },
    {
      "URL": "https://pubs.aip.org/aip/jap/article-pdf/doi/10.1063/1.1927699/14936228/111101_1_online.pdf",
      "content-type": "unspecified",
      "content-version": "vor",
      "intended-application": "similarity-checking"
    }
  ],
  "deposited": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2024,
        1,
        26
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2024-01-26T12:45:47Z",
    "timestamp": 1706273147000
  },
  "score": 1,
  "resource": {
    "primary": {
      "URL": "https://pubs.aip.org/jap/article/97/11/111101/894019/Ultrafast-electron-microscopy-in-materials-science"
    }
  },
  "subtitle": [],
  "short-title": [],
  "issued": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2005,
        6,
        1
      ]
    ]
  },
  "references-count": 238,
  "journal-issue": {
    "issue": "11",
    "published-print": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          2005,
          6,
          1
        ]
      ]
    }
  },
  "URL": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1927699",
  "relation": {},
  "ISSN": [
    "0021-8979",
    "1089-7550"
  ],
  "subject": [],
  "published-other": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2005,
        6,
        1
      ]
    ]
  },
  "published": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2005,
        6,
        1
      ]
    ]
  },
  "article-number": "111101"
}