DOI: 10.1055/s-2002-32341. On the Lamellar Structure of the Tracheid Cell Wall

On the Lamellar Structure of the Tracheid Cell Wall

10.1055/s-2002-32341

Crossref journal-article

Wiley

Plant Biology (311)

Abstract

Abstract: It is clear that cross sections of wood cells show a lamellar structure. This paper investigates the orientation of this lamellar structure of spruce (Picea abies) tracheids using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Cross sections of spruce wood were produced through fracturing in longitudinal bending and tensile testing. When investigated with SEM, the fracture surfaces show a structure of mostly larger radial lamellae, in the order of 30 ‐ 100 nm, i.e., agglomerations of a few cellulose aggregates. Thin transverse sections of the fracture zones investigated with atomic force microscopy show concentric lamellae with a width in the order of a single cellulose aggregate, i.e., 15 ‐ 25 nm. No structural connection to the splinters in the radial direction can be seen. It is suggested that the radial lamellar structure is a consequence of the energy released during fracturing of the wood samples and that the undistorted wood has a concentric lamellar structure on a smaller structural level.

Bibliography

FahlÃ©n, J., & SalmÃ©n, L. (2002). On the Lamellar Structure of the Tracheid Cell Wall. Plant Biology, 4(3), 339â345. Portico.

Authors 2

J. Fahlén (first)
L. Salmén (additional)

References 37 Referenced 78

{'key': 'e_1_2_1_2_1', 'first-page': '154', 'volume-title': 'Composite materials', 'author': 'Argon A. S.', 'year': '1974'} / Composite materials by Argon A. S. (1974)
{'key': 'e_1_2_1_3_1', 'first-page': '243', 'volume-title': 'Fatigue of fibrous composite materials', 'author': 'Awerbuch J.', 'year': '1979'} / Fatigue of fibrous composite materials by Awerbuch J. (1979)
10.1021/ie50337a009
10.1515/hfsg.1994.48.s1.34
{'key': 'e_1_2_1_6_1', 'first-page': '415', 'volume-title': 'Composite materials', 'author': 'Cooper G. A.', 'year': '1974'} / Composite materials by Cooper G. A. (1974)
Fahlén J.andSalmén L.(2001)Cross‐sectional structure of the secondary wall of wood fibers as affected by processing.Journal of Material Sciencein print.
{'key': 'e_1_2_1_8_1', 'first-page': '497', 'article-title': 'Ultrastructural Behaviour of Cell Wall Polysaccharides.', 'volume': '53', 'author': 'Fengel D.', 'year': '1970', 'journal-title': 'Tappi'} / Tappi / Ultrastructural Behaviour of Cell Wall Polysaccharides. by Fengel D. (1970)
{'key': 'e_1_2_1_9_1', 'first-page': '15', 'volume-title': 'Proceedings of International Conference on Wood and Wood Fiber Composites', 'author': 'Gu H.', 'year': '2000'} / Proceedings of International Conference on Wood and Wood Fiber Composites by Gu H. (2000)
{'key': 'e_1_2_1_10_1', 'first-page': '159', 'article-title': 'The ultrastructure of wood pulp with special reference to the elementary fibril of cellulose.', 'volume': '60', 'author': 'Heyn A.', 'year': '1977', 'journal-title': 'Tappi'} / Tappi / The ultrastructure of wood pulp with special reference to the elementary fibril of cellulose. by Heyn A. (1977)
{'key': 'e_1_2_1_11_1', 'first-page': '536', 'article-title': 'The ultrastructural arrangement of the wood cell wall.', 'volume': '9', 'author': 'Kerr A. J.', 'year': '1975', 'journal-title': 'Cellulose Chemistry and Technology'} / Cellulose Chemistry and Technology / The ultrastructural arrangement of the wood cell wall. by Kerr A. J. (1975)
{'key': 'e_1_2_1_12_1', 'first-page': '197', 'article-title': 'A proposed model of the tracheid cell wall of southern yellow pine having an inherent radial structure in the S2 layer.', 'volume': '29', 'author': 'Larsen M. J.', 'year': '1995', 'journal-title': 'Materials and Organisms'} / Materials and Organisms / A proposed model of the tracheid cell wall of southern yellow pine having an inherent radial structure in the S2 layer. by Larsen M. J. (1995)
{'key': 'e_1_2_1_13_1', 'first-page': '246', 'article-title': 'A note on the cell‐wall structure of softwood tracheids.', 'volume': '7', 'author': 'Page D. H.', 'year': '1976', 'journal-title': 'Wood and Fiber'} / Wood and Fiber / A note on the cell‐wall structure of softwood tracheids. by Page D. H. (1976)
10.1007/BF00350830 / Wood Science and Technology / On the fine structure of bamboo fibers. by Parameswaran N. (1976)
{'key': 'e_1_2_1_15_1', 'first-page': '587', 'article-title': 'Ultrastructural aspects of bamboo cells.', 'volume': '14', 'author': 'Parameswaran N.', 'year': '1980', 'journal-title': 'Cellulose Chemistry and Technology'} / Cellulose Chemistry and Technology / Ultrastructural aspects of bamboo cells. by Parameswaran N. (1980)
{'key': 'e_1_2_1_16_1', 'first-page': '277', 'volume-title': 'Load bearing fibre composites.', 'author': 'Piggott M. R.', 'year': '1980'} / Load bearing fibre composites. by Piggott M. R. (1980)
10.1007/BF00351930
{'key': 'e_1_2_1_18_1', 'first-page': '99', 'article-title': 'Interaction between hemicelluloses, lignin and cellulose: Structure ‐ property relationships.', 'volume': '24', 'author': 'Salmén L.', 'year': '1998', 'journal-title': 'Journal of Pulp and Paper Science'} / Journal of Pulp and Paper Science / Interaction between hemicelluloses, lignin and cellulose: Structure ‐ property relationships. by Salmén L. (1998)
{'key': 'e_1_2_1_19_1', 'first-page': '266', 'article-title': 'The structure of the cell wall of wood ‐ a consequence of anisotropic inter‐microfibrillar bonding?', 'volume': '6', 'author': 'Scallan A. M.', 'year': '1974', 'journal-title': 'Wood science'} / Wood science / The structure of the cell wall of wood ‐ a consequence of anisotropic inter‐microfibrillar bonding? by Scallan A. M. (1974)
{'key': 'e_1_2_1_20_1', 'first-page': '9', 'volume-title': 'Fibre‐Water Interactions in Paper‐Making.', 'author': 'Scallan A. M.', 'year': '1977'} / Fibre‐Water Interactions in Paper‐Making. by Scallan A. M. (1977)
10.1515/hfsg.1998.52.2.117
10.1007/BF02619100
10.1007/BF02628234
{'key': 'e_1_2_1_24_1', 'first-page': '26', 'volume-title': 'Das Gefüge der Zellwandschicht S2.', 'author': 'Sell J.', 'year': '1993'} / Das Gefüge der Zellwandschicht S2. by Sell J. (1993)
{'key': 'e_1_2_1_25_1', 'first-page': '400', 'volume-title': 'Recent Advances in Wood Anatomy', 'author': 'Singh A. P.', 'year': '1996'} / Recent Advances in Wood Anatomy by Singh A. P. (1996)
10.1515/HF.2001.062
10.1515/hfsg.1998.52.6.563
10.1007/BF00352304
{'key': 'e_1_2_1_29_1', 'first-page': '343', 'article-title': 'A structural model for the cell wall of water‐swollen wood pulp fibers based on their accessibility to macromolecules.', 'volume': '2', 'author': 'Stone J. E.', 'year': '1968', 'journal-title': 'Cellulose Chemistry and Technology'} / Cellulose Chemistry and Technology / A structural model for the cell wall of water‐swollen wood pulp fibers based on their accessibility to macromolecules. by Stone J. E. (1968)
{'key': 'e_1_2_1_30_1', 'first-page': '1527', 'article-title': 'The ultrastructural distribution of lignin in tracheid cell walls.', 'volume': '54', 'author': 'Stone J. E.', 'year': '1971', 'journal-title': 'Tappi'} / Tappi / The ultrastructural distribution of lignin in tracheid cell walls. by Stone J. E. (1971)
{'key': 'e_1_2_1_31_1', 'first-page': '247', 'volume-title': 'Forage Cell Wall Structure and Digestibility.', 'author': 'Terashima N.', 'year': '1993'} / Forage Cell Wall Structure and Digestibility. by Terashima N. (1993)
{'key': 'e_1_2_1_32_1', 'first-page': '1', 'article-title': 'The nature of reaction wood: II. The cell wall organization of compression wood tracheids.', 'volume': '3', 'author': 'Wardrop A. B.', 'year': '1950', 'journal-title': 'Australian Journal of Scientific Research'} / Australian Journal of Scientific Research / The nature of reaction wood: II. The cell wall organization of compression wood tracheids. by Wardrop A. B. (1950)
{'key': 'e_1_2_1_33_1', 'first-page': '48', 'volume-title': 'Fatigue of fibrous composite materials', 'author': 'Withcomb J. D.', 'year': '1979'} / Fatigue of fibrous composite materials by Withcomb J. D. (1979)
10.1016/S0008-6215(98)00236-5
{'key': 'e_1_2_1_35_1', 'first-page': '32', 'volume-title': 'Das Feingefüge der Zellwand auf Querbruchflächen von längszugbeanspruchten Laubhölzern.', 'author': 'Zimmermann T.', 'year': '1997'} / Das Feingefüge der Zellwand auf Querbruchflächen von längszugbeanspruchten Laubhölzern. by Zimmermann T. (1997)
{'key': 'e_1_2_1_36_1', 'first-page': '186', 'volume-title': 'Plant Biomechanics', 'author': 'Zimmermann T.', 'year': '2000'} / Plant Biomechanics by Zimmermann T. (2000)
10.1007/BF02619097
10.1016/S0032-3861(00)00434-1

Dates

Type	When
Created	23 years, 1 month ago (July 28, 2002, 5:53 p.m.)
Deposited	1 year, 9 months ago (Nov. 19, 2023, 7:41 a.m.)
Indexed	1 week, 5 days ago (Aug. 19, 2025, 6:37 a.m.)
Issued	23 years, 3 months ago (May 1, 2002)
Published	23 years, 3 months ago (May 1, 2002)
Published Online	17 years, 6 months ago (Feb. 14, 2008)
Published Print	23 years, 3 months ago (May 1, 2002)

Funders 0

None

BibTeX

@article{Fahl_n_2002, title={On the Lamellar Structure of the Tracheid Cell Wall}, volume={4}, ISSN={1438-8677}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2002-32341}, DOI={10.1055/s-2002-32341}, number={3}, journal={Plant Biology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Fahlén, J. and Salmén, L.}, year={2002}, month=may, pages={339–345} }

JSON

{
  "indexed": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2025,
        8,
        19
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2025-08-19T10:37:01Z",
    "timestamp": 1755599821879
  },
  "reference-count": 37,
  "publisher": "Wiley",
  "issue": "3",
  "license": [
    {
      "start": {
        "date-parts": [
          [
            2008,
            2,
            14
          ]
        ],
        "date-time": "2008-02-14T00:00:00Z",
        "timestamp": 1202947200000
      },
      "content-version": "vor",
      "delay-in-days": 2115,
      "URL": "http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor"
    }
  ],
  "content-domain": {
    "domain": [
      "onlinelibrary.wiley.com"
    ],
    "crossmark-restriction": true
  },
  "published-print": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2002,
        5
      ]
    ]
  },
  "abstract": "<jats:p><jats:bold>Abstract: </jats:bold> It is clear that cross sections of wood cells show a lamellar structure. This paper investigates the orientation of this lamellar structure of spruce <jats:italic>(Picea abies)</jats:italic> tracheids using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Cross sections of spruce wood were produced through fracturing in longitudinal bending and tensile testing. When investigated with SEM, the fracture surfaces show a structure of mostly larger radial lamellae, in the order of 30 \u2010 100 nm, i.e., agglomerations of a few cellulose aggregates. Thin transverse sections of the fracture zones investigated with atomic force microscopy show concentric lamellae with a width in the order of a single cellulose aggregate, i.e., 15 \u2010 25 nm. No structural connection to the splinters in the radial direction can be seen. It is suggested that the radial lamellar structure is a consequence of the energy released during fracturing of the wood samples and that the undistorted wood has a concentric lamellar structure on a smaller structural level.</jats:p>",
  "DOI": "10.1055/s-2002-32341",
  "type": "journal-article",
  "created": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2002,
        7,
        28
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2002-07-28T21:53:25Z",
    "timestamp": 1027893205000
  },
  "page": "339-345",
  "update-policy": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/crossmark_policy",
  "source": "Crossref",
  "is-referenced-by-count": 78,
  "title": "On the Lamellar Structure of the Tracheid Cell Wall",
  "prefix": "10.1111",
  "volume": "4",
  "author": [
    {
      "given": "J.",
      "family": "Fahl\u00e9n",
      "sequence": "first",
      "affiliation": []
    },
    {
      "given": "L.",
      "family": "Salm\u00e9n",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": []
    }
  ],
  "member": "311",
  "published-online": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2008,
        2,
        14
      ]
    ]
  },
  "reference": [
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_2_1",
      "first-page": "154",
      "volume-title": "Composite materials",
      "author": "Argon A. S.",
      "year": "1974"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_3_1",
      "first-page": "243",
      "volume-title": "Fatigue of fibrous composite materials",
      "author": "Awerbuch J.",
      "year": "1979"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_4_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1021/ie50337a009"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_5_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1515/hfsg.1994.48.s1.34"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_6_1",
      "first-page": "415",
      "volume-title": "Composite materials",
      "author": "Cooper G. A.",
      "year": "1974"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_7_1",
      "unstructured": "Fahl\u00e9n J.andSalm\u00e9n L.(2001)Cross\u2010sectional structure of the secondary wall of wood fibers as affected by processing.Journal of Material Sciencein print."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_8_1",
      "first-page": "497",
      "article-title": "Ultrastructural Behaviour of Cell Wall Polysaccharides.",
      "volume": "53",
      "author": "Fengel D.",
      "year": "1970",
      "journal-title": "Tappi"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_9_1",
      "first-page": "15",
      "volume-title": "Proceedings of International Conference on Wood and Wood Fiber Composites",
      "author": "Gu H.",
      "year": "2000"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_10_1",
      "first-page": "159",
      "article-title": "The ultrastructure of wood pulp with special reference to the elementary fibril of cellulose.",
      "volume": "60",
      "author": "Heyn A.",
      "year": "1977",
      "journal-title": "Tappi"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_11_1",
      "first-page": "536",
      "article-title": "The ultrastructural arrangement of the wood cell wall.",
      "volume": "9",
      "author": "Kerr A. J.",
      "year": "1975",
      "journal-title": "Cellulose Chemistry and Technology"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_12_1",
      "first-page": "197",
      "article-title": "A proposed model of the tracheid cell wall of southern yellow pine having an inherent radial structure in the S2 layer.",
      "volume": "29",
      "author": "Larsen M. J.",
      "year": "1995",
      "journal-title": "Materials and Organisms"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_13_1",
      "first-page": "246",
      "article-title": "A note on the cell\u2010wall structure of softwood tracheids.",
      "volume": "7",
      "author": "Page D. H.",
      "year": "1976",
      "journal-title": "Wood and Fiber"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_14_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "231",
      "DOI": "10.1007/BF00350830",
      "article-title": "On the fine structure of bamboo fibers.",
      "volume": "10",
      "author": "Parameswaran N.",
      "year": "1976",
      "journal-title": "Wood Science and Technology"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_15_1",
      "first-page": "587",
      "article-title": "Ultrastructural aspects of bamboo cells.",
      "volume": "14",
      "author": "Parameswaran N.",
      "year": "1980",
      "journal-title": "Cellulose Chemistry and Technology"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_16_1",
      "first-page": "277",
      "volume-title": "Load bearing fibre composites.",
      "author": "Piggott M. R.",
      "year": "1980"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_17_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1007/BF00351930"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_18_1",
      "first-page": "99",
      "article-title": "Interaction between hemicelluloses, lignin and cellulose: Structure \u2010 property relationships.",
      "volume": "24",
      "author": "Salm\u00e9n L.",
      "year": "1998",
      "journal-title": "Journal of Pulp and Paper Science"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_19_1",
      "first-page": "266",
      "article-title": "The structure of the cell wall of wood \u2010 a consequence of anisotropic inter\u2010microfibrillar bonding?",
      "volume": "6",
      "author": "Scallan A. M.",
      "year": "1974",
      "journal-title": "Wood science"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_20_1",
      "first-page": "9",
      "volume-title": "Fibre\u2010Water Interactions in Paper\u2010Making.",
      "author": "Scallan A. M.",
      "year": "1977"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_21_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1515/hfsg.1998.52.2.117"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_22_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1007/BF02619100"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_23_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1007/BF02628234"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_24_1",
      "first-page": "26",
      "volume-title": "Das Gef\u00fcge der Zellwandschicht S2.",
      "author": "Sell J.",
      "year": "1993"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_25_1",
      "first-page": "400",
      "volume-title": "Recent Advances in Wood Anatomy",
      "author": "Singh A. P.",
      "year": "1996"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_26_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1515/HF.2001.062"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_27_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1515/hfsg.1998.52.6.563"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_28_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1007/BF00352304"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_29_1",
      "first-page": "343",
      "article-title": "A structural model for the cell wall of water\u2010swollen wood pulp fibers based on their accessibility to macromolecules.",
      "volume": "2",
      "author": "Stone J. E.",
      "year": "1968",
      "journal-title": "Cellulose Chemistry and Technology"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_30_1",
      "first-page": "1527",
      "article-title": "The ultrastructural distribution of lignin in tracheid cell walls.",
      "volume": "54",
      "author": "Stone J. E.",
      "year": "1971",
      "journal-title": "Tappi"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_31_1",
      "first-page": "247",
      "volume-title": "Forage Cell Wall Structure and Digestibility.",
      "author": "Terashima N.",
      "year": "1993"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_32_1",
      "first-page": "1",
      "article-title": "The nature of reaction wood: II. The cell wall organization of compression wood tracheids.",
      "volume": "3",
      "author": "Wardrop A. B.",
      "year": "1950",
      "journal-title": "Australian Journal of Scientific Research"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_33_1",
      "first-page": "48",
      "volume-title": "Fatigue of fibrous composite materials",
      "author": "Withcomb J. D.",
      "year": "1979"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_34_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0008-6215(98)00236-5"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_35_1",
      "first-page": "32",
      "volume-title": "Das Feingef\u00fcge der Zellwand auf Querbruchfl\u00e4chen von l\u00e4ngszugbeanspruchten Laubh\u00f6lzern.",
      "author": "Zimmermann T.",
      "year": "1997"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_36_1",
      "first-page": "186",
      "volume-title": "Plant Biomechanics",
      "author": "Zimmermann T.",
      "year": "2000"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_37_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1007/BF02619097"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_38_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0032-3861(00)00434-1"
    }
  ],
  "container-title": "Plant Biology",
  "original-title": [],
  "language": "en",
  "link": [
    {
      "URL": "https://api.wiley.com/onlinelibrary/tdm/v1/articles/10.1055%2Fs-2002-32341",
      "content-type": "unspecified",
      "content-version": "vor",
      "intended-application": "text-mining"
    },
    {
      "URL": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1055/s-2002-32341",
      "content-type": "unspecified",
      "content-version": "vor",
      "intended-application": "similarity-checking"
    }
  ],
  "deposited": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2023,
        11,
        19
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2023-11-19T12:41:58Z",
    "timestamp": 1700397718000
  },
  "score": 1,
  "resource": {
    "primary": {
      "URL": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1055/s-2002-32341"
    }
  },
  "subtitle": [],
  "short-title": [],
  "issued": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2002,
        5
      ]
    ]
  },
  "references-count": 37,
  "journal-issue": {
    "issue": "3",
    "published-print": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          2002,
          5
        ]
      ]
    }
  },
  "alternative-id": [
    "10.1055/s-2002-32341"
  ],
  "URL": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2002-32341",
  "relation": {},
  "ISSN": [
    "1435-8603",
    "1438-8677"
  ],
  "subject": [],
  "container-title-short": "Plant Biology",
  "published": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2002,
        5
      ]
    ]
  },
  "assertion": [
    {
      "value": "2008-02-14",
      "order": 2,
      "name": "published",
      "label": "Published",
      "group": {
        "name": "publication_history",
        "label": "Publication History"
      }
    }
  ]
}