DOI: 10.1063/1.1537457. Ferromagnetism in Mn-implanted ZnO:Sn single crystals

Ferromagnetism in Mn-implanted ZnO:Sn single crystals

10.1063/1.1537457

Crossref journal-article

AIP Publishing

Applied Physics Letters (317)

Abstract

We have investigated the magnetic properties of Mn-implanted n-type ZnO single crystals that are codoped with Sn. Theory predicts that room-temperature carrier-mediated ferromagnetism should be possible in manganese-doped p-type ZnO, although Mn-doped n-type ZnO should not be ferromagnetic. While previous efforts report only low-temperature ferromagnetism in Mn-doped ZnO that is n type via shallow donors, we find evidence for ferromagnetism with a Curie temperature of ∼250 K in ZnO that is codoped with Mn and Sn. As a 4+ valence cation, Sn should behave as a doubly ionized donor, thus introducing states deep in the gap. Hysteresis is clearly observed in magnetization versus field curves. Differences in zero-field-cooled and field-cooled magnetization persists up to ∼250 K for Sn-doped ZnO crystals implanted with 3 at. % Mn. Increasing the Mn concentration to 5 at. % significantly reduces the magnetic hysteresis. This latter observation is inconsistent with the origin for ferromagnetism being due to segregated secondary phases, and strongly suggests that a near-room-temperature dilute magnetic semiconducting oxide has been realized. Based on these results, ZnO doped with Mn and Sn may prove promising as a ferromagnetic semiconductor for spintronics.

Bibliography

Norton, D. P., Pearton, S. J., Hebard, A. F., Theodoropoulou, N., Boatner, L. A., & Wilson, R. G. (2003). Ferromagnetism in Mn-implanted ZnO:Sn single crystals. Applied Physics Letters, 82(2), 239â241.

Authors 6

D. P. Norton (first)
S. J. Pearton (additional)
A. F. Hebard (additional)
N. Theodoropoulou (additional)
L. A. Boatner (additional)
R. G. Wilson (additional)

References 27 Referenced 395

10.1023/A:1007764131406 / J. Supercond. (2000)
10.1126/science.282.5394.1660 / Science (1998)
10.1063/1.341700 / J. Appl. Phys. (1988)
10.1103/PhysRevB.42.10311 / Phys. Rev. B (1990)
{'key': '2024020323462789400_r5', 'first-page': '47', 'volume': '1', 'year': '1970', 'journal-title': 'Solid State Sci.'} / Solid State Sci. (1970)
10.1126/science.281.5379.951 / Science (1998)
10.1143/JJAP.39.L949 / Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., Part 2 (2000)
10.1016/S0022-0248(01)02396-X / J. Cryst. Growth (2002)
10.1103/PhysRevLett.88.257203 / Phys. Rev. Lett. (2002)
10.1063/1.1419231 / Appl. Phys. Lett. (2001)
10.1063/1.1481533 / Appl. Phys. Lett. (2002)
10.1103/PhysRevLett.89.107203 / Phys. Rev. Lett. (2002)
10.1063/1.1420434 / Appl. Phys. Lett. (2001)
10.1126/science.1056186 / Science (2001)
10.1016/S0038-1098(02)00094-7 / Solid State Commun. (2002)
10.1126/science.287.5455.1019 / Science (2000)
10.1063/1.1397763 / Appl. Phys. Lett. (2001)
10.1103/PhysRevB.55.R3347 / Phys. Rev. B (1997)
{'key': '2024020323462789400_r19'}
10.1016/0038-1098(85)90399-0 / Solid State Commun. (1985)
10.1143/JJAP.39.L555 / Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., Part 2 (2000)
{'key': '2024020323462789400_r22', 'first-page': '260', 'volume': '10', 'year': '2001', 'journal-title': 'Physica C'} / Physica C (2001)
10.1063/1.125353 / Appl. Phys. Lett. (1999)
10.1063/1.1487927 / Appl. Phys. Lett. (2002)
10.1103/PhysRev.108.222 / Phys. Rev. (1957)
10.1103/PhysRevLett.82.2552 / Phys. Rev. Lett. (1999)
{'key': '2024020323462789400_r27', 'first-page': '173', 'volume': 'A91', 'year': '1997', 'journal-title': 'Acta Physiol. Pol.'} / Acta Physiol. Pol. (1997)

Dates

Type	When
Created	22 years, 7 months ago (Jan. 9, 2003, 11:40 a.m.)
Deposited	1 year, 6 months ago (Feb. 3, 2024, 6:46 p.m.)
Indexed	4 months, 2 weeks ago (April 14, 2025, 5:14 p.m.)
Issued	22 years, 7 months ago (Jan. 13, 2003)
Published	22 years, 7 months ago (Jan. 13, 2003)
Published Print	22 years, 7 months ago (Jan. 13, 2003)

Funders 0

None

BibTeX

@article{Norton_2003, title={Ferromagnetism in Mn-implanted ZnO:Sn single crystals}, volume={82}, ISSN={1077-3118}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1537457}, DOI={10.1063/1.1537457}, number={2}, journal={Applied Physics Letters}, publisher={AIP Publishing}, author={Norton, D. P. and Pearton, S. J. and Hebard, A. F. and Theodoropoulou, N. and Boatner, L. A. and Wilson, R. G.}, year={2003}, month=jan, pages={239–241} }

JSON

{
  "indexed": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2025,
        4,
        14
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2025-04-14T21:14:51Z",
    "timestamp": 1744665291512
  },
  "reference-count": 27,
  "publisher": "AIP Publishing",
  "issue": "2",
  "content-domain": {
    "domain": [
      "pubs.aip.org"
    ],
    "crossmark-restriction": true
  },
  "published-print": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2003,
        1,
        13
      ]
    ]
  },
  "abstract": "<jats:p>We have investigated the magnetic properties of Mn-implanted n-type ZnO single crystals that are codoped with Sn. Theory predicts that room-temperature carrier-mediated ferromagnetism should be possible in manganese-doped p-type ZnO, although Mn-doped n-type ZnO should not be ferromagnetic. While previous efforts report only low-temperature ferromagnetism in Mn-doped ZnO that is n type via shallow donors, we find evidence for ferromagnetism with a Curie temperature of \u223c250 K in ZnO that is codoped with Mn and Sn. As a 4+ valence cation, Sn should behave as a doubly ionized donor, thus introducing states deep in the gap. Hysteresis is clearly observed in magnetization versus field curves. Differences in zero-field-cooled and field-cooled magnetization persists up to \u223c250 K for Sn-doped ZnO crystals implanted with 3 at.\u200a% Mn. Increasing the Mn concentration to 5 at.\u200a% significantly reduces the magnetic hysteresis. This latter observation is inconsistent with the origin for ferromagnetism being due to segregated secondary phases, and strongly suggests that a near-room-temperature dilute magnetic semiconducting oxide has been realized. Based on these results, ZnO doped with Mn and Sn may prove promising as a ferromagnetic semiconductor for spintronics.</jats:p>",
  "DOI": "10.1063/1.1537457",
  "type": "journal-article",
  "created": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2003,
        1,
        9
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2003-01-09T16:40:23Z",
    "timestamp": 1042130423000
  },
  "page": "239-241",
  "update-policy": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/aip-crossmark-policy-page",
  "source": "Crossref",
  "is-referenced-by-count": 395,
  "title": "Ferromagnetism in Mn-implanted ZnO:Sn single crystals",
  "prefix": "10.1063",
  "volume": "82",
  "author": [
    {
      "given": "D. P.",
      "family": "Norton",
      "sequence": "first",
      "affiliation": [
        {
          "name": "Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, 106 Rhines Hall, P.O. Box 116400, Rhines Hall, Gainesville, Florida\u200932611"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "given": "S. J.",
      "family": "Pearton",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": [
        {
          "name": "Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, 106 Rhines Hall, P.O. Box 116400, Rhines Hall, Gainesville, Florida\u200932611"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "given": "A. F.",
      "family": "Hebard",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": [
        {
          "name": "Department of Physics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida\u200932611-8440"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "given": "N.",
      "family": "Theodoropoulou",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": [
        {
          "name": "Department of Physics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida\u200932611-8440"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "given": "L. A.",
      "family": "Boatner",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": [
        {
          "name": "Solid State Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee\u200937831"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "given": "R. G.",
      "family": "Wilson",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": [
        {
          "name": "Consultant, Stevenson Ranch, California\u200995131"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "member": "317",
  "reference": [
    {
      "key": "2024020323462789400_r1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "195",
      "DOI": "10.1023/A:1007764131406",
      "volume": "13",
      "year": "2000",
      "journal-title": "J. Supercond."
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020323462789400_r2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1660",
      "DOI": "10.1126/science.282.5394.1660",
      "volume": "282",
      "year": "1998",
      "journal-title": "Science"
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020323462789400_r3",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "R29",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.341700",
      "volume": "64",
      "year": "1988",
      "journal-title": "J. Appl. Phys."
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020323462789400_r4",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "10311",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevB.42.10311",
      "volume": "42",
      "year": "1990",
      "journal-title": "Phys. Rev. B"
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020323462789400_r5",
      "first-page": "47",
      "volume": "1",
      "year": "1970",
      "journal-title": "Solid State Sci."
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020323462789400_r6",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "951",
      "DOI": "10.1126/science.281.5379.951",
      "volume": "281",
      "year": "1998",
      "journal-title": "Science"
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020323462789400_r7",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "L949",
      "DOI": "10.1143/JJAP.39.L949",
      "volume": "39",
      "year": "2000",
      "journal-title": "Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., Part 2"
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020323462789400_r8",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "609",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0022-0248(01)02396-X",
      "volume": "236",
      "year": "2002",
      "journal-title": "J. Cryst. Growth"
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020323462789400_r9",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "257203",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevLett.88.257203",
      "volume": "88",
      "year": "2002",
      "journal-title": "Phys. Rev. Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020323462789400_r10",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "3473",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.1419231",
      "volume": "79",
      "year": "2001",
      "journal-title": "Appl. Phys. Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020323462789400_r11",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "3964",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.1481533",
      "volume": "80",
      "year": "2002",
      "journal-title": "Appl. Phys. Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020323462789400_r12",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "107203",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevLett.89.107203",
      "volume": "89",
      "year": "2002",
      "journal-title": "Phys. Rev. Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020323462789400_r13",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "3467",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.1420434",
      "volume": "79",
      "year": "2001",
      "journal-title": "Appl. Phys. Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020323462789400_r14",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "854",
      "DOI": "10.1126/science.1056186",
      "volume": "291",
      "year": "2001",
      "journal-title": "Science"
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020323462789400_r15",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "165",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0038-1098(02)00094-7",
      "volume": "122",
      "year": "2002",
      "journal-title": "Solid State Commun."
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020323462789400_r16",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1019",
      "DOI": "10.1126/science.287.5455.1019",
      "volume": "287",
      "year": "2000",
      "journal-title": "Science"
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020323462789400_r17",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1312",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.1397763",
      "volume": "79",
      "year": "2001",
      "journal-title": "Appl. Phys. Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020323462789400_r18",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "R3347",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevB.55.R3347",
      "volume": "55",
      "year": "1997",
      "journal-title": "Phys. Rev. B"
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020323462789400_r19"
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020323462789400_r20",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "347",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0038-1098(85)90399-0",
      "volume": "56",
      "year": "1985",
      "journal-title": "Solid State Commun."
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020323462789400_r21",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "L555",
      "DOI": "10.1143/JJAP.39.L555",
      "volume": "39",
      "year": "2000",
      "journal-title": "Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., Part 2"
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020323462789400_r22",
      "first-page": "260",
      "volume": "10",
      "year": "2001",
      "journal-title": "Physica C"
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020323462789400_r23",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "3366",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.125353",
      "volume": "75",
      "year": "1999",
      "journal-title": "Appl. Phys. Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020323462789400_r24",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "4561",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.1487927",
      "volume": "80",
      "year": "2002",
      "journal-title": "Appl. Phys. Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020323462789400_r25",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "222",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRev.108.222",
      "volume": "108",
      "year": "1957",
      "journal-title": "Phys. Rev."
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020323462789400_r26",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "2552",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevLett.82.2552",
      "volume": "82",
      "year": "1999",
      "journal-title": "Phys. Rev. Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "2024020323462789400_r27",
      "first-page": "173",
      "volume": "A91",
      "year": "1997",
      "journal-title": "Acta Physiol. Pol."
    }
  ],
  "container-title": "Applied Physics Letters",
  "original-title": [],
  "language": "en",
  "link": [
    {
      "URL": "https://pubs.aip.org/aip/apl/article-pdf/82/2/239/18574979/239_1_online.pdf",
      "content-type": "application/pdf",
      "content-version": "vor",
      "intended-application": "syndication"
    },
    {
      "URL": "https://pubs.aip.org/aip/apl/article-pdf/82/2/239/18574979/239_1_online.pdf",
      "content-type": "unspecified",
      "content-version": "vor",
      "intended-application": "similarity-checking"
    }
  ],
  "deposited": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2024,
        2,
        3
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2024-02-03T23:46:42Z",
    "timestamp": 1707004002000
  },
  "score": 1,
  "resource": {
    "primary": {
      "URL": "https://pubs.aip.org/apl/article/82/2/239/114770/Ferromagnetism-in-Mn-implanted-ZnO-Sn-single"
    }
  },
  "subtitle": [],
  "short-title": [],
  "issued": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2003,
        1,
        13
      ]
    ]
  },
  "references-count": 27,
  "journal-issue": {
    "issue": "2",
    "published-print": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          2003,
          1,
          13
        ]
      ]
    }
  },
  "URL": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1537457",
  "relation": {},
  "ISSN": [
    "0003-6951",
    "1077-3118"
  ],
  "subject": [],
  "published-other": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2003,
        1,
        13
      ]
    ]
  },
  "published": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2003,
        1,
        13
      ]
    ]
  }
}